1
|
Kazemi KS, Kazemi P, Mivehchi H, Nasiri K, Eshagh Hoseini SS, Nejati ST, Pour Bahrami P, Golestani S, Nabi Afjadi M. Photodynamic Therapy: A Novel Approach for Head and Neck Cancer Treatment with Focusing on Oral Cavity. Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:25. [PMID: 39154015 PMCID: PMC11330087 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers, specifically oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), pose a significant global health challenge, with high incidence and mortality rates. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have limited effectiveness and can result in adverse reactions. However, as an alternative, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising option for treating oral cancers. PDT involves using photosensitizing agents in conjunction with specific light to target and destroy cancer cells selectively. The photosensitizers accumulate in the cancer cells and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon exposure to the activating light, leading to cellular damage and ultimately cell death. PDT offers several advantages, including its non-invasive nature, absence of known long-term side effects when administered correctly, and cost-effectiveness. It can be employed as a primary treatment for early-stage oral cancers or in combination with other therapies for more advanced cases. Nonetheless, it is important to note that PDT is most effective for superficial or localized cancers and may not be suitable for larger or deeply infiltrating tumors. Light sensitivity and temporary side effects may occur but can be managed with appropriate care. Ongoing research endeavors aim to expand the applications of PDT and develop novel photosensitizers to further enhance its efficacy in oral cancer treatment. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PDT in treating oral cancers by analyzing a combination of preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Sadat Kazemi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Kazemi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hassan Mivehchi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kamyar Nasiri
- Faculty of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Shayan Golestani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Nabi Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nkune NW, Matlou GG, Abrahamse H. Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy of Novel Zinc Phthalocyanine Tetra Sodium 2-Mercaptoacetate Combined with Cannabidiol on Metastatic Melanoma. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2418. [PMID: 36365236 PMCID: PMC9695911 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This work reports for the first time on the synthesis, characterization, and photodynamic therapy effect of a novel water-soluble zinc (II) 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tetrakis-(sodium 2-mercaptoacetate) phthalocyanine (ZnPcTS41), on metastatic melanoma cells (A375) combined with cannabidiol (CBD). The ZnPcTS41 structure was confirmed using FTIR, NMR, MS, and elemental analysis while the electronic absorption spectrum was studied using UV-VIS. The study reports further on the dose-dependent effects of ZnPcTS41 (1-8 µM) and CBD alone (0.3-1.1 µM) at 636 nm with 10 J/cm2 on cellular morphology and viability. The IC50 concentrations of ZnPcTS41 and CBD were found to be 5.3 µM and 0.63 µM, respectively. The cytotoxicity effects of the ZnPcTS41 enhanced with CBD on A375 cells were assessed using MTT cell viability assay, ATP cellular proliferation and inverted light microscopy. Cell death induction was also determined via Annexin V-FITC-PI. The combination of CBD- and ZnPcTS41-mediated PDT resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability (15%***) and an increase in the late apoptotic cell population (25%*). These findings suggest that enhancing PDT with anticancer agents such as CBD could possibly obliterate cancer cells and inhibit tumor recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kessel D. Critical PDT Theory III: Events at the Molecular and Cellular Level. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6195. [PMID: 35682870 PMCID: PMC9181573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is capable of eradicating neoplastic cells that are accessible to sufficient light and oxygen. There is adequate information now available for assessing conditions where PDT might be the therapy of choice, but limited access to clinical facilities and impediments to regulatory approval of new agents have limited clinical usage. Early reports mainly involved clinical data with few thoughts towards finding death pathways. In 2022, there is a clear understanding of the determinants of successful tumor eradication. While PDT may be the optimal method for many clinical indications, support for this approach has lagged. This report provides a commentary on some elements of recent progress in PDT at the molecular and cellular levels, along with a discussion of some of the limitations in current research efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Greer A. In vivo Tissue Evaluation Reveals Improvements in Explicit PDT Dosimetry. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:437-439. [PMID: 32060926 DOI: 10.1111/php.