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Mattioli EJ, Ulfo L, Marconi A, Pellicioni V, Costantini PE, Marforio TD, Di Giosia M, Danielli A, Fimognari C, Turrini E, Calvaresi M. Carrying Temoporfin with Human Serum Albumin: A New Perspective for Photodynamic Application in Head and Neck Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010068. [PMID: 36671454 PMCID: PMC9855801 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Temoporfin (mTHPC) is approved in Europe for the photodynamic treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Although it has a promising profile, its lipophilic character hampers the full exploitation of its potential due to high tendency of aggregation and a reduced ROS generation that compromise photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. Moreover, for its clinical administration, mTHPC requires the presence of ethanol and propylene glycol as solvents, often causing adverse effects in the site of injection. In this paper we explored the efficiency of a new mTHPC formulation that uses human serum albumin (HSA) to disperse the photosensitizer in solution (mTHPC@HSA), investigating its anticancer potential in two HNSCC cell lines. Through a comprehensive characterization, we demonstrated that mTHPC@HSA is stable in physiological environment, does not aggregate, and is extremely efficient in PDT performance, due to its high singlet oxygen generation and the high dispersion as monomolecular form in HSA. This is supported by the computational identification of the specific binding pocket of mTHPC in HSA. Moreover, mTHPC@HSA-PDT induces cytotoxicity in both HNSCC cell lines, increasing intracellular ROS generation and the number of γ-H2AX foci, a cellular event involved in the global response to cellular stress. Taken together these results highlight the promising phototoxic profile of the complex, prompting further studies to assess its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Ulfo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Marconi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Pellicioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Paolo Emidio Costantini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Giosia
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Danielli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (M.C.)
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Shahmoradi Ghahe S, Kosicki K, Wojewódzka M, Majchrzak BA, Fogtman A, Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Ciuba A, Koblowska M, Kruszewski M, Tudek B, Speina E. Increased DNA repair capacity augments resistance of glioblastoma cells to photodynamic therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 104:103136. [PMID: 34044336 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved cancer therapy of low invasiveness. The therapeutic procedure involves administering a photosensitizing drug (PS), which is then activated with monochromatic light of a specific wavelength. The photochemical reaction produces highly toxic oxygen species. The development of resistance to PDT in some cancer cells is its main limitation. Several mechanisms are known to be involved in the development of cellular defense against cytotoxic effects of PDT, including activation of antioxidant enzymes, drug efflux pumps, degradation of PS, and overexpression of protein chaperons. Another putative factor that plays an important role in the development of resistance of cancer cells to PDT seems to be DNA repair; however, it has not been well studied so far. To explore the role of DNA repair and other potential novel mechanisms associated with the resistance to PDT in the glioblastoma cells, cells stably resistant to PDT were isolated from PDT sensitive cells following repetitive PDT cycles. Duly characterization of isolated PDT-resistant glioblastoma revealed that the resistance to PDT might be a consequence of several mechanisms, including higher repair efficiency of oxidative DNA damage and repair of DNA breaks. Higher activity of APE1 endonuclease and increased expression and activation of DNA damage kinase ATM was demonstrated in the U-87 MGR cell line, suggesting and proving that they are good targets for sensitization of resistant cells to PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Shahmoradi Ghahe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Kosicki
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Wojewódzka
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz A Majchrzak
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roksana Iwanicka-Nowicka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Ciuba
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Koblowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Tudek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Speina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Ibarra LE, Vilchez ML, Caverzán MD, Milla Sanabria LN. Understanding the glioblastoma tumor biology to optimize photodynamic therapy: From molecular to cellular events. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:1024-1047. [PMID: 33370846 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has recently gained attention as an alternative treatment of malignant gliomas. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent within tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Conventional treatments for this CNS tumor include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Surgery is still being considered as the treatment of choice. Even so, the poor prognosis and/or recurrence of the disease after applying any of these treatments highlight the urgency of exploring new therapies and/or improving existing ones to achieve the definitive eradication of tumor masses and remaining cells. PDT is a therapeutic modality that involves the destruction of tumor cells by reactive oxygen species induced by light, which were previously treated with a photosensitizing agent. However, in recent years, its experimental application has expanded to other effects that could improve overall performance against GBM. In the current review, we revisit the main advances of PDT for GBM management and also, the recent mechanistic insights about cellular and molecular aspects related to tumoral resistance to PDT of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Exequiel Ibarra
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - María Laura Vilchez
