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Zinc(II) phthalocyanines as photosensitizers for antitumor photodynamic therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 114:105575. [PMID: 31362060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a highly specific and clinically approved method for cancer treatment in which a nontoxic drug known as photosensitizer (PS) is administered to a patient. After selective tumor irradiation, an almost complete eradication of the tumor can be reached as a consequence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which not only damage tumor cells, but also lead to tumor-associated vasculature occlusion and the induction of an immune response. Despite exhaustive investigation and encouraging results, zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) have not been approved as PSs for clinical use yet. This review presents an overview on the physicochemical properties of ZnPcs and biological results obtained both in vitro and in more complex models, such as 3D cell cultures, chicken chorioallantoic membranes and tumor-bearing mice. Cell death pathways induced after PDT treatment with ZnPcs are discussed in each case. Finally, combined therapeutic strategies including ZnPcs and the currently available clinical trials are mentioned.
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Horne TK, Cronjé MJ. Mechanistics and photo-energetics of macrocycles and photodynamic therapy: An overview of aspects to consider for research. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:221-242. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamarisk K. Horne
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Auckland Park South Africa
| | - Marianne J. Cronjé
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Auckland Park South Africa
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Zhang Y, Lovell JF. Recent applications of phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines for imaging and therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27439671 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With high extinction coefficients and long absorption wavelengths in the near infrared region, phthalocyanines (Pcs) and naphthalocyanines (Ncs) are well-suited for optical imaging and phototherapies in biological tissues. Pcs and Ncs have been used in a range of theranostic applications. Peripheral and axial substituents can be introduced to Pcs and Ncs for chemical modification. Seamless metal chelation of Pcs or Ncs can expand their possibilities as medical therapeutic and imaging agents. Nanoparticulate approaches enable unique ways to deliver Pcs and Ncs to target tissues and improve their solubility, biocompatibility, biodistribution and stability. Herein, we highlight some recent Pc or Nc nanoscale systems for theranostic applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1420. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1420 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Sanarova EV, Lantsova AV, Polozkova AP, Orlova OL, Meerovich IG, Borisova LM, Kiseleva MP, Smirnova ZS, Kul’bachevskaya NY, Konyaeva OI, Oborotova NA. Effectiveness of liposomal system of delivery of hydrophobic antineoplastic thiosens photosensitizer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078015030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Thiosens liposomal dosage form technology development and photodynamic efficiency assessment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Moeno S, Krause RWM, Ermilov EA, Kuzyniak W, Höpfner M. Synthesis and characterization of novel zinc phthalocyanines as potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:963-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50393c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel water soluble zinc phthalocyanines (Pcs): tetramethyl tetrakis-2,(3)-[(4-methyl-2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato] zinc(ii) (4) and tetrakis-2,(3)-[(3-carboxylicacid-6-sulfanylpyridine)phthalocyaninato] zinc(ii) (5) were synthesized and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Moeno
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences
- School of Oral Health Sciences
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of the Witwatersrand
- Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R. W. M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - E. A. Ermilov
- Institute of Physiology
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
- 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physics
- Humboldt University of Berlin
| | - W. Kuzyniak
- Institute of Physiology
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
- 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Höpfner
- Institute of Physiology
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
- 10117 Berlin, Germany
