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Curcuruto G, Scamporrino AA, Puglisi R, Nicotra G, Sfuncia G, Impellizzeri G, Dattilo S, Kahru A, Sihtmäe M, Aruoja V, Blinova I, Carroccio SC. Design of High-Performance Molecular Imprinted Magnetic Nanoparticles-Loaded Hydrogels for Adsorption and Photodegradation of Antibiotics from Wastewater. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2096. [PMID: 39125126 PMCID: PMC11314038 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A hydrogel formulation of 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) containing covalently linked magnetite nanoparticles was developed to actively facilitate the selective removal and photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics. To this purpose, the hybrid materials were molecularly imprinted with Lomefloxacin (Lome) or Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), achieving a selectivity of 60% and 45%, respectively, starting from a solution of XX concentration. After the adsorption, the embedded magnetite was used with the double function of (i) magnetically removing the material from water and (ii) triggering photo-Fenton (PF) reactions assisted by UVA light and H2O2 to oxidize the captured antibiotic. The success of the material design was confirmed by a comprehensive characterization of the system from chemical-physical and morphological perspectives. Adsorption and degradation tests demonstrated the material's ability to efficiently degrade Lome until its complete disappearance from the electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra. Regeneration tests showed the possibility of reusing the material for up to three cycles. Ecotoxicological tests using algae Rapidocelis subcapitata, crustaceans Daphnia magna, and bacteria Vibrio fischeri were performed to evaluate the ecosafety of our synthesized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Curcuruto
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (R.P.); (S.D.); (S.C.C.)
| | - Andrea A. Scamporrino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (R.P.); (S.D.); (S.C.C.)
| | - Roberta Puglisi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (R.P.); (S.D.); (S.C.C.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Nicotra
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microstructures CNR-IMM, Zona Industriale Strada VIII, 5, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | - Gianfranco Sfuncia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Impellizzeri
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microstructures CNR-IMM, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sandro Dattilo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (R.P.); (S.D.); (S.C.C.)
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (V.A.); (I.B.)
| | - Mariliis Sihtmäe
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (V.A.); (I.B.)
| | - Villem Aruoja
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (V.A.); (I.B.)
| | - Irina Blinova
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (V.A.); (I.B.)
| | - Sabrina Carola Carroccio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (R.P.); (S.D.); (S.C.C.)
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Salman M, Lee SH, Jeshycka S, Lee JS, Lee HW, Lee HJ. Voltammetric Study of Lomefloxacin Transfer at the Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions: Ionic Partition, Photodegradation, and Sensing Applications. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang Hyuk Lee
- Kyungpook National University Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | | | - Ji Soo Lee
- Kyungpook National University Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Kyungpook National University Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Kyungpook National University Chemistry 1370 Snakyuk-dongdaehak, Bukgu 702-701 Daegu KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
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Kowalska J, Banach K, Rzepka Z, Rok J, Karkoszka M, Wrześniok D. Changes in the Oxidation-Reduction State of Human Dermal Fibroblasts as an Effect of Lomefloxacin Phototoxic Action. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121971. [PMID: 35741100 PMCID: PMC9222184 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototoxicity induced by antibiotics is a real problem in health care. The discontinuation of antibiotic therapy due to a phototoxic reaction can lead to the development of resistant strains. Fluoroquinolones are widely used antibiotics that exhibit phototoxic activity under UVA radiation. The purpose of the study was to examine the redox status of human dermal fibroblasts exposed to UVA radiation and treated with lomefloxacin, the most phototoxic fluoroquinolone. Lomefloxacin alone was found to have an antiproliferative activity on fibroblasts by affecting the cell cycle. In addition, the drug caused a redox imbalance associated with the decreased expression of catalase and glutathione peroxidase. UVA radiation increased the drug cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by lomefloxacin. The decrease in cell viability was accompanied by a high level of reactive oxygen species and extensive changes in the antioxidant levels. The revealed data indicate that the phototoxic action of lomefloxacin results from both increased reactive oxygen species production and an impaired antioxidant defense system. Considering all of the findings, it can be concluded that lomefloxacin-induced phototoxic reactions are caused by an oxidoreductive imbalance in skin cells.