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Progress is needed before explicit photodynamic therapy (PDT) dosimetry can treat peritoneal carcinomatosis and yet spare all healthy tissue. A report by Cengel et al. in this issue of Photochemistry & Photobiology on tissue evaluation in a canine model may bring that goal a step closer and may even be dogma-changing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Beigzadeh AM, Rashidian Vaziri MR, Ziaie F, Sharif S. A New Optical Method for Online Monitoring of the Light Dose and Dose Profile in Photodynamic Therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 52:659-670. [PMID: 31777113 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained widespread popularity in the last decades because of its distinctive advantages over the other commonly used cancer treatments. PDT dosimetry is a crucial factor in achieving a good optimization of PDT treatment planning. PDT dosimetry is a complex task since light dose as well as photosensitizer and oxygen concentrations in tissue need to be measured (ideally continuously) to be able to fully characterize the biological response. Light dose in PDT is routinely measured by the optical fibers that provide dose data at a limited number of discrete points and are not able to capture spatial dose profiles. The objective of this study is to propose and develop a new optical method for online monitoring of the dose profile data for PDT. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the digital holography technique, first, the general sketch of an experimental setup for PDT light dosimetry is provided. The theory behind the proposed method for using the experimental setup in PDT light dosimetry is fully described, and its limits of validity are determined. In a proof of principle study, the ability of the method for online monitoring of the absorbed light dose profile in PDT is evaluated by a simple experimental setup. RESULTS The experimental results confirm the usefulness of the proposed method in providing continuous online dose profiles. The absorbed light dose profiles from an infrared light source in a quartz cell containing water are measured and shown. The depth-dose curves are extracted and it is shown that how these dosimetric data can be used for assisting the physicians in determining the appropriate spatiotemporal characteristics for treating the infected tissues and solid tumors with the required light dose amounts. A conversion relation is also derived for transforming the measured light dose with the proposed method to the most frequently used dose values by PDT practitioners, in terms of light power per square area. CONCLUSIONS There is no restriction in using the method with other commonly used light sources in PDT, like light-emitting diodes and filtered lamps, with different wavelengths in visible or infrared regions of the spectrum. More complex experimental setups can be used in future studies to study the role of accumulated photosensitizers in malignant tissues. The proposed method in this study can also be used for light dose monitoring in other biomedical applications, where light is used for treating special diseases, and patients must receive sufficient amounts of light dose. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohammad Beigzadeh
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farhood Ziaie
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Sharif
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Photodynamic therapy of deep tissue abscess cavities: Retrospective image‐based feasibility study using Monte Carlo simulation. Med Phys 2019; 46:3259-3267. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
7
|
Stringasci MD, Fortunato TC, Moriyama LT, Filho JDV, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C. Interstitial PDT using diffuser fiber-investigation in phantom and in vivo models. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1009-1016. [PMID: 28474212 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used for local treatment of several types of tumors. Light penetration of biological tissue is one limiting factor in PDT, decreasing the success rates of the treatment of invasive and solid tumors. In those cases, a possible solution is to use interstitial PDT, in which both diffuser optical fibers are inserted into the tumor. The uniformity of the diffuser emission plays a crucial role in planning the delivery of the appropriate light fluence and in ensuring treatment success. In this study, we characterized a diffuser optical fiber concerning its homogeneity. We showed that the diffuser emission can be inhomogeneous and that the necrosis generated by interstitial PDT using such a diffuser for illumination is asymmetrical in volume as a result. This observation has relevant consequences in achieving success in PDT and phototherapies in general, as the delivered light fluence depends on adequate previous knowledge of the irradiation profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirian D Stringasci
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sao-Carlense Street, Number 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP: 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Thereza C Fortunato
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sao-Carlense Street, Number 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP: 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lilian T Moriyama
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sao-Carlense Street, Number 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP: 13566-590, Brazil
| | - José Dirceu Vollet Filho
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sao-Carlense Street, Number 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP: 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei S Bagnato