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Matías Daniel Caverzán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Laura Natalia Milla Sanabria
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Bœuf-Muraille G, Rigaux G, Callewaert M, Zambrano N, Van Gulick L, Roullin VG, Terryn C, Andry MC, Chuburu F, Dukic S, Molinari M. Evaluation of mTHPC-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for in vitro photodynamic therapy on C6 glioma cell line. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 25:448-455. [PMID: 30708089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a very attractive strategy to complement or replace common cancer treatments such as radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy. Some molecules have shown their efficiency as photosensitizers (PS), still many issues have to be solved such as the inherent cytotoxicity of the PS or its hydrophobic properties causing limitation in their solubility, leading to side effects. In this study, the encapsulation of an approved PS, the meso-tetra hydroxyphenylchlorine (mTHPC, Foscan®) within biocompatible and biodegradable poly(D, l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) NPs prepared by the nanoprecipitation method was studied. The mTHPC-loaded NPs (mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs) were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy to determine the efficiency of mTHPC encapsulation, and by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs sizes, morphologies and surface charges. The longitudinal follow-up of mTHPC release from the NPs indicated that 50% of the encapsulated PS was retained within the NP matrix after a period of five days. Finally, the cytotoxicity and the phototoxicity of the mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs were determined in murine C6 glioma cell lines and compared to the ones of mTHPC alone. The studies showed a strong decrease of mTHPC cytotoxicity and an increase of mTHPC photo-cytotoxicity when mTHPC was encapsulated. In order to have a better insight of the underlying cellular mechanisms that governed cell death after mTHPC ⊂ PLGA NPs incubation and irradiation, annexin V staining tests were performed. The results indicated that apoptosis was the main cell death mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bœuf-Muraille
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France; Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences LRN EA 4682, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, 51685, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - G Rigaux
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - M Callewaert
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - N Zambrano
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences LRN EA 4682, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, 51685, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - L Van Gulick
- BioSpecT, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne URCA, 51100, Reims, France
| | - V G Roullin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France; Laboratoire de Nanotechnologies Pharmaceutiques, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - C Terryn
- PICT platform, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - M-C Andry
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - F Chuburu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - S Dukic
- BioSpecT, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne URCA, 51100, Reims, France
| | - M Molinari
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences LRN EA 4682, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, 51685, Reims Cedex 2, France; CBMN CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, INP Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France.
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5
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Majtnerová P, Roušar T. An overview of apoptosis assays detecting DNA fragmentation. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1469-1478. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tabrizi L, Chiniforoshan H. Discovery of organometallic Ruthenium(II)-arene complexes of lidocaine as improved photocytotoxic agents. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Broekgaarden M, Weijer R, van Gulik TM, Hamblin MR, Heger M. Tumor cell survival pathways activated by photodynamic therapy: a molecular basis for pharmacological inhibition strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34:643-90. [PMID: 26516076 PMCID: PMC4661210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. PDT comprises the administration of a photosensitizer, its accumulation in tumor tissue, and subsequent irradiation of the photosensitizer-loaded tumor, leading to the localized photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative damage ultimately culminates in tumor cell death, vascular shutdown, induction of an antitumor immune response, and the consequent destruction of the tumor. However, the ROS produced by PDT also triggers a stress response that, as part of a cell survival mechanism, helps cancer cells to cope with the PDT-induced oxidative stress and cell damage. These survival pathways are mediated by the transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and those that mediate the proteotoxic stress response. The survival pathways are believed to render some types of cancer recalcitrant to PDT and alter the tumor microenvironment in favor of tumor survival. In this review, the molecular mechanisms are elucidated that occur post-PDT to mediate cancer cell survival, on the basis of which pharmacological interventions are proposed. Specifically, pharmaceutical inhibitors of the molecular regulators of each survival pathway are addressed. The ultimate aim is to facilitate the development of adjuvant intervention strategies to improve PDT efficacy in recalcitrant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Weijer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two-cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 2:1-23. [PMID: 25048553 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as a tumor therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. In the second of a series of three reviews, we will discuss the mechanisms that operate in PDT on a cellular level. In Part I [Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanism in photodynamic therapy: part