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Joos U, Markus AF, Schuon R. Functional cleft palate surgery. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:290-298. [PMID: 36911175 PMCID: PMC9996444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) as a dislocation malformation confronts parents with a malformation of their child that could not be more central and visible: the face. In addition to the stigmatizing appearance, however, in cases of a CLP, food intake, physiological breathing, speech and hearing are also affected. In this paper, the principles of morphofunctional surgical reconstruction of the cleft palate are presented. With the closure of the palate, and restoration of the anatomy, a situation is achieved enabling nasal respiration, normal or near normal speech without nasality, improved ventilation of the middle ear, normal oral functions with coordinated interaction of the tongue with the hard and soft palate important for the oral and pharyngeal phases of feeding. With the establishment of physiological function, in the early phases of the infant and toddler, these activities initiate essential growth stimulation, leading to normalisation of facial and cranial growth. If these functional considerations are disregarded during primary closure, lifelong impairment of one or more of the abovementioned processes often follows. In many cases, despite secondary surgery and revision, it might not be possible to correct and achieve the best possible outcomes, especially if critical stages of development and growth have been missed or there has been significant tissue loss due to resection of existing tissue while primary surgery. This paper describes functional surgical methods and reviews long term, over many decades, results of children with cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Joos
- International Medical College, University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Anthony F. Markus
- Emeritus Consultant Maxillofacial Surgeon, Poole Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Schuon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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Kara M, Calis M, Kara I, Kulak Kayikci ME, Gunaydin RO, Ozgur F. Comparison of speech outcomes using type 2b intravelar veloplasty or furlow double-opposing Z plasty for soft palate repair of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2021; 49:215-222. [PMID: 33485752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to compare speech outcomes, fistula rates, and rates of secondary speech surgeries after palatoplasty using Furlow palatoplasty or type 2b intravelar veloplasty for soft palate repair. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate who had either Furlow palatoplasty or intravelar veloplasty for soft palate repair were retrospectively evaluated for demographic and perioperative variables and speech outcomes. Fistula rate, secondary surgical intervention for improved speech results, and findings of speech assessment were further reviewed for the patients who met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 76 patients, 36 in the Furlow palatoplasty group and 40 in the intravelar veloplasty group, were included in the study. In the speech assessment, nasalance values were statistically similar between the two groups. Also, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in velopharyngeal motility (p = 0.103). The total rates of secondary surgeries and fistula were statistically similar between the groups (p = 0.347 and 0.105, respectively). CONCLUSION The similar outcomes of speech and surgical evaluation between the two groups make the surgeon's preference determinant in the selection of the surgical technique for soft palate repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kara
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate and Craniomaxillofacial Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Calis
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate and Craniomaxillofacial Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ilkem Kara
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Cleft Lip and Palate and Craniomaxillofacial Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mavis Emel Kulak Kayikci
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Cleft Lip and Palate and Craniomaxillofacial Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Riza Onder Gunaydin
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Cleft Lip and Palate and Craniomaxillofacial Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Ozgur
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate and Craniomaxillofacial Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
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Lou Q, Zhu H, Luo Y, Zhou Z, Ma L, Ma X, Fu Y. The Effects of Age at Cleft Palate Repair on Middle Ear Function and Hearing Level. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 55:753-757. [DOI: 10.1177/1055665618754632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the age effects of cleft palate repair on middle ear function and hearing level in patients who underwent cleft palate repair at different ages by audiologic examination. Methods: Medical histories were gathered in detail, and audiologic tests (ie, tympanometry and pure tone hearing threshold) were conducted in 126 patients after palatoplasty. The patients were divided into the following 4 groups according to their ages when they underwent cleft palate repair: group I (0-3 years, 73 patients), group II (4-7 years, 29 patients), group III (8-11 years, 16 patients), and group IV (12 years and older, 8 patients). The data regarding tympanograms, hearing levels, and the average hearing thresholds of each group were analyzed using chi-square tests. Results: The prevalence of middle ear dysfunction and hearing loss in the patients who underwent palatoplasty before 3 years old (27.4% and 2.0% respectively) was significantly lower than that in patients who underwent palatopalsty at 12 years or older (75.0% and 43.7%, respectively). Linear-by-linear association revealed that the prevalences of middle ear dysfunction and hearing loss among the 4 groups were significantly different ( P < .05). Conclusions: The prevalence of middle ear dysfunction and hearing loss tended to increase with advancing age at the time of cleft palate repair. From an audiologist’s perspective, palatoplasty at an early age is very beneficial in helping children with cleft palates acquire better middle ear function and hearing level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lou
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School of Stomatology, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School of Stomatology, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School of Stomatology, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Zhou