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EDREI R, GOTTFRIED V, VAN LIER JE, KIMEL S. Sulfonated Phthalocyanines: Photophysical Properties, in vitro Cell Uptake and Structure-activity Relationships. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199805/06)2:3<191::aid-jpp65>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium phthalocyanines sulfonated to a different degree ( AlPcS n) and consisting of various isomeric species were studied by spectroscopic techniques to determine their tendencies to form dimers and aggregates. These characteristics were compared with the cell-penetrating properties of the species, using the Ehrlich ascites mouse tumor cell line, to arrive at structure-activity relationships. AlPcS n preparations consisting of the least number of isomeric species exhibited the highest tendency to form dimers and aggregates, whereas the more complex preparations, consisting of many isomeric products, showed more consistent monomeric features in aqueous environments. Uptake in cells was shown to correlate well with the overall hydrophobicity of the preparation and inversely with its degree of aggregation in the extracellular environment. Among the purified, single isomeric AlPcS n the amphiphilic disulfonated AlPcS 2a , enriched in positional isomers featuring sulfonate groups on adjacent phthalic subunits, showed the best membrane-penetrating properties. Even higher cell uptake was observed for the AlPcS 2mix reflecting a combination of optimal lipophilicity and a low degree of aggregation. Similarly, in the case of AlPcS 4, the pure isomeric compound showed less cell uptake than the mixed isomeric preparation of similar hydrophobicity, reflecting the higher degree of aggregation invoked by its symmetrical structure. Our data indicate that mixed sulfonated phthalocyanine preparations may exert higher photodynamic efficacy in biological applications as compared to the pure isomeric constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. EDREI
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - V. GOTTFRIED
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - J. E. VAN LIER
- MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - S. KIMEL
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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BONNETT RAYMOND, MARTINEZ GABRIEL. Photobleaching studies on azabenzoporphyrins and related systems: a comparison of the photobleaching of the zinc(II) complexes of the tetrabenzoporphyrin, 5-azadibenzo[b,g]porphyrin and phthalocyanine systems. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-1409(200008)4:5<544::aid-jpp269>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of photobleaching of zinc(II) tetra-t-butyltetrabenzoporphyrin 1, zinc(II) 13,17-diethyl-12,18-dimethyl-5-azadibenzo[b,g]porphyrin 2 and zinc(II) tetra-t-butylphthalocyanine 3 are studied. In methanol containing ca 0.1% pyridine, complex 1 undergoes photoaggregation, 2 is relatively photostable, while 3 undergoes a smooth true photobleaching process with loss of intensity across the visible region. Where appropriate, apparent first-order rate constants for the photodiminution of the α band in the spectra are reported, and the effects of solvent variation and of additives are measured. It has not been possible to provide an overall rationalization of the solvent effects, but the effects of additives support the view that the photo-oxidative processes involve singlet oxygen. Experiments with potassium superoxide do not support superoxide involvement. Preparative experiments in methanol have been carried out with 1 and 3. 1 leads to a large recovery of the starting material, indicating that the photoaggregation does not involve the formation of new covalent bonds. 3 gives rise to at least five products (besides the starting material). Two of these, isolated in low yields (<5%), are identified as a fragmentation (depolymerization) product, 4-t-butylphthalonitrile, and the expected oxidative product, 4-t-butylphthalimide. The results are discussed and conclusions drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- RAYMOND BONNETT
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - GABRIEL MARTINEZ
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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DECRÉAU RICHARD, VIOLA ANGÈLE, RICHARD MARIEJEANNE, JEUNETAN ANDRÉ, JULLIARD MICHEL. Photodynamic Therapy:In VitroPhotosensitizing Efficacy of Bis(tri-n-hexylsiloxy)silicon Phthalocyanine against Achromic M6 Melanocytes. ESR Study of Active Oxygen Intermediates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199807/10)2:4/5<405::aid-jpp112>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro photodynamic effect of bis(tri-n-hexylsiloxy)silicon phthalocyanine has been evaluated against the melanotic M6 cell line. The results showed that at 10-5M dose, LD50is obtained for a 150 J cm-2light dose and LD90for 540 J cm-2. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy was used with spin traps to study the type I and type II photochemical pathways involved and to detect active oxygen intermediates such as singlet oxygen, oxygen superoxide and hydroxyl radical. The two mechanisms occurred simultaneously and no change was observed when the phthalocyanine was entrapped in liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- RICHARD DECRÉAU