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sao-Carlense Street, Number 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP: 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sao-Carlense Street, Number 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP: 13566-590, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yoon I, Li JZ, Shim YK. Advance in photosensitizers and light delivery for photodynamic therapy. Clin Endosc 2013; 46:7-23. [PMID: 23423543 PMCID: PMC3572355 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The brief history of photodynamic therapy (PDT) research has been focused on photosensitizers (PSs) and light delivery was introduced recently. The appropriate PSs were developed from the first generation PS Photofrin (QLT) to the second (chlorins or bacteriochlorins derivatives) and third (conjugated PSs on carrier) generations PSs to overcome undesired disadvantages, and to increase selective tumor accumulation and excellent targeting. For the synthesis of new chlorin PSs chlorophyll a is isolated from natural plants or algae, and converted to methyl pheophorbide a (MPa) as an important starting material for further synthesis. MPa has various active functional groups easily modified for the preparation of different kinds of PSs, such as methyl pyropheophorbide a, purpurin-18, purpurinimide, and chlorin e6 derivatives. Combination therapy, such as chemotherapy and photothermal therapy with PDT, is shortly described here. Advanced light delivery system is shown to establish successful clinical applications of PDT. Phtodynamic efficiency of the PSs with light delivery was investigated in vitro and/or in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Il Yoon
- PDT Research Institute, Inje University School of Nano System Engineering, Gimhae, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Experimental verification and validation of a computer model for light–tissue interaction. Lasers Med Sci 2011; 27:79-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-011-0926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Non-homogeneous liver distribution of photosensitizer and its consequence for photodynamic therapy outcome. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 7:189-200. [PMID: 20728844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy is mainly used for treatment of malignant lesions, and is based on selective location of a photosensitizer in the tumor tissue, followed by light at wavelengths matching the photosensitizer absorption spectrum. In molecular oxygen presence, reactive oxygen species are generated, inducing cells to die. One of the limitations of photodynamic therapy is the variability of photosensitizer concentration observed in systemically photosensitized tissues, mainly due to differences of the tissue architecture, cell lines, and pharmacokinetics. This study aim was to demonstrate the spatial distribution of a hematoporphyrin derivative, Photogem, in the healthy liver tissue of Wistar rats via fluorescence spectroscopy, and to understand its implications on photodynamic response. METHODS Fifteen male Wistar rats were intravenously photosensitized with 1.5mg/kg body weight of Photogem. Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy at 532 nm-excitation was performed on ex vivo liver slices. The influence of photosensitizer surface distribution detected by fluorescence and the induced depth of necrosis were investigated in five animals. RESULTS Photosensitizer distribution on rat liver showed to be greatly non-homogeneous. This may affect photodynamic therapy response as shown in the results of depth of necrosis. CONCLUSIONS As a consequence of these results, this study suggests that photosensitizer surface spatial distribution should be taken into account in photodynamic therapy dosimetry, as this will help to better predict clinical results.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jones LR, Preyer NW, Wolfsen HC, Reynolds DM, Davis MA, Wallace MB. Monte carlo model of stricture formation in photodynamic therapy of normal pig esophagus. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:341-6. [PMID: 19161398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is FDA-approved for use in patients with Barrett's esophagus using porfimer sodium (2 mg per kg) and a recommended light dose of 130 J cm(-1) for high grade dysplasia. Despite uniform drug and light doses, the clinical outcome of PDT is variable. A significant number of PDT cases result in esophageal strictures, a side effect related to excessive energy absorption. The purpose of this project was to model esophageal stricture formation with a Monte Carlo simulation. An original multilayer Monte Carlo computer simulation was developed for esophageal PDT. Optical absorption and scattering coefficients were derived for mucosal and muscle layers of normal porcine esophagus. Porfimer sodium was added to each layer by increasing the absorption coefficient by the appropriate amount. A threshold-absorbed light dose was assumed to be required for stricture formation and ablation. The simulation predicted irreversible damage to the mucosa with a 160 J cm(-1) light dose and damage to the muscle layer with an additional 160 J cm(-1) light dose for a tissue porfimer sodium content of 3.5 mg kg(-1). The simulation accurately modeled photodynamic stricture formation in normal pig in vivo esophageal tissue. This preliminary work suggests that the absorbed light threshold for stricture formation may be between 2 and 4 J per gram of tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Akens MK, Hardisty MR, Wilson BC, Schwock J, Whyne CM, Burch S, Yee AJM. Defining the therapeutic window of vertebral photodynamic therapy in a murine pre-clinical model of breast cancer metastasis using the photosensitizer BPD-MA (Verteporfin). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 119:325-33. [PMID: 19263216 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is known to cause metastatic lesions in the bone, which can lead to skeletal-related events. Currently, radiation therapy and surgery are the treatment of choice, but the success rate varies and additional adjuncts are desirable. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied successfully as a non-radiative treatment for numerous cancers. Earlier work has shown that the athymic rat model is suitable to investigate the effect of PDT on bone metastasis and benzoporphyrin-derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA; verteporfin) has been shown to be a selective photosensitizer. The aim of this study was to define the therapeutic window of photosensitizer with regard to drug and light dose. Human breast carcinoma cells (MT-1)-stable transfected with the luciferase gene-were injected intra-cardiacally into athymic rats. At 14 days, the largest vertebral lesion by bioluminescence imaging was targeted for single treatment PDT. A drug escalating-de-escalating scheme was used (starting drug dose and light energy of 0.2 mg/kg and 50 J, respectively). Outcomes included 48 h post-treatment bioluminescence of remaining viable tumour, histomorphometric assessment of tumour burden, and neurologic evaluation. The region of effect by bioluminescence and histology increased with increasing drug dose and light energy. A safe and effective drug-light dose combination in this model appears to be 0.5 mg/kg BPD-MA and applied light energy of less than 50 J for the thoracic spine and 1.0 mg/kg and 75 J for the lumbar spine. For translation to clinical use, it is an advantage that BPD-MA (verteporfin), a second-generation photosensitizer, is already approved to treat age-related macular degeneration. Overall, PDT represents an exciting potential new minimally-invasive local, safe and effective therapy in the management of patients with spinal metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarete K Akens
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Room E2-44, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ferraz R, Ferreira J, Menezes P, Sibata C, e Silva OC, Bagnato V. Determination of Threshold Dose of Photodynamic Therapy to Measure Superficial Necrosis. Photomed Laser Surg 2009; 27:93-9. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2007.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R.C.M.C. Ferraz
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - J. Ferreira
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - P.F.C. Menezes
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - C.H. Sibata
- Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - O. Castro e Silva
- School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - V.S. Bagnato
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Blank M, Kostenich G, Lavie G, Kimel S, Keisari Y, Orenstein A. Wavelength-dependent Properties of Photodynamic Therapy Using Hypericin in vitro and in an Animal Model¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760335wdpopt2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
15
|
Zeng H, Korbelik M, McLean DI, MacAulay C, Lui H. Monitoring Photoproduct Formation and Photobleaching by Fluorescence Spectroscopy Has the Potential to Improve PDT Dosimetry with a Verteporfin-like Photosensitizer¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750398mpfapb2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Zhou X, Pogue BW, Chen B, Demidenko E, Joshi R, Hoopes J, Hasan T. Pretreatment photosensitizer dosimetry reduces variation in tumor response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:1211-20. [PMID: 16504761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compensate for photosensitizer uptake variation in photodynamic therapy (PDT), via control of delivered light dose through photodynamic dose calculation based on online dosimetry of photosensitizer in tissue before treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS Photosensitizer verteporfin was quantified via multiple fluorescence microprobe measurements immediately before treatment. To compensate individual PDT treatments, photodynamic doses were calculated on an individual animal basis, by matching the light delivered to provide an equal photosensitizer dose multiplied by light dose. This was completed for the lower quartile, median, and upper quartile of the photosensitizer distribution. PDT-induced tumor responses were evaluated by the tumor regrowth assay. RESULTS Verteporfin uptake varied considerably among tumors and within a tumor. The coefficient of variation in the surviving fraction was found significantly decreased in groups compensated to the lower quartile (CL-PDT), the median (CM-PDT), and the upper quartile (CU-PDT) of photosensitizer distribution. The CL-PDT group was significantly less effective compared with NC-PDT (Noncompensated PDT), CM-PDT, and CU-PDT treatments. No significant difference in effectiveness was observed between NC-PDT, CM-PDT, and CU-PDT treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS This research suggests that accurate quantification of tissue photosensitizer levels and subsequent adjustment of light dose will allow for reduced subject variation and improved treatment consistency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhou