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Szkatuła D, Krzyżak E, Stanowska P, Duda M, Wiatrak B. A New N-Substituted 1 H-Isoindole-1,3(2 H)-Dione Derivative-Synthesis, Structure and Affinity for Cyclooxygenase Based on In Vitro Studies and Molecular Docking. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147678. [PMID: 34299298 PMCID: PMC8306876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives constitute an important group of medicinal substances. In this study, nine new 1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives and five potential pharmacophores were obtained in good yield (47.24–92.91%). The structure of the new imides was confirmed by the methods of elemental and spectral analysis: FT–IR, H NMR, and MS. Based on the obtained results of ESI–MS the probable path of the molecules decay and the hypothetical structure of the resulting pseudo-molecular ions have been proposed. The physicochemical properties of the new phthalimides were determined on the basis of Lipiński’s rule. The biological properties were determined in terms of their cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory activity. Three compounds showed greater inhibition of COX-2, three compounds inhibited COX-1 more strongly than the reference compound meloxicam. From the obtained results, the affinity ratio COX-2/COX-1 was calculated. Two compounds had a value greater than that of meloxicam. All tested compounds showed oxidative or nitrosan stress (ROS and RNS) scavenging activity. The degree of chromatin relaxation outside the cell nucleus was lower than the control after incubation with all test compounds. The newly synthesized phthalimide derivatives showed no cytotoxic activity in the concentration range studied (10–90 µM). A molecular docking study was used to determined interactions inside the active site of cyclooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Szkatuła
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Edward Krzyżak
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Paulina Stanowska
- Student Scientific Club of Medicinal Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Magdalena Duda
- Student Scientific Club of Medicinal Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Abstract
Lomefloxacin is a second-generation difluorinated broad-spectrum quinolone antibiotic. It is used for the treatment of bronchitis, urinary tract infection, conjunctivitis, otitis externa, and otitis media. A comprehensive profile was performed on lomefloxacin including nomenclature, formulae, elemental composition appearance, and physical characteristics. Spectral methods including ultraviolet spectrum, vibrational spectrum, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance one- and two-dimensional spectra, and mass spectrum were used for both identification and analysis of the drug. The profile also contains the reported methods of analysis such as voltammetric, polarographic, spectrophotometric, fluorimetric, chromatographic, capillary electrophoresis, and immunoassay methods. In addition, the uses, pharmacokinetics, and chemical synthesis of lomefloxacin are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem I Al-Wabli
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hubicka U, Żuromska-Witek B, Knapczyk D, Krzek J. DETERMINATION OF DANOFLOXACIN AND ITS PHOTODEGRADATION PRODUCTS BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY: KINETIC EVALUATION OF DEGRADATION PROCESS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.907070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Hubicka
- a Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kraków , Poland
| | - Barbara Żuromska-Witek
- a Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kraków , Poland
| | - Danuta Knapczyk
- a Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kraków , Poland
| | - Jan Krzek
- a Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kraków , Poland
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Fernandes P, Sousa I, Cunha-Silva L, Ferreira M, de Castro B, Pereira EF, Feio MJ, Gameiro P. Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial studies of a copper(II) lomefloxacin ternary complex. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 131:21-9. [PMID: 24239909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Solution behavior of lomefloxacin (lmx) complexes with copper(II) in the presence and absence of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) was studied in aqueous solution, by potentiometry. The results obtained showed that under physiological conditions (micromolar concentration range and pH7.4) only copper(II):lmx:phen ternary complexes are stable. Hence, a novel copper(II) ternary complex of lomefloxacin with the nitrogen donor heterocyclic ligand phen was synthesized and characterized by means of UV-visible and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. In the synthesized complex (1), [Cu(lmx)(phen)(NO3)]·5H2O, lmx acts as a bidentate ligand coordinating the metal cation, in its anionic form, through the carbonyl and carboxyl oxygens and phen coordinates through two N-atoms forming the equatorial plane of a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. The fifth ligand of the penta-coordinated Cu(II) center is occupied axially by an oxygen atom from the nitrate ion. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations of the complex and comparison with free lomefloxacin in various E. coli strains indicated that the Cu-complex is an antimicrobial which is as efficient as the free antibiotic but strongly suggest that the cell intake route of both species is different. Moreover, spectrophotometric stability studies suggest that the solution of the complex synthesized is considerably more photostable than the free fluoroquinolone supporting, therefore, the complex's suitability as a candidate for further biological testing in fluoroquinolone-resistant microorganisms with possible reduced side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sousa
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Cunha-Silva
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Ferreira
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Baltazar de Castro
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eulália F Pereira