- Laboratoire AM, ESA CNRS 6009, Faculté des Sciences Saint-Jérôme, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - ANGÈLE VIOLA
- Laboratoire AM, ESA CNRS 6009, Faculté des Sciences Saint-Jérôme, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - MARIE JEANNE RICHARD
- Laboratoire de Biochimie C, Hôpital Michallon, BP 217, F-38240 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - ANDRÉ JEUNETAN
- LEDSS, UMR CNRS 5616, 301 Avenue de la Chimie, Domaine Universitaire de Grenoble, F-38041 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - MICHEL JULLIARD
- Laboratoire AM, ESA CNRS 6009, Faculté des Sciences Saint-Jérôme, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Mantareva V, Petrova D, Avramov L, Angelov I, Borisova E, Peeva M, Wöhrle D. Long wavelength absorbing cationic Zn(II)-phthalocyanines as fluorescent contrast agents for B16 pigmented melanoma. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three cationic zinc phthalocyanines ( ZnPcs ), tetrakis-(3-methylpyridyloxy)-, tetrakis-(3-hexyl-pyridyloxy)-, and tetrakis-(3-dodecylpyridyloxy)phthalocyaninezinc ( ZnPc Me, ZnPc He and ZnPc Do) have been studied as advanced fluorescent contrast agents for pigmented melanoma tumor. UV-vis spectroscopic properties of the monomers were investigated. Their photophysical behavior as a substantial part of dye-induced fluorescence was evaluated. The selective accumulation and labeling capacity towards B16F0 pigmented melanoma tumor were determined. Melanin containing cells were isolated and incubated with ZnPcs at several time intervals (1, 1.5 and 6 h) following the kinetics of cellular uptake. The highest accumulation was found for ZnPcHe . A lower uptake was detected for the more lipophilic ZnPcDo and more hydrophilic ZnPcMe . The fluorescence diagnostic potential of ZnPcs towards pigmented melanoma by using an argon-dye laser detection set-up was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanya Mantareva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. “G. Bonchev” str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Petrova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. “G. Bonchev” str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Latchezar Avramov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Angelov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. “G. Bonchev” str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ekaterina Borisova
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Margarita Peeva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. “G. Bonchev” str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dieter Wöhrle
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
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Di Venosa G, Rodriguez L, Mamone L, Gándara L, Rossetti M, Batlle A, Casas A. Changes in actin and E-cadherin expression induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in normal and Ras-transfected human mammary cell lines. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 106:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Nanodrug applications in photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:14-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Manoto SL, Abrahamse H. Effect of a newly synthesized Zn sulfophthalocyanine derivative on cell morphology, viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity in a human lung cancer cell line (A549). Lasers Med Sci 2011; 26:523-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-011-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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JG P, CP S, J M. Assessment of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis promastigote viability after photodynamic treatment with aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS4). J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1678-91992011000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pinto JG
- Vale do Paraíba University, Brazil
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Kalarical Janardhanan S, Narayan S, Abbineni G, Hayhurst A, Mao C. Architectonics of phage-liposome nanowebs as optimized photosensitizer vehicles for photodynamic cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2524-35. [PMID: 20807781 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous M13 phage can be engineered to display cancer cell-targeting or tumor-homing peptides through phage display. It would be highly desirable if the tumor-targeting phage can also carry anticancer drugs to deliver them to the cancer cells. We studied the evolution of structures of the complexes between anionic filamentous M13 phage and cationic serum-stable liposomes that encapsulate the monomeric photosensitizer zinc naphthalocyanine. At specific phage-liposome ratios, multiple phage nanofibers and liposomes are interwoven into a "nanoweb." The chemical and biological properties of the phage-liposome nanoweb were evaluated for possible application in drug delivery. This study highlights the ability of phage-liposome nanowebs to serve as efficient carriers in the transport of photosensitizers to cancer cells.
