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Flieger J, Raszewska-Famielec M, Radzikowska-Büchner E, Flieger W. Skin Protection by Carotenoid Pigments. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1431. [PMID: 38338710 PMCID: PMC10855854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sunlight, despite its benefits, can pose a threat to the skin, which is a natural protective barrier. Phototoxicity caused by overexposure, especially to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), results in burns, accelerates photoaging, and causes skin cancer formation. Natural substances of plant origin, i.e., polyphenols, flavonoids, and photosynthetic pigments, can protect the skin against the effects of radiation, acting not only as photoprotectors like natural filters but as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory remedies, alleviating the effects of photodamage to the skin. Plant-based formulations are gaining popularity as an attractive alternative to synthetic filters. Over the past 20 years, a large number of studies have been published to assess the photoprotective effects of natural plant products, primarily through their antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-immunosuppressive activities. This review selects the most important data on skin photodamage and photoprotective efficacy of selected plant carotenoid representatives from in vivo studies on animal models and humans, as well as in vitro experiments performed on fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines. Recent research on carotenoids associated with lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and micelles is reviewed. The focus was on collecting those nanomaterials that serve to improve the bioavailability and stability of carotenoids as natural antioxidants with photoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Raszewska-Famielec
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Physicl Education, Akademicka 2, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Radzikowska-Büchner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wołoska 137 Street, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, K. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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2
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Christou NE, Apostolopoulou V, Melo DVM, Ruppert M, Fadini A, Henkel A, Sprenger J, Oberthuer D, Günther S, Pateras A, Rahmani Mashhour A, Yefanov OM, Galchenkova M, Reinke PYA, Kremling V, Scheer TES, Lange ER, Middendorf P, Schubert R, De Zitter E, Lumbao-Conradson K, Herrmann J, Rahighi S, Kunavar A, Beale EV, Beale JH, Cirelli C, Johnson PJM, Dworkowski F, Ozerov D, Bertrand Q, Wranik M, Bacellar C, Bajt S, Wakatsuki S, Sellberg JA, Huse N, Turk D, Chapman HN, Lane TJ. Time-resolved crystallography captures light-driven DNA repair. Science 2023; 382:1015-1020. [PMID: 38033070 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Photolyase is an enzyme that uses light to catalyze DNA repair. To capture the reaction intermediates involved in the enzyme's catalytic cycle, we conducted a time-resolved crystallography experiment. We found that photolyase traps the excited state of the active cofactor, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), in a highly bent geometry. This excited state performs electron transfer to damaged DNA, inducing repair. We show that the repair reaction, which involves the lysis of two covalent bonds, occurs through a single-bond intermediate. The transformation of the substrate into product crowds the active site and disrupts hydrogen bonds with the enzyme, resulting in stepwise product release, with the 3' thymine ejected first, followed by the 5' base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Eleni Christou
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Virginia Apostolopoulou
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diogo V M Melo
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruppert
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alisia Fadini
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alessandra Henkel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Sprenger
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasios Pateras
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aida Rahmani Mashhour
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr M Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Galchenkova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Y A Reinke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viviane Kremling
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Emilie S Scheer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Esther R Lange
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Middendorf
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Schubert
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Elke De Zitter
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Koya Lumbao-Conradson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jonathan Herrmann
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305-5151, USA
| | - Simin Rahighi
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305-5151, USA
| | - Ajda Kunavar
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emma V Beale
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - John H Beale
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Dmitry Ozerov
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Saša Bajt
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Soichi Wakatsuki
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305-5151, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jonas A Sellberg