one-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2004;1:279-93] it was shown that one of the most important factors governing the outcome of PDT, is how the photosensitizer (PS) interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS. PS can localize in mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes. An explosion of investigation and explorations in the field of cell biology have elucidated many of the pathways that mammalian cells undergo when PS are delivered in tissue culture and subsequently illuminated. There is an acute stress response leading to changes in calcium and lipid metabolism and production of cytokines and stress proteins. Enzymes particularly, protein kinases, are activated and transcription factors are expressed. Many of the cellular responses are centered on mitochondria. These effects frequently lead to induction of apoptosis either by the mitochondrial pathway involving caspases and release of cytochrome c, or by pathways involving ceramide or death receptors. However, under certain circumstances cells subjected to PDT die by necrosis. Although there have been many reports of DNA damage caused by PDT, this is not thought to be an important cell-death pathway. This mechanistic research is expected to lead to optimization of PDT as a tumor treatment, and to rational selection of combination therapies that include PDT as a component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castano
- BAR314B, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tatiana N Demidova
- BAR314B, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- BAR314B, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Immunocytochemical studies on the nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin-dependent kinases substrate following 5-aminolevulinicacid-mediated photodynamic therapy on MCF-7 cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:518-25. [PMID: 24284105 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicates that nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin-dependent kinases substrate (NUCKS) may play role in tumor growth. In present study authors examined whether photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induces NUCKS expression in breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. METHODS In the experiment concentration of 5-ALA was 6.5mM. Excitation wavelength was 630 ± 20 nm, total light dose of light 5 or 10 J/cm(2) and irradiance 60 mW/cm(2) was used. Cells were collected at established time points and Western blot and immunocytochemical studies were performed using antibody against NUCKS. RESULTS Studies proved strong cytotoxic effects in cells following PDT with 6.5mM of precursor and 10 J/cm(2). Western blot analysis revealed the strongest expression of NUCKS at 7h after PDT. At next time points, 18 and 24h, expression of NUCKS decreased and became similar to that of control group. Further immunocytochemical studies showed very strong expression of NUCKS following PDT with 5-ALA and light irradiation of 5 J/cm(2). Early, at 0 h, that expression was predominantly seen in nuclei, while at 7h expression of NUCKS was observed in disseminated manner within entire cells in both nuclei and cytoplasm, with prevalence of cytoplasmic staining. CONCLUSIONS Authors suggest that NUCKS is involved in cellular responses following PDT, and since parallel induction of NUCKS and proapoptotic marker Bax and inhibition of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was observed, this protein might also be involved in induction of apoptosis following PDT.
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Senge MO, Brandt JC. Temoporfin (Foscan®, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin)--a second-generation photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1240-96. [PMID: 21848905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review traces the development and study of the second-generation photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin through to its acceptance and clinical use in modern photodynamic (cancer) therapy. The literature has been covered up to early 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Cellular and molecular effects of the liposomal mTHPC derivative Foslipos in prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Woods JA, Traynor NJ, Brancaleon L, Moseley H. The Effect of Photofrin on DNA Strand Breaks and Base Oxidation in HaCaT Keratinocytes: A Comet Assay Study¶. Photochem Photobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb09864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Photochemical activation of endosomal escape of MRI-Gd-agents in tumor cells. Magn Reson Med 2010; 65:212-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Douillard S, Lhommeau I, Olivier D, Patrice T. In vitro evaluation of Radachlorin® sensitizer for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 98:128-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chakraborty A, Held KD, Prise KM, Liber HL, Redmond RW. Bystander effects induced by diffusing mediators after photodynamic stress. Radiat Res 2009; 172:74-81. [PMID: 19580509 DOI: 10.1667/rr1669.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The bystander effect, whereby cells that are not traversed by ionizing radiation exhibit various responses when in proximity to irradiated cells, is well documented in the field of radiation biology, Here we demonstrate that considerable bystander responses are also observed after photodynamic stress using the membrane-localizing dye deuteroporphyrin (DP). Using cells of a WTK1 human lymphoblastoid cell line in suspension and a transwell insert system that precludes contact between targeted and bystander cells, we have shown that the bystander signaling is mediated by diffusing species. The extranuclear localization of the photosensitizer used suggests that primary DNA damage is not the trigger for initiating these bystander responses, which include elevated oxidative stress, DNA damage (micronucleus formation), mutagenesis and decreased clonogenic survival. In addition, oxidative stress in the bystander population was reduced by the presence of the membrane antioxidant vitamin E in the targeted cells, suggesting that lipid peroxidation may play a key role in mediating these bystander effects. The fluence responses for these bystander effects are non-linear, with larger effects seen at lower fluences and toxicity to the target cell population. Hence, when considering outcomes of photodynamic action in cells and tissue, bystander effects may be significant, especially at sublethal fluences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Chakraborty