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Photoinactivation of different human tumor cell lines and sheep red blood cells in vitro by liposome-bound Zn(II) Phthalocyanine: Effects of cholesterol. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 100:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Rück A, Steiner R. Basic reaction mechanisms of hydrophilic and lipophilic photosensitisers in photodynamic tumour treatment. MINIM INVASIV THER 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/13645709809152895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Stockert JC, Villanueva A, Cristóbal J, Cañete M. Improving images of fluorescent cell labeling by background signal subtraction. Biotech Histochem 2009; 84:63-8. [PMID: 19267289 DOI: 10.1080/10520290902804357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake and selective accumulation of fluorescent labels and drugs into organelles of cultured cells currently are widely investigated in biomedical research. In such studies, co-localization procedures are frequently used to identify the accumulation sites of compounds with biological activity. A drawback with fluorescent labeling is the autofluorescence of some cell organelles, which can hinder the precise assessment of co-localization. We report here labeling of the Golgi apparatus of A-549 cells using the photosensitizer zinc(II)-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and co-localization with the Golgi probe NBD C6-ceramide. The blue autofluorescence signal of mitochondria can be subtracted easily from the original picture by image processing, after which the co-localization of the isolated red ZnPc signal with the green signal from the Golgi probe is considerably improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Stockert
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Liu X, Xie J, Zhang L, Chen H, Gu Y, Zhao J. A novel hypocrellin B derivative designed and synthesized by taking consideration to both drug delivery and biological photodynamic activity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 94:171-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huang Z, Huang J, Chen N, Huang J. Synthesis, characterization and properties of some metallophthalocyanine complexes substituted by N -piperidineethanol. J COORD CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970801905254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Huang
- a Institute of Research on Functional Materials , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002, China
- b College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jiandong Huang
- a Institute of Research on Functional Materials , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Naisheng Chen
- a Institute of Research on Functional Materials , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- a Institute of Research on Functional Materials , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002, China
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Plaetzer K, Krammer B, Berlanda J, Berr F, Kiesslich T. Photophysics and photochemistry of photodynamic therapy: fundamental aspects. Lasers Med Sci 2008; 24:259-68. [PMID: 18247081 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-008-0539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality for cancer and various other diseases. The clinical protocol covers the illumination of target cells (or tissue), which have been loaded with a photoactive drug (photosensitizer). In this review we describe the photophysical and primary photochemical processes that occur during PDT. Interaction of light with tissue results in attenuation of the incident light energy due to reflectance, absorption, scattering, and refraction. Refraction and reflection are reduced by perpendicular light application, whereas absorption can be minimized by the choice of a photosensitizer that absorbs in the far red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Interaction of light and the photosensitizer can result in degradation, modification or relocalization of the drug, which differently affect the effectiveness of PDT. Photodynamic therapy itself, however, employs the light-induced chemical reactions of the activated photosensitizer (triplet state), resulting in the production of various reactive oxygen species, amongst them singlet oxygen as the primary photochemical product. Based on these considerations, the properties of an ideal photosensitizer for PDT are discussed. According to the clinical experience with PDT, it is proposed that the innovative concept of PDT is most successfully implemented into the mainstream of anticancer therapies by following an application-, i.e. tumor-centered approach with a focus on the actual clinical requirements of the respective tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Plaetzer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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22
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Sobolev AS. Modular transporters for subcellular cell-specific targeting of anti-tumor drugs. Bioessays 2008; 30:278-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.20715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sasnouski S, Pic E, Dumas D, Zorin V, D'Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Influence of Incubation Time and Sensitizer Localization on Meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC)-Induced Photoinactivation of Cells. Radiat Res 2007; 168:209-17. [PMID: 17638401 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2007)168[209:ioitas]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study addresses the impact of different aggregation states of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) on the photoinactivation of cells. Measurements of the photophysical properties of mTHPC in MCF-7 cells showed progressive sensitizer aggregation with increasing incubation time. Reconstructed absorption spectra of intracellular mTHPC showed a significant decrease in the molar extinction coefficient and broadening of the Soret band at 24 h incubation compared to 3 h. Intracellular photobleaching of mTHPC slowed down, and the profile changed from mono- to bi-exponential upon incubation. Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) measurements revealed a substantial decrease in the lifetime of mTHPC fluorescence at 24 h compared to 3 h. In addition, the intracellular localization of mTHPC as observed by fluorescence microscopy changed from a diffuse homogeneous fluorescence pattern at short incubation times to a punctiform pattern at 24 h. The efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) assessed by a clonogenic assay was three times greater at 24 h. However, when the survival curves were replotted as a function of the number of absorbed photons, the efficiency was 1.8 times greater at 3 h than at 24 h. The loss of photosensitizing efficiency at higher mTHPC concentrations was attributed to self-quenching of the triplet states of the sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Sasnouski
- CRAN UMR 7039 CNRS, INPL, UHP, Centre Alexis Vautrin, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