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Huse
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dušan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J Lane
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Daré RG, Kolanthai E, Neal CJ, Fu Y, Seal S, Nakamura CV, Lautenschlager SOS. Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Conjugated with Tannic Acid Prevent UVB-Induced Oxidative Stress in Fibroblasts: Evidence of a Promising Anti-Photodamage Agent. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010190. [PMID: 36671052 PMCID: PMC9855054 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation induces photodamage towards cellular macromolecules that can progress to photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. The topical administration of compounds that maintain the redox balance in cells presents an alternative approach to combat skin oxidative damage. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) can act as antioxidants due to their enzyme-like activity. In addition, a recent study from our group has demonstrated the photoprotective potential of tannic acid (TA). Therefore, this work aimed to synthesize CNPs associated with TA (CNP-TA) and investigate its photoprotective activity in L929 fibroblasts exposed to UVB radiation. CNP conjugation with TA was confirmed by UV-Vis spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Bare CNPs and CNP-TA exhibited particle sizes of ~5 and ~10 nm, superoxide dismutase activity of 3724 and 2021 unit/mg, and a zeta potential of 23 and -19 mV, respectively. CNP-TA showed lower cytotoxicity than free TA and the capacity to reduce the oxidative stress caused by UVB; supported by the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, the prevention of endogenous antioxidant system depletion, and the reduction in oxidative damage in lipids and DNA. Additionally, CNP-TA improved cell proliferation and decreased TGF-β, metalloproteinase-1, and cyclooxygenase-2. Based on these results, CNP-TA shows therapeutic potential for protection against photodamage, decreasing molecular markers of photoaging and UVB-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina G. Daré
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá 87020900, Paraná, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Craig J. Neal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Yifei Fu
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), and Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Celso V. Nakamura
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá 87020900, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá 87020900, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sueli O. S. Lautenschlager
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá 87020900, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá 87020900, Paraná, Brazil
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Welch D, Kleiman NJ, Arden PC, Kuryla CL, Buonanno M, Ponnaiya B, Wu X, Brenner DJ. No Evidence of Induced Skin Cancer or Other Skin Abnormalities after Long-Term (66 week) Chronic Exposure to 222-nm Far-UVC Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:168-175. [PMID: 35614842 PMCID: PMC9691791 DOI: 10.1111/php.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Far-UVC radiation, typically defined as 200-235 nm, has similar or greater anti-microbial efficacy compared with conventional 254-nm germicidal radiation. In addition, biophysical considerations of the interaction of far-UVC with tissue, as well as multiple short-term safety studies in animal models and humans, suggest that far-UVC exposure may be safe for skin and eye tissue. Nevertheless, the potential for skin cancer after chronic long-term exposure to far-UVC has not been studied. Here, we assessed far-UVC induced carcinogenic skin changes and other pathological dermal abnormalities in 96 SKH-1 hairless mice of both sexes that were exposed to average daily dorsal skin doses of 400, 130 or 55 mJ cm-2 of 222 nm far-UVC radiation for 66 weeks, 5 days per week, 8 h per day, as well as similarly-treated unexposed controls. No evidence for increased skin cancer, abnormal skin growths or incidental skin pathology findings was observed in the far-UVC-exposed mice. In addition, there were no significant changes in morbidity or mortality. The findings from this study support the long-term safety of long-term chronic exposure to far-UVC radiation, and therefore its potential suitability as a practical anti-microbial approach to reduce airborne viral and bacterial loads in occupied indoor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,Corresponding author: (David Welch)
| | - Norman J. Kleiman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Peter C. Arden
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Christine L. Kuryla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Brian Ponnaiya
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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5