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Feio
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Gameiro
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Hubicka U, Zmudzki P, Talik P, Zuromska-Witek B, Krzek J. Photodegradation assessment of ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin in the presence of excipients from tablets by UPLC-MS/MS and DSC. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:133. [PMID: 23899303 PMCID: PMC3750423 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciprofloxacin (CIP), moxifloxacin (MOX), norfloxacin (NOR) and ofloxacin (OFL), are the antibacterial synthetic drugs, belonging to the fluoroquinolones group. Fluoroquinolones are compounds susceptible to photodegradation process, which may lead to reduction of their antibacterial activity and to induce phototoxicity as a side effect. This paper describes a simple, sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of CIP, MOX, NOR and OFL in the presence of photodegradation products. Results Chromatographic separations were carried out using the Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column; (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm particle size). The column was maintained at 40°C, and the following gradient was used: 0 min, 95% of eluent A and 5% of eluent B; 10 min, 0% of eluent A and 100% of eluent B, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min-1. Eluent A: 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water; eluent B: 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. The method was validated and all the validation parameters were in the ranges acceptable by the guidelines for analytical method validation. The photodegradation of examined fluoroquinolones in solid phase in the presence of excipients followed kinetic of the first order reaction and depended upon the type of analyzed drugs and coexisting substances. Photodegradation process of analyzed drugs was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, the identification of degradation products was carried out by mass spectrometry. Conclusion The developed UPLC-MS/MS method enables the determination of CIP, MOX, NOR and OFL in the presence of photodegradation products and identification of photodegradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Hubicka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Zmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław Talik
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Zuromska-Witek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Krzek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Hubicka U, Krzek J, Żuromska B, Walczak M, Żylewski M, Pawłowski D. Determination of photostability and photodegradation products of moxifloxacin in the presence of metal ions in solutions and solid phase. Kinetics and identification of photoproducts. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:351-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Factors affecting the stability of drugs and drug metabolites in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:205-20. [PMID: 21083197 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the stability of drugs and drug metabolites in a biological matrix is a critical element to bioanalytical method validation. It is critical to understand the most common factors that affect the stability of such analytes in order to properly develop methods for their detection and measurement. The degradation of drugs and drug metabolites in samples can occur through either reversible or irreversible processes. Common factors that affect this stability include temperature, light, pH, oxidation and enzymatic degradation. Special considerations are also required when dealing with chiral molecules, deuterated internal standards and large biomolecules. Relevant examples of these degradation effects and approaches for dealing with them are presented is this review as taken from the fields of pharmaceutical testing, clinical research and forensic analysis. It is demonstrated through these examples how an understanding of the chemical and physical factors that affect sample stability can be used to avoid stability problems and to create robust and accurate methods for the analysis of drugs and related compounds.
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Li W, Zhang J, Tse FLS. Strategies in quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of unstable small molecules in biological matrices. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:258-77. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fasani E, Monti S, Manet I, Tilocca F, Pretali L, Mella M, Albini A. Inter- and Intramolecular Photochemical Reactions of Fleroxacin. Org Lett 2009; 11:1875-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900189v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fasani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, v. Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy, and Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività ISOF-CNR, v. Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Monti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, v. Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy, and Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività ISOF-CNR, v. Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilse Manet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, v. Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy, and Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività ISOF-CNR, v. Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fedele Tilocca
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, v. Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy, and Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività ISOF-CNR, v. Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pretali
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, v. Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy, and Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività ISOF-CNR, v. Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariella Mella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, v. Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy, and Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività ISOF-CNR, v. Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Albini