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Cubeddu R, Pifferi A, Taroni P, Torricelli A, Valentini G, Comelli D, D'Andrea C, Angelini V, Canti G. Fluorescence Imaging During Photodynamic Therapy of Experimental Tumors in Mice Sensitized with Disulfonated Aluminum Phthalocyanine¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720690fidpto2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Rück A, Heckelsmiller K, Kaufmann R, Grossman N, Haseroth E, Akgün N. Light-induced Apoptosis Involves a Defined Sequence of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Calcium Release in AlPcS4-photosensitized Rat Bladder RR 1022 Epithelial Cells¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720210liaiad2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Juarranz A, Espada J, Carlos Stockert J, Villanueva A, Polo S, Domínguez V, Cañete M. Photodamage Induced by Zinc(II)-phthalocyanine to Microtubules, Actin, α-Actinin and Keratin of HeLa Cells¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730283pibzip2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kunz L, Connelly JP, Woodhams JH, MacRobert AJ. Photodynamic modification of disulfonated aluminium phthalocyanine fluorescence in a macrophage cell line. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:940-8. [PMID: 17721592 DOI: 10.1039/b708456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disulfonated aluminium phthalocyanine (AlS(2)Pc) is used experimentally as a photosensitiser for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photochemical internalisation (PCI). In this study we have focused on modifications in intracellular photosensitiser localisation and fluorescence intensity in macrophages during and after photoirradiation. Since macrophages are highly abundant in tumour tissue and readily accumulate AlS(2)Pc both in vivo and in vitro, we investigated PDT-induced changes of AlS(2)Pc fluorescence in the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 using CCD fluorescence imaging microscopy. The distinct intracellular localization disappeared upon red laser irradiation and was replaced by a uniform distribution accompanied by a transient fluorescence intensity increase using higher AlS(2)Pc concentrations, followed by photobleaching after further irradiation. A short period of irradiation was sufficient to induce the intracellular redistribution and intensity increase, which then continued in the dark without further laser irradiation. However in the absence of oxygen no fluorescence intensity increase or redistribution was observed. This finding favours the general assumption of photodynamic destruction of organelle membranes resulting in the observed redistribution of the phthalocyanine. No other long-lived fluorescent photoproducts were observed during irradiation. Under deoxygenated conditions slower photobleaching was observed, and photobleaching quantum yields were estimated under aerated and deoxygenated conditions. The participation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROS) generated during irradiation was indicated by intracellular oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein to the fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein in macrophages. The oxygen dependence of these photomodification processes is relevant to the application of AlS(2)Pc to photochemical internalisation which relies on photosensitiser redistribution in cells upon light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kunz
- National Medical Laser Centre, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House St., London, UK
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Egyeki M, Tóth K, Waldeck W, Schmezer P, Langowski J, Csík G. DNA damaging capability of hematoporphyrin towards DNAs of various accessibilities. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 84:119-27. [PMID: 16549364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work we wanted to verify that photoactivation of DNA-non-binding porphyrin derivative hematoporphyrin IX (Hp) is able to induce damages in DNAs of various accessibilities such as B-conformation and superhelical isolated DNA, nucleoprotein complex and intracellular DNAs. It was found that photodynamic reaction of Hp results significant changes in thermal stability of isolated T7 DNA and induces single strand breaks in supercoiled Bluescript plasmid isolated from Escherichia coli cells. As optical melting measurements revealed, the irradiation of photosensitized T7 nucleoprotein complex leads to a destabilization of the protein capsid. The photodynamic reaction affected both the protein structure and DNA-protein interaction, however, the parameters corresponding to the DNA denaturation are not influenced. The accumulation of Hp in HeLa cells was followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The picture received is typical for lipophilic dyes. When Hp loaded cells were irradiated, a reduction of viability could be observed in a concentration and a light dose dependent manner; 12microM porphyrin induced almost complete cell killing after 30min irradiation. After similar treatment, alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis of isolated nuclear DNA did not show the presence of single strand breaks. The alkaline comet assay also failed to demonstrate any DNA damage in HeLa cells. We also considered the possibility of the generation of damages in intracellular SV40 DNA. According to the electropherograms there was no difference between the patterns of DNAs from treated and control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Egyeki
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 263, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
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Fabris C, Soncin M, Mazzon E, Calzavara-Pinton P, Lia F, Giacomo C, Dei D, Tampucci S, Roncucci G, Jori G. A novel tetracationic phthalocyanine as a potential skin phototherapeutic agent. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:675-83. [PMID: 16098127 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An amphiphilic tetracationic derivative of Zn(II)-phthalocyanine (RLP068) was prepared by means of chemical synthesis and was showed to possess efficient photophysical and photosensitizing properties against model biological substrates. RLP068 was incorporated into a gel formulation, which allowed its ready penetration into the epidermal layers, but not into the dermis, of both Balb/c and hairless SKH1 mice after 1-2 h of topical deposition. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that the phthalocyanine thus formulated does not enter the general blood circulation. The epidermis-associated amount of phthalocyanine was sufficient to cause an important cutaneous damage upon irradiation with red light (600-700 nm; 100-180 mW/cm(2), 160 J/cm(2)); the latter was confined to the epidermal area with no apparent diffusion to the underlying dermal layers or appearance of photosensitivity in distal skin areas. A systematic investigation of the interplay among the different parameters (deposition time of the formulated phthalocyanine on mouse skin, irradiation fluence rate and total light fluence) allowed us to identify the minimal phototoxic dose, as well as to define irradiation protocols allowing the repeatability of the phototherapeutic treatment. The potential of RLP068 to act as a PDT agent for cutaneous diseases is briefly discussed.