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Welch D, Aquino de Muro M, Buonanno M, Brenner DJ. Wavelength-dependent DNA Photodamage in a 3-D Human Skin Model over the far-UVC and Germicidal-UVC Wavelength Ranges from 215 to 255 nm. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1167-1171. [PMID: 35104367 PMCID: PMC9544172 DOI: 10.1111/php.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of UVC to reduce airborne‐mediated disease transmission is well established. However, conventional germicidal UVC (~254 nm) cannot be used directly in occupied spaces because of the potential for damage to the skin and eye. A recently studied alternative with the potential to be used directly in occupied spaces is far UVC (200–235 nm, typically 222 nm), as it cannot penetrate to the key living cells in the epidermis. Optimal far‐UVC use is hampered by limited knowledge of the precise wavelength dependence of UVC‐induced DNA damage, and thus we have used a monochromatic UVC exposure system to assess wavelength‐dependent DNA damage in a realistic 3‐D human skin model. We exposed a 3‐D human skin model to mono‐wavelength UVC exposures of 100 mJ/cm2, at UVC wavelengths from 215 to 255 nm (5 nm steps). At each wavelength, we measured yields of DNA‐damaged keratinocytes, and their distribution within the layers of the epidermis. No increase in DNA damage was observed in the epidermis at wavelengths from 215 to 235 nm, but at higher wavelengths (240–255 nm) significant levels of DNA damage was observed. These results support use of far‐UVC radiation to safely reduce the risk of airborne disease transmission in occupied locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Marilena Aquino de Muro
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Farjadmand F, Karimpour-Razkenari E, Nabavi SM, Ardekani MRS, Saeedi M. Plant Polyphenols: Natural and Potent UV-Protective Agents for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Disorders. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:576-585. [PMID: 33167833 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201109121246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, destructive and immunosuppressive effects from long-term exposure to UV radiation have been fully investigated and documented in the literature. UV radiation is known as the main cause of skin aging and carcinogenesis. Hence, skin protection against anti-oxidative and immunosuppressive processes is highly in demand. Now, plant polyphenols have been found as a versatile and natural tool for the prevention and treatment of various skin diseases. The presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups in the cyclic structure of polyphenols has induced valuable biological activities. Among them, their UV protective activity has attracted lots of attention due to promising efficacy and simple instruction to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farjadmand
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Karimpour-Razkenari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Buonanno M, Welch D, Brenner DJ. Exposure of Human Skin Models to KrCl Excimer Lamps: The Impact of Optical Filtering †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:517-523. [PMID: 33465817 PMCID: PMC8247880 DOI: 10.1111/php.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Far‐UVC radiation is a promising technology that is potentially both effective at killing airborne microbes such as coronaviruses and influenza, and being minimally hazardous to the skin and eyes. Our previous studies on health risks from far‐UVC have employed a krypton‐chloride (KrCl) excimer lamp, emitting principally at 222 nm, supplemented with an optical filter to remove longer wavelength emissions inherent to these lamps. This study explores KrCl lamp health hazards by comparing filtered and unfiltered KrCl lamps using effective spectral irradiance calculations and experimental skin exposures. Analysis of effective irradiances showed a notable increase in allowable exposure when using a filter. Induction of DNA dimers (CPD and 6‐4PP) was measured in human skin models exposed to a range of radiant exposures up to 500 mJ cm−2. Compared to sham‐exposed tissues, the unfiltered KrCl lamps induced a statistically significant increase in the yield of both DNA lesions at all the radiant exposures studied. Conversely, filtered KrCl lamps do not induce increased levels of dimers at the current daily TLV exposure limit for 222 nm (23 mJ cm−2). This work supports the use of filters for far‐UVC KrCl excimer lamps when used to limit disease transmission in occupied locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Dongre PM, Jaiswal VD, Singh S. Effect of Smartphone Light Fluxes on Cornea: A Biophysical Study. J Med Phys 2021; 45:187-194. [PMID: 33487932 PMCID: PMC7810147 DOI: 10.4103/jmp.jmp_89_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Biophysical study to investigate (a) the effects of smartphone light fluxes (SPLF) on isolated mammalian cornea and model protein (insulin), (b) to predict the possible visual interference of SPLF. Materials and Methods Fresh goat cornea and insulin protein were used as an experimental model system. The energy of absorbed SPLF was measured using chemical dosimeter. The effect of SPLF on the aggregation of model protein was studied using fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DLS, were used for cornea imaging. Results The spectral emission peak of SPLF was observed at 380 nm and 420 nm. Absorbed radiation of SPLF was found to be 2.82 mWm-2 and 1.92 mWm-2 for collimated (focussed) and noncollimated (nonfocussed) condition, respectively. Secondary structural changes of insulin were observed by fluorescence and zeta potential after SPLF exposure. SEM study revealed the disorganization of the epithelial cell surface, increase in intercellular space, disorganization of primary epithelium layer, and exposure of the second layer is seen in depth. Differential Interference Microscopy showed an optical gradient in images that appears to be changed in specimen structure. Fluorescence microscopy showed disorganization in epithelial cell pattern. A significant difference in bio-molecular permeation was observed in the exposed cornea. Ultraviolet UV-visible spectroscopy study indicated a reduction in light transmission through the cornea. Conclusions The obtained results indicate changes in physicochemical and morphological modifications in the cornea and insulin modifications after exposed to SPLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dongre