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, v. Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy, and Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività ISOF-CNR, v. Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Budai M, Gróf P, Zimmer A, Pápai K, Klebovich I, Ludányi K. UV light induced photodegradation of liposome encapsulated fluoroquinolones: An MS study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Freccero M, Fasani E, Mella M, Manet I, Monti S, Albini A. Modeling the Photochemistry of the Reference Phototoxic Drug Lomefloxacin by Steady-State and Time-Resolved Experiments, and DFT and Post-HF Calculations. Chemistry 2008; 14:653-63. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Caffieri S, Miolo G, Seraglia R, Dalzoppo D, Toma FM, van Henegouwen GMJB. Photoaddition of Fluphenazine to Nucleophiles in Peptides and Proteins. Possible Cause of Immune Side Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1470-6. [PMID: 17883260 DOI: 10.1021/tx700123u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By the action of UVA light, fluphenazine reacted with nucleophiles through a mechanism involving defluorination of its trifluoromethyl group, giving rise to carboxylic acid derivatives that were easily detected by electrospray mass spectrometry. This photoreaction took place with alcohols, sulphydryls, and amines. When irradiation of fluphenazine was carried out in the presence of an amino acid at pH 7.4, the alpha-amino group was covalently bound to the drug. With amino acids possessing a further nucleophilic residue on the side chain, such as lysine, tyrosine, and cysteine--but not serine--both groups reacted, resulting in a fluphenazine-amino acid-fluphenazine diadduct. The same occurred with the physiological peptide glutathione (gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine). By means of MALDI mass spectrometry, it was shown that fluphenazine also covalently bound to peptides and proteins such as calmodulin. This binding may result in the formation of antibodies, ultimately leading to the destruction of the granulocytes and thus suggesting that photoactivation of this drug may play a role in its clinical side effects, such as agranulocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Caffieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
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Struwe M, Greulich KO, Suter W, Plappert-Helbig U. The photo comet assay—A fast screening assay for the determination of photogenotoxicity in vitro. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 632:44-57. [PMID: 17572134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different classes of chemicals can induce a phototoxic effect by absorbing light energy within the wavelength range of sunlight. The assessment of photo-safety is therefore an obligatory part of the development of new drugs. Ten UV-vis (280-800nm)-absorbing compounds (ketoprofen, promazine, chlorpromazine, dacarbazine, acridine, lomefloxacin, 8-methoxypsoralen, chlorhexidine, titanium dioxide, octylmethoxycinnamate) were tested for their photogenotoxic potential in the alkaline comet assay in the presence and absence of UV-vis. In order to establish an easy and timesaving protocol for a photo comet assay screening test, the application of 96-well plates was essential. The use of mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, a cell line growing in suspension, allowed the determination of photocytotoxicity with the Alamar Blue assay and of photogenotoxicity with the alkaline comet assay in parallel. L5178Y cells were incubated with the test compounds for 20min and irradiated with simulated sunlight in the wavelength range from 280 to 800nm. The applied UV dose was 600mJ/cm(2) UV-A and 30mJ/cm(2) UV-B. After a post-incubation of 10min, the Alamar Blue assay and the alkaline comet assay were performed. All of the compounds which are known to be photogenotoxic (8-methoxypsoralen, acridine, chlorpromazine, dacarbazine, ketoprofen, lomefloxacin) showed a positive effect under our assay conditions. Furthermore, four UV-vis absorbing chemicals which are known to be not photogenotoxic (promazine, chlorhexidine, titanium dioxide, octylmethoxycinnamate) were analysed. For none of them an increase of the DNA damage following irradiation was observed in this study. In conclusion, all of the chemical compounds tested were classified in agreement with published data. From the data presented it is concluded that the photo comet assay with L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells is a reliable model to assess photochemical genotoxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Struwe
- Genetic Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Exploratory Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Zalloum NL, Biloti DN, Pessine FBT. Spectrofluorimetry and chemometrics for investigation of norfloxacin distribution in multilamellar liposomes. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 59:1032-6. [PMID: 16105212 DOI: 10.1366/0003702054615179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Norfloxacin (NFX), a fluoroquinolone, was encapsulated in multilamellar liposomes (MLV) of soy-bean phosphatidylcholine at pH 7.0. The observed affinity of this class of drugs for hydrophobic environments, such as phospholipid bilayers, could lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of uptake in bacteria. The fluorescent properties of NFX were examined both free in solution and in MLV, using anisotropy and fluorescence quenching measurements. The latter data was treated with a chemometric method to deconvolute the overlapped spectra of zwitterionic and neutral species of NFX in equilibrium at this pH. The results show that NFX incorporates into the lipidic bilayers with two different distributions of species: the zwitterionic form in the lipid/aqueous interface, and the neutral one, more towards the center of the bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Zalloum
- Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, Campinas, S.P., Brazil
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