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Nunes SMT, Sguilla FS, Tedesco AC. Photophysical studies of zinc phthalocyanine and chloroaluminum phthalocyanine incorporated into liposomes in the presence of additives. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:273-84. [PMID: 14762584 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC) and chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (AlPHCl) incorporated into liposomes of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in the presence and absence of additives such as cholesterol or cardiolipin were studied by time-resolved fluorescence, laser flash photolysis and steady-state techniques. The absorbance of the drugs changed linearly with drug concentration, at least up to 5.0 M in homogeneous and heterogeneous media, indicating that aggregation did not occur in these media within this concentration range. The incorporation of the drugs into liposomes increases the dimerization constant by one order of magnitude (for ZnPC, 3.6 x 10(4) to 1.0 x 10(5) M-1 and for AlPHCl, 3.7 x 10(4) to 1.5 x 10(5) M-1), but this feature dose does not rule out the use of this carrier, since the incorporation of these hydrophobic drugs into liposomes permits their systemic administration. Probe location in biological membranes and predominant positions of the phthalocyanines in liposomes were inferred on the basis of their fluorescence and triplet state properties. Both phthalocyanines are preferentially distributed in the internal regions of the liposome bilayer. The additives affect the distribution of these drugs within the liposomes, a fact that controls their delivery when both are used in a biological medium, retarding their release. The addition of the additives to the liposomes increases the internalization of phthalocyanines. The interaction of the drugs with a plasma protein, bovine serum albumin, was examined quantitatively by the fluorescence technique. The results show that when the drugs were incorporated into small unilamellar liposomes, the association with albumin was enhanced when compared with organic media, a fact that should increase the selectivity of tumor targeting by these phthalocyanines (for ZnPC, 0.71 x 10(6) to 1.30 x 10(7) M-1 and for AlPHCl, 4.86 x 10(7) to 3.10 x 10(8) M-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M T Nunes
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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31
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Qualls MM, Thompson DH. Chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate delivered via acid-labile diplasmenylcholine-folate liposomes: intracellular localization and synergistic phototoxicity. Int J Cancer 2001; 93:384-92. [PMID: 11433404 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Folate-diplasmenylcholine (1,2-di-O-(Z-1'-hexadecenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DPPlsC) liposomes have been shown to greatly enhance the potency of water-soluble antitumor agents via a selective folate-mediated uptake and acid-catalyzed endosomal escape mechanism (Rui et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998; 120:11213--18). This study describes an adaptation of this strategy for the delivery of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate ([AlPcS(4)](4-)), a water-soluble sensitizer used in photodynamic therapy, in a binary targeting scheme designed to enhance both its tumor selectivity and phototoxicity. [AlPcS(4)](4-)/DPPlsC:folate liposomes (9.8 microM bulk concentration, 2.5 mM intraliposomal concentration) were substantially more phototoxic to folate-deficient KB cells than 12.5 microM free [AlPcS(4)](4-) after a 30 min irradiation (630-910 nm). Considerable differences in phototoxicity were observed, however, between the commercially-available AlPcS(4)(4-) and an HPLC purified sample of [AlPcS(4)](4-) due to an increased tendency for the latter to aggregate. Experiments with [AlPcS(4)](4-)/DPPC:folate and folate-free [AlPcS(4)](4-)/DPPlsC liposomes (acid-insensitive and non-targeted controls, respectively) showed significantly reduced phototoxicities under the same illumination conditions. Our results imply that higher concentrations of water-soluble sensitizers can be delivered to target cells using the folate receptor-mediated pathway, which can change both the biodistribution and intracellular localization of the sensitizer when acid-labile DPPlsC liposomes are used as the delivery vehicle. Potential advantages of this approach include the use of lower bulk [AlPcS(4)](4-) concentrations, rapid plasma clearance of free [AlPcS(4)](4-), and better phototoxic responses, due to higher intracellular [AlPcS(4)](4-) concentrations combined with reduced collateral photodamage arising from misguided sensitizer accumulation, thereby enhancing the selective phototoxicity of PDT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Qualls