- Department of Biophysics, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod D Jaiswal
- Department of Biophysics, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suraj Singh
- Department of Biophysics, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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9
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Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen als Basis zielgerichteter Therapien beim Basalzellkarzinom am Auge. Ophthalmologe 2019; 117:106-112. [DOI: 10.1007/s00347-019-0905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Effects of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Cellular Senescence in Keratinocytes Versus Fibroblasts. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:270-275. [PMID: 30444781 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biologic process characterized by time-dependent functional declines that are influenced by oxidative stress-induced inflammatory reactions. In particular, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation plays a key role in cellular senescence in photo-aged skin. However, the cellular senescence of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts by UV irradiation may differ depending on the exposure time and dosage of UV irradiation. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the effects of UV irradiation on cellular senescence in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). After cell viability test, 200 mJ/cm UV irradiation was used in this study. To evaluate the reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species production, the levels of glutathione (GSH) and nitrite (NO2) were measured. We also performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase assay. An overall decrease in GSH and an increase in NO2 were observed in the HaCaT and HDF cells. However, the time-line and dose-dependent effects varied. Higher expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin-1β than that of the control group were observed in both cells. The HDF cells showed high levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 and neutral endopeptidase protein but low levels of SIRT1 and procollagen I. The expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) was increased in the HaCaT cells, but not in the HDF cells. The NF-κB peaked at 1 hour after UV irradiation in the HaCaT cells. The "turning-on" signal was faster in the irradiated HaCaT cells.
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11
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Govindu PCV, Hosamani B, Moi S, Venkatachalam D, Asha S, John VN, Sandeep V, Gowd KH. Glutathione as a photo-stabilizer of avobenzone: an evaluation under glass-filtered sunlight using UV-spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:198-207. [PMID: 30421772 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone is the most widely used UVA filter in sunscreen lotion and it is prone to degradation in the presence of sunlight/UV radiation. To overcome the photo-instability of avobenzone, various photostabilizers have been used as additives, including antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and ubiquinone. In the present study, the well known antioxidant, glutathione, was evaluated for protecting avobenzone from photodegradation in the presence of glass-filtered sunlight. The features of glutathione as a skin whitener and a radical scavenger in cells have prompted the assessment of the photostabilzing activity of glutathione on avobenzone. Glutathione significantly attenuated the glass-filtered sunlight-induced degradation of avobenzone at equimolar or higher ratios of glutathione and avobenzone. Mutational studies have been undertaken to investigate the role of the thiol group and the isopeptide bond of glutathione on its photoprotection activity towards avobenzone. The thiol group of glutathione plays a vital role in exhibiting the photoprotection activity, which was further supported by the studies on photodegradation of avobonzone in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol. The dual role of glutathione as a skin whitening agent and a photostabilizer of avobenzone may be useful for the development of multipurpose cosmetic lotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchada Ch V Govindu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Basavaprabhu Hosamani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Smriti Moi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Dhananjeyan Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sabreddy Asha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Varun N John
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India
| | - V Sandeep
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Konkallu Hanumae Gowd
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
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12