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School of Stomatology, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Ma
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School of Stomatology, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- Department of Speech and Hearing, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Fu
- Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School of Stomatology, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China
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Karnell MP, Moon JB, Nakajima K, Kacmarynski DS. Quantitative Endoscopic Phototransducer Investigation of Normal Velopharyngeal Physiology. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2016; 59:722-731. [PMID: 27410772 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to learn the extent to which healthy individuals vary in their ability to achieve velopharyngeal closure for speech. METHOD Twenty healthy adult volunteers (10 women, 10 men) were tested using an endoscopic phototransducer system that tracks variations in velopharyngeal closure during speech production. Each speaker produced multiple repetitions of three utterances that differed in phonetic content. The data were amplitude normalized and averaged for each speaker. RESULTS Average phototransducer measurements were similar across subjects for utterances containing only oral phonemes. Average percentage of velopharyngeal closure varied considerably among subjects when producing utterances containing both oral and nasal phonemes (54%-95%). Average percentage of velopharyngeal closure levels were significantly lower (p < .05) for utterances that included nasal consonants. CONCLUSIONS Phototransducer measurements of velopharyngeal closure for speech are sensitive to nasal phoneme content. The findings suggest that motor programming that accomplishes rapid oral-nasal velopharyngeal valving for speech may differ among healthy subjects. However, such variations in motor programming may not perceptually affect typical speakers. If present in individuals with abnormal velopharyngeal mechanisms, these variations may help explain variations among speakers in speech outcomes after physical and behavioral management.
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Kuşcu O, Günaydın RÖ, İcen M, Ergün O, Kulak Kayikci ME, Yılmaz T, Özgür FF, Akyol MU. The effect of early routine grommet insertion on management of otitis media with effusion in children with cleft palate. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:2112-5. [PMID: 26545930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to compare long term otoscopic and audiological findings of cleft palate patients with or without early grommet insertion. METHODS Cleft palate patients followed-up in Hacettepe University between 2008 and 2013 were included in the study. Age, gender, cleft types and palate surgery data, grommet tube insertion history and otological - audiological evaluations of the patients were recorded. Patients were evaluated in three groups according to grommet insertion history: A-early routine grommet insertion, B-grommet insertion during follow-up, C-no grommet insertion. Otological and audiological findings were compared. RESULTS There were 154 patients in the study, with a median age of 7.7 years. There were 67 patients in group A (43.5%), 22 patients in group B (14.3%) and 65 patients in group C (42.2%). OME was identified significantly higher in group A and normal otoscopic examination findings were higher in group C. Complications showed a higher rate than other otoscopic findings in group B patients. There was no significant difference for any frequencies in between the groups in terms of mean air-bone gap (ABG) values. There were 20 grade I, 25 grade II, 77 grade III and 32 grade IV patients in the study according to the Veau classification. CONCLUSION Prophylactic grommet insertion may not be applied as some cleft palate patients with no OME. Wait and see protocol can be recommended for these patients, and they should be followed-up up closely to avoid complications. If the effusion does not recover or tympanic membrane changes occur in follow-up, grommet insertion should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuz Kuşcu
- Hacettepe University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Mehtap İcen
- Hacettepe University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Audiology and Speech Pathology Unit, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Onur Ergün
- Hacettepe University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mavis Emel Kulak Kayikci
- Hacettepe University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Audiology and Speech Pathology Unit, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Taner Yılmaz
- Hacettepe University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Figen Özgür
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Umut Akyol
- Hacettepe University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara, Turkey.
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A Systematic Review Comparing Furlow Double-Opposing Z-Plasty and Straight-Line Intravelar Veloplasty Methods of Cleft Palate Repair. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 134:1014-1022. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Paquot-Le Brun C, Babin E, Moreau S, Bequignon A. Séquelles otologiques dans les fentes palatovélaires. Analyse et prise en charge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 108:357-68. [PMID: 17692349 DOI: 10.1016/j.stomax.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As early as in 1878, medical teams managing children born with a velopalatine cleft had noted the prevalence of middle-ear pathologies largely related to anatomic and inflammatory Eustachian tube dysfunction. The aim of this study was to describe otologic sequels related to a velopalatine cleft and to suggest an adapted management. These sequels are evolving presentations of chronic serous otitis; they worsen the functional prognosis (hypoacousia) and more rarely the vital prognosis (cerebral or infectious complications of cholesteatoma). We must stress the importance of prevention: during the initial management, by Eustachian tube rehabilitation, and by ENT (Ear, Noseand Throat) follow-up allowing to prevent these sequels and to bring hearing to normal as soon as possible, so as to support cognitive development, language skills, and sociofamilial integration of the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Paquot-Le Brun
- Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Côte-de-Nacre, 14000 Caen, France.
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