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Saha S, Majumdar R, Roy M, Dighe RR, Chakravarty AR. An Iron Complex of Dipyridophenazine as a Potent Photocytotoxic Agent in Visible Light. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:2652-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8022612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sounik Saha
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ritankar Majumdar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Rajan R. Dighe
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Akhil R. Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Ouédraogo GD, Redmond RW. Secondary Reactive Oxygen Species Extend the Range of Photosensitization Effects in Cells: DNA Damage Produced Via Initial Membrane Photosensitization¶†. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770192sroset2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Haylett AK, Ward TH, Moore JV. DNA Damage and Repair in Gorlin Syndrome and Normal Fibroblasts After Aminolevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy: A Comet Assay Study ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780337ddarig2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Egyeki M, Tóth K, Waldeck W, Schmezer P, Langowski J, Csík G. DNA damaging capability of hematoporphyrin towards DNAs of various accessibilities. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 84:119-27. [PMID: 16549364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work we wanted to verify that photoactivation of DNA-non-binding porphyrin derivative hematoporphyrin IX (Hp) is able to induce damages in DNAs of various accessibilities such as B-conformation and superhelical isolated DNA, nucleoprotein complex and intracellular DNAs. It was found that photodynamic reaction of Hp results significant changes in thermal stability of isolated T7 DNA and induces single strand breaks in supercoiled Bluescript plasmid isolated from Escherichia coli cells. As optical melting measurements revealed, the irradiation of photosensitized T7 nucleoprotein complex leads to a destabilization of the protein capsid. The photodynamic reaction affected both the protein structure and DNA-protein interaction, however, the parameters corresponding to the DNA denaturation are not influenced. The accumulation of Hp in HeLa cells was followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The picture received is typical for lipophilic dyes. When Hp loaded cells were irradiated, a reduction of viability could be observed in a concentration and a light dose dependent manner; 12microM porphyrin induced almost complete cell killing after 30min irradiation. After similar treatment, alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis of isolated nuclear DNA did not show the presence of single strand breaks. The alkaline comet assay also failed to demonstrate any DNA damage in HeLa cells. We also considered the possibility of the generation of damages in intracellular SV40 DNA. According to the electropherograms there was no difference between the patterns of DNAs from treated and control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Egyeki
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 263, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
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Cañada-Cañada F, Kasselouri A, Prognon P, Maillard P, Grierson DS, Descroix S, Taverna M. Enhanced detection of seven glucoconjugated and hydroxylated porphyrins and chlorins by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis combined with stacking. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1068:123-30. [PMID: 15844550 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mode which includes a preconcentration step based on a transient pseudo-isotachophoresis to the simultaneous separation of seven glucoconjugated and hydroxylated porphyrins and chlorins, exhibiting very close structures, is reported. A high methanol content, of the buffer solution, was necessary in order to prevent self-assembly of the compounds and to enhance their solubility during separation. With the addition of 66% (v/v) methanol and 1% (w/v) NaCl in the aqueous sample solution, large volumes could be injected (44% capillary volume) without a loss in resolution. Sensitivity of detection was therefore improved by a 100-fold factor with regard to the method employing normal injection (2% capillary volume). Optimum electrophoretic conditions, in terms of sensitivity and performance, were obtained by using 20 mM phosphoric acid buffer, pH 2.2 and 50% methanol. The method was validated and applied to qualitative analysis of glucoconjugates in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Cañada-Cañada
- Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris-Sud, EA 3343, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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David O, Bourré L, Krika Y, Durand M, Patrice T. DNA damages after SIM01 photodynamic treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Woods JA, Traynor NJ, Brancaleon L, Moseley H. The Effect of Photofrin on DNA Strand Breaks and Base Oxidation in HaCaT Keratinocytes: A Comet Assay Study¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)79<105:teopod>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Bourré L, Simonneaux G, Ferrand Y, Thibaut S, Lajat Y, Patrice T. Synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a diphenylchlorin sensitizer for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2003; 69:179-92. [PMID: 12695032 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(03)00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis of a new diphenylchlorin photosensitizer, 2,3-dihydro-5,15-di(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (SIM01). The photodynamic properties, cell uptake and localization of SIM01 were compared with those of structurally related meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC). In vitro studies were conducted on rat glioma cells (C6) and human adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and in vivo studies on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) and human prostate adenocarcinoma cells (PC3). Both