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Cubeddu R, Pifferi A, Taroni P, Torricelli A, Valentini G, Comelli D, D'Andrea C, Angelini V, Canti G. Fluorescence imaging during photodynamic therapy of experimental tumors in mice sensitized with disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:690-5. [PMID: 11107856 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0690:fidpto>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence imaging system was used to monitor the emission of disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlS2Pc) during the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of murine tumors. Cells of the MS-2 fibrosarcoma were injected in mice in two compartments in order to cause the development of tumors in different host tissues. Two drug doses and two uptake times were considered. Moreover, the fluorescence of the AlS2Pc was excited using two wavelengths on the opposite sides of the absorption peak to detect a possible change in the absorption spectrum of the sensitizer induced by the PDT. In the tumors, the treatment induces a variation of the fluorescence intensity: in some mice a mild photobleaching takes place, in others a fluorescence enhancement occurs. Which effect predominates depends on the experimental conditions, even though a large spread of data was found amongst mice of the same group. In all mice, independently of the drug dose, uptake time or tumor compartment, a marked increase in the fluorescence signal takes place at the borders of the irradiated area. To quantify this effect we evaluated the ratio between the fluorescence intensities in the peritumoral area and in the tumor itself. This ratio increases monotonically during the PDT, showing a different behavior with the two excitation wavelengths. This indicates that the AlS2Pc absorption spectrum shifts toward shorter wavelengths as a result of the irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cubeddu
- INFM-Dipartimento di Fisica and CEQSE-CNR, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
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Rück A, Heckelsmiller K, Kaufmann R, Grossman N, Haseroth E, Akgün N. Light-induced apoptosis involves a defined sequence of cytoplasmic and nuclear calcium release in AlPcS4-photosensitized rat bladder RR 1022 epithelial cells. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:210-6. [PMID: 10946575 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0210:liaiad>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by light activation of photosensitizers is regarded to have a role in triggering cell death pathways during photodynamic therapy (PDT). Reactive oxygen species have been proposed to act as signal transduction molecules activating downstream reactions that lead to apoptosis. Mainly debated is the cooperating role of other signaling systems like calcium or pH. The present work contributes to this discussion by studying PDT effects in cell cultures of rat bladder epithelial cells for the hydrophilic tetrasulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS4). Cells were coincubated with the photosensitizer and the calcium-sensitive probe Fluo-3. The light-induced reactions were analyzed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The dynamics of the process during light activation was observed with subcellular resolution. A transient calcium elevation during the irradiation process was detected, especially in the cell's nuclei, followed by a more sustained increase. The evaluation of the energy-dose-dependent phototoxicity after an incubation time with the photosensitizer of 1 and 24 h, showed enhanced phototoxicity when the drug was present for 24 h. Surprisingly, stimulation of cell proliferation was observed at very low light doses (at 0.2 J/cm2) when the drug was incubated for 24 h (cell viability 160%). Induction of apoptosis could be observed after irradiation with fluences between 1 and 3 J/cm2. Apoptotic cells were identified with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Annexin V, which binds to phosphatidylserine after its translocation to the outer plasma membrane. In the presence of the antioxidant pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate the transient calcium elevation was totally inhibited, as was the subsequent translocation of PS. In contrast, N-acetyl-L-cysteine did not suppress the transient calcium increase. Our data might be consistent with calcium regulated processes during AlPcS4-PDT and the involvement of oxygen radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rück
- Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine and Metrology, Ulm, Germany.