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The photodynamic therapy technique involving pulsed oxygen depletion (POD) in tissue by long high-energy pulses of light was studied theoretically. The possibility of creating a uniform distribution of a therapeutic dose throughout a tumor using both surface and interstitial irradiation is shown. Possible thickness of the treated tissue layer is estimated. The comparison with other methods of nonlinear photodynamic therapy is made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ya Kogan
- Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute, B. Sadovaya str. 1/4, 123995 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bednarkiewicz A, Strek W. Influence of uterine cervix shape on photodynamic therapy efficiency. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2004; 9:1013-1017. [PMID: 15447023 DOI: 10.1117/1.1779626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The goal of practical photodynamic therapy (PDT) dosimetry is to optimize the distribution of a light dose delivered to tissue by selecting the irradiation time and geometry to match the geometry and optical properties of the tumor and surrounding tissue. Homogeneous irradiation is among one of the sources of correct PDT dosimetry. The goal of this study is to model and predict the influence of the shape of a treated organ in need of light dose correction. Thus efficiency of light delivery to the tissue volume is defined and calculated with shape factors of the uterine cervix as parameters. Two cases (parallel and divergent beam) of enlightening configuration are investigated. The calculations presented extend PDT dosimetry with the influence of the shape of the uterine cervix on PDT necrosis depth. This allows for photodynamic excitation light dose correction for more reliable treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Bednarkiewicz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Science, Ul. Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Plaetzer K, Kiesslich T, Verwanger T, Krammer B. The Modes of Cell Death Induced by PDT: An Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1078/1615-1615-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
20
|
Dalbasti T, Cagli S, Kilinc E, Oktar N, Ozsoz M. Online electrochemical monitoring of nitric oxide during photodynamic therapy. Nitric Oxide 2002; 7:301-5. [PMID: 12446180 DOI: 10.1016/s1089-8603(02)00121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a novel treatment modality, is based on the use of a photosensitizing agent with an excitation light source for the treatment of various malignancies. Its effect is mediated through reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO), which are shown to be present in apoptosis. Individual differences among patients and even in different areas of the same tumor in one patient may cause a major problem with PDT: dose calculation during application of the light. An electrochemical sensor is proposed for online monitoring of NO generation as a solution of this problem. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was administered as the photosensitizer in rat cerebellum. An amperometric sensor, selective to NO, was designed and tested both in vitro and in vivo during PDT. ALA-mediated PDT resulted in rapid generation of NO, starting as early as the application of light on the tissue. Simultaneous amperometric recordings have been carried out for 5 min during PDT. The progressive increase in NO concentration peaked at 1.10 min and then the response current began to decrease until it reached a plateau at around 70% of its peak value. This study, for the first time, electrochemically demonstrates the generation of NO during PDT. Rapid and stable responses obtained by the experimental setup confirmed that this method could be used as an online monitoring system for PDT-mediated apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Dalbasti
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Blank M, Kostenich G, Lavie G, Kimel S, Keisari Y, Orenstein A. Wavelength-dependent properties of photodynamic therapy using hypericin in vitro and in an animal model. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:335-40. [PMID: 12403456 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0335:wdpopt>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wavelength effects in photodynamic therapy (PDT) with hypericin (HY) were examined in a C26 colon carcinoma model both in vitro and in vivo. Irradiation of HY-sensitized cells in vitro with either 550 or 590 nm caused the loss of cell viability in a drug- and light-dose-dependent manner. The calculated ratio of HY-based PDT (HY-PDT) efficiencies at these two wavelengths was found to correlate with the numerical ratio of absorbed photons at each wavelength. In vivo irradiation of C26-derived tumors, 6 h after intraperitoneal administration of HY (5 mg/kg), caused extensive vascular damage and tumor necrosis. The depth of tumor necrosis (d) was more pronounced at 590 than at 550 nm and increased when the light dose was raised from 60 to 120 J/cm2. The maximal depths of tumor necrosis (at 120 J/cm2) were 7.5+/-1.5 mm at 550 nm and 9.9+/-0.8 mm at 590 nm. Both values are rather high in view of the limited penetration of green-yellow light into the tissue. Moreover, the depth ratio, d590/d550 = 1.3 (P < 0.001), is smaller than expected considering the 2.2-fold lower HY absorbance and the 1.7-fold lower tissue penetration of radiation at 550 than at 590 nm. This finding indicates that in vivo the depth at which HY-PDT elicits tumor necrosis is not only determined by photophysical considerations (light penetration, number of absorbed photons) but is also influenced significantly by other mechanisms such as vascular effects. Therefore, despite the relatively short-wavelength peaks of absorption, our observations suggest that HY is an effective photodynamic agent that can be useful in the treatment of tumors with depths in the range of 1 cm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blank