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Yoshifuku A, Fujii K, Kanekura T. Comparison of oxidative stress on DNA, protein and lipids in patients with actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma. J Dermatol 2018; 45:1319-1323. [PMID: 30222205 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Detailed mechanisms on the effect of oxidative stress (OS), an etiological factor involved in photocarcinogenesis, remain to be fully elucidated. We used immunohistochemical methods to study OS in the DNA, protein and lipids of patients with actinic keratosis (AK), Bowen's disease (BD) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Between January 2009 and December 2014, we treated 230 patients; 79 had AK, 61 had (BD) and 90 had cutaneous SCC; 28 healthy subjects served as the normal controls. OS on DNA, protein and lipids was assessed by the expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), dityrosine (DT) and malondialdehyde (MDA), respectively. 8-OHdG was significantly overexpressed in AK and BD lesions compared with surrounding non-lesional tissue, SCC lesions and the healthy controls. DT was more highly expressed in AK, BD and SCC than in the controls. There was no significant difference among AK, BD and SCC. The expression of MDA was higher in AK, BD and SCC lesions than the controls; SCC showed the highest expression. Our observations suggest that DNA oxidation plays an important role in the early stage of carcinogenesis, that protein oxidation is involved in all stages of carcinogenesis and that lipid oxidation is strongly implicated in the late stages of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Yoshifuku
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Fujii
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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13
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Confined photo-release of nitric oxide with simultaneous two-photon fluorescence tracking in a cellular system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9753. [PMID: 29950654 PMCID: PMC6021447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in biological systems. New tools are required to therapeutically modulate NO levels with confined precision. This study explores the photoactivatable properties of an NO releasing compound (CPA), based on cupferron O-alkylated with an anthracene derivative. Upon light stimulation, CPA uncages two species: cupferron, which liberates NO, and an anthrylmethyl carbocation, which evolves into a fluorescent reporter. Proof-of-principle is demonstrated using one- and two-photon excitation (1PE and 2PE) in a cellular system (A431 cells). It was found that 1PE induces cell toxicity, while 2PE does not. Since 1PE using UV light is more likely to generate cellular photodamage, the cell toxicity observed using 1PE is most likely a combinatory effect of NO release and other UV-induced damage, which should be subject to further investigation. On the other hand, absence of phototoxicity using 2PE suggests that NO alone is not cytotoxic. This leads to the conclusion that the concept of 2PE photorelease of NO from CPA enable opportunities for biological studies of NO signaling with confined precision of NO release with minimal cytotoxicity.
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14
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Barnard IRM, Tierney P, Campbell CL, McMillan L, Moseley H, Eadie E, Brown CTA, Wood K. Quantifying Direct DNA Damage in the Basal Layer of Skin Exposed to UV Radiation from Sunbeds. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:1017-1025. [PMID: 29752876 DOI: 10.1111/php.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancers are attributable to DNA damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. One DNA photoproduct, the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), is believed to lead to DNA mutations caused by UV radiation. Using radiative transfer simulations, we compare the number of CPDs directly induced by UV irradiation from artificial and natural UV sources (a standard sunbed and the midday summer Mediterranean sun) for skin types I and II on the Fitzpatrick scale. We use Monte Carlo radiative transfer (MCRT) modeling to track the progression of UV photons through a multilayered three dimensional (3D) grid that simulates the upper layers of the skin. By recording the energy deposited in the DNA-containing cells of the basal layer, the number of CPDs formed can be quantified. The aim of this work was to compare the number of CPDs formed in the basal layer of the skin and by implication the risk of developing cancer, as a consequence of irradiation by artificial and natural sources. Our simulations show that the number of CPDs formed per second during sunbed irradiation is almost three times that formed during solar irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Tierney
- Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Lewis McMillan
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Harry Moseley
- Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ewan Eadie
- Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Wood
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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15
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Mutation accumulation under UV radiation in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14531. [PMID: 29109412 PMCID: PMC5674018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations are induced by not only intrinsic factors such as inherent molecular errors but also by extrinsic mutagenic factors such as UV radiation. Therefore, identifying the mutational properties for both factors is necessary to achieve a comprehensive understanding of evolutionary processes both in nature and in artificial situations. Although there have been extensive studies on intrinsic factors, the mutational profiles of extrinsic factors are poorly understood on a genomic scale. Here, we explored the mutation profiles of UV radiation, a ubiquitous mutagen, in Escherichia coli on the genomic scale. We performed an evolution experiment under periodic UV radiation for 28 days. The accumulation speed of the