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Rosenkranz AA, Jans DA, Sobolev AS. Targeted intracellular delivery of photosensitizers to enhance photodynamic efficiency. Immunol Cell Biol 2000; 78:452-64. [PMID: 10947873 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel treatment, used mainly for anticancer therapy, that depends on the retention of photosensitizers (PS) in tumour cells and irradiation of the tumour with appropriate wavelength light. Photosensitizers are molecules such as porphyrins and chlorins that, on photoactivation, effect strongly localized oxidative damage within target cells. The PS used for PDT localize in various cytoplasmic membranous structures, but are not found in the most vulnerable intracellular sites for reactive oxygen species, such as the cell nucleus. The experimental approaches discussed in the present paper indicate that it is possible to design highly efficient molecular constructs, PS carriers, with specific modules conferring cell-specific targeting, internalization, escape from intracellular vesicles and targeting to the most vulnerable intracellular compartments, such as the nucleus. Nuclear targeting of these PS-carrying constructs results in enhanced photodynamic activity, maximally about 2500-fold that of free PS. Future work is intended to optimize this approach to the point at which tumour cells can be killed rapidly and efficiently, while minimizing normal cell and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rosenkranz
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Russian Academy of Science
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Georgakoudi I, Foster TH. Singlet Oxygen-Versus Nonsinglet Oxygen-Mediated Mechanisms of Sensitizer Photobleaching and Their Effects on Photodynamic Dosimetry. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rück A, Heckelsmiller K, Akgün N, Beck G, Kunzi-Rapp K, Schick E, Steiner R. Nonlinear Dynamics of Intracellular Methylene Blue During Light Activation of Cell Cultures. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66:837-41. [PMID: 12269331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB+) is a well-known dye in medicine and has been discussed as an easily applicable drug for topical treatment in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methylene blue can potentially be used as a redox indicator to detect the important redox reactions that are induced during PDT. The kinetics of this process was analyzed on a subcellular level with confocal laser scanning microscopy. BKEz-7 endothelial cells were incubated 4 h with 1 microM MB+. The fluorescence dynamics of MB+ during irradiation with 633 nm light was observed with subcellular resolution. Images were acquired at 0.5 s intervals (frame rate 1 image/0.5 s). Fluorescence was observed in the red channel of the laser scanning microscope. Synchronously, the phase-contrast image was visualized with the green channel. Morphological changes could therefore be correlated with the dynamics of MB+. In addition, the light-dose-dependent phototoxicity at 633 nm irradiation was determined by viable cell counting. After an induction period (phase I), fast fluorescent spikes could be observed in the whole cytoplasm, which decayed with a time constant of about 20 s (phase II), followed by a period of nearly constant fluorescence intensity (phase III) and exponential photobleaching (phase IV). Phase II exhibits highly nonlinear kinetics, which is hypothesized to correlate probably with a nonlinear quantal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Morphological cell changes were not observed during phase II. During phase III, a pycnotic cell nucleus developed. From the determination of viable cells we can conclude that a light dose applied within phase II was only sublethal in correlation with morphological observations. Overproduction of ROS leading finally to cell killing during phases III and IV is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rück
- Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine and Metrology, Ulm, Germany.
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Fernández DA, Awruch J, Dicelio LE. Synthesis and photophysical properties of a new cationic water-soluble Zn phthalocyanine. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1997; 41:227-32. [PMID: 9447719 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of tetrakis (1,1-dimethyl-2-trimethylammonium)ethylphthalocyaninato Zn(II) tetraiodide 2--a new cationic phthalocyanine--is reported as well as its photophysical properties in water, relevant for the use of this dye as photodynamic sensitizer. The hydrophobicity of the macrocycle leads to strong aggregation which lowers the fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields of aqueous solutions of 2. Photophysical parameters agree with those of other Zn phthalocyanines when correction is performed for the fraction of light absorbed by the monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Fernández
- INQUIMAE, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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