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an emerging form of cancer therapy in veterinary medicine, which capitalizes on a photochemical reaction to kill malignant cells. Photodynamic therapy has been used to successfully treat a variety of veterinary cancers, with documented efficacy similar to radiation therapy. However, equipment expense and availability of photosensitizer have limited the widespread use of photodynamic therapy by veterinarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lucroy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 001 Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zeng H, Korbelik M, McLean DI, MacAulay C, Lui H. Monitoring photoproduct formation and photobleaching by fluorescence spectroscopy has the potential to improve PDT dosimetry with a verteporfin-like photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 75:398-405. [PMID: 12003130 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0398:mpfapb>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In current clinical practice, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is carried out with prescribed drug doses and light doses as well as fixed drug-light intervals and illumination fluence rates. This approach can result in undesirable treatment outcomes of either overtreatment or undertreatment because of biological variations between different lesions and patients. In this study, we explore the possibility of improving PDT dosimetry by monitoring drug photobleaching and photoproduct formation. The study involved 60 mice receiving the same drug dose of a novel verteporfin-like photosensitizer, QLT0074, at 0.3 mg/kg body weight, followed by different light doses of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 J/cm2 at 686 nm and a fluence rate of 70 mW/cm2. Photobleaching and photoproduct formation were measured simultaneously, using fluorescence spectroscopy. A ratio technique for data processing was introduced to reliably detect the photoproduct formed by PDT on mouse skin in vivo. The study showed that the QLT0074 photoproduct is stable and can be reliably quantified. Three new parameters, photoproduct score (PPS), photobleaching score (PBS) and percentage photobleaching score (PBS%), were introduced and tested together with the conventional dosimetry parameter, light dose, for performance on predicting PDT-induced outcome, skin necrosis. The statistical analysis of experimental results was performed with an ordinal logistic regression model. We demonstrated that both PPS and PBS improved the prediction of skin necrosis dramatically compared to light dose. PPS was identified as the best single parameter for predicting the PDT outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Zeng
- Cancer Imaging Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Langmack K, Mehta R, Twyman P, Norris P. Topical photodynamic therapy at low fluence rates--theory and practice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2001; 60:37-43. [PMID: 11386679 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), with topically applied 5-aminolaevulinic acid as the photosensitiser, is an effective treatment for various malignant and pre-malignant skin conditions. Several studies have shown the importance of fluence rate as well as fluence in the efficacy of PDT. We propose a measure of PDT efficacy, Photodynamic Damage Dose (PDD), which uses the product of instantaneous fluence rates, photosensitiser concentrations and oxygen concentrations in its calculation. We derive a qualitative numerical model of PDT and verify it by demonstrating an inverse fluence rate effect, increased efficacy of fractionated PDT, PDT induced hypoxia, and the dependence of photobleaching on fluence rate under certain circumstances. We recommend that fluence, fluence rate and any fractionation regime used should be detailed when reporting a trial as altering any of these has significant effects on PDT efficacy. The model predicts that low fluence rate irradiations should be as effective as high fluence rate irradiations if carried out over the same length of time. To test this we build a light emitting diode-based lamp (fluence rate of 7 mW cm(-2) at 635 nm) and used it to treat 32 superficial basal cell carcinomas on 22 patients (30 min treatment time, fluence 12.6 J cm(-2)). The complete response rate at one year was 84%, which is comparable to that achieved using higher fluence rate sources for similar treatment times. We conclude that this robust, inexpensive light source is effective for topical PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Langmack
- Department of Medical Physics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- M D Lucroy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Georgakoudi I, Foster TH. Singlet Oxygen-Versus Nonsinglet Oxygen-Mediated Mechanisms of Sensitizer Photobleaching and Their Effects on Photodynamic Dosimetry. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|