dyes showed an absorption maximum at around 650 nm, with a molar extinction coefficient of 13017 M(-1) cm(-1) for SIM01 and 22718 M(-1) cm(-1) for m-THPC. Their capacity to generate singlet oxygen was identical, but differences in partition coefficients indicated that SIM01 was slightly more hydrophilic. In vitro, SIM01 was slightly more phototoxic than m-THPC for C6 cells (4.8 vs. 6.8 microg ml(-1)). However, phototoxicities were nearly identical for HT29 cells (0.45 microg ml(-1) for 5 h incubation followed by 300 mW, 20 J cm(-2)). Pharmacokinetics in vivo in mice, as determined by fibre spectrofluorimetry, showed that the SIM01 fluorescence signal in the tumor was maximal between 6 and 12 h after injection, as compared to 72 h for m-THPC. With a 2 mg kg(-1) dye dose and laser irradiation at 300 J cm(-2) (650 nm, 300 mW), the optimal PDT response occurred when the interval between injection and irradiation was 6 h for SIM01 and 24 h for m-THPC. For SIM01 with 5 mg kg(-1) injection, the optimal PDT response occurred with a 12 h delay and with the same irradiation parameters as described above, in this case the tumor response showing 40% growth. Considering the tumor volume doubling time, the value was 6.5 days in the control group and increased to 13.5 days with SIM01. Thus, SIM01 may be a powerful sensitizer characterized by strong in vitro and in vivo phototoxicity and faster tissue uptake and elimination than m-THPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bourré
- Département Laser, Neurochirurgie, CHU Nantes, France
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Usuda J, Chiu SM, Murphy ES, Lam M, Nieminen AL, Oleinick NL. Domain-dependent photodamage to Bcl-2. A membrane anchorage region is needed to form the target of phthalocyanine photosensitization. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:2021-9. [PMID: 12379660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205219200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy using the photosensitizer Pc 4 and red light photochemically destroys the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and induces apoptosis. To characterize the requirements for photodamage, we transiently transfected epitope-tagged Bcl-2 deletion mutants into DU-145 cells. Using confocal microscopy and Western blots, wild-type Bcl-2 and mutants with deletions near the N terminus were found in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear membranes and were photodamaged. A mutant missing the C terminus, including the transmembrane domain, spread diffusely in cells and was not photodamaged. Bcl-2 missing alpha-helices 5/6 was also not photodamaged. Bcl-2 missing only one of those alpha-helices, with or without substitutions of the singlet oxygen-targeted amino acids, behaved like wild-type Bcl-2 with respect to localization and photodamage. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Bcl-2 or mutants in live cells, no change in either the localization or the intensity of GFP fluorescence was observed in response to Pc 4 photodynamic therapy. Western blot analysis of either GFP- or Xpress-tagged Bcl-2 revealed that the photodynamic therapy-induced disappearance of the Bcl-2 band was accompanied by the appearance of bands indicative of heavily cross-linked Bcl-2 protein. Therefore, the alpha(5)/alpha(6) region of Bcl-2 is required for photodamage and cross-linking, and domain-dependent photodamage to Bcl-2 offers a unique mechanism for activation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitsuo Usuda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,USA
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Haylett AK, Ward TH, Moore JV. DNA Damage and Repair in Gorlin Syndrome and Normal Fibroblasts After Aminolevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy: A Comet Assay Study¶. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78:337-41. [PMID: 14626660 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0337:ddarig>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using normal, untransformed, human fibroblasts, the effectiveness of aminolevulinic (ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) was investigated in terms of both clonogenic survival and DNA damage. The response of normal fibroblasts was then compared with Gorlin syndrome-derived fibroblasts (basal cell nevus syndrome [BCNS]). In terms of clonogenic survival, no significant differences were observed between the two groups of cells. Using the alkaline comet assay, initial DNA damage after PDT was measured. Some DNA damage was detected at higher doses, but this was fully repaired within 24 h of treatment. The BCNS-derived cells showed levels of initial damage that did not differ significantly from normal lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Haylett
- Cancer Research-UK Laser Oncology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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Vicente MGH, Nurco DJ, Shetty SJ, Osterloh J, Ventre E, Hegde V, Deutsch WA. Synthesis, dark toxicity and induction of in vitro DNA photodamage by a tetra(4-nido-carboranylphenyl)porphyrin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2002; 68:123-32. [PMID: 12468207 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(02)00383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of tetra(4-carboranylphenyl)porphyrins 4 and 6 and their zinc(II) complexes 5 and 7 are described. These compounds were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods and, in the case of 5, by X-ray crystallography. The water-soluble nido-carboranylporphyrins 6 and 7 were found to have low dark toxicity towards V79 hamster lung fibroblast cells, using a clonogenic assay (50% colony survival, CS(50)>300 microM). Upon light activation nido-carboranylporphyrin 6 effectively induced DNA damage in vitro. Two different methods were used to assess the extent of DNA damage: the super-coiled to nicked DNA and the alkaline Comet assay using human leukemia K562 cells. Significant PDT-induced DNA damage was observed for porphyrin 6 using both assays, compared to light-only and porphyrin-only experiments. It is concluded that this type of nido-carboranylporphyrin is a promising sensitizer for both the boron neutron capture therapy and the photodynamic therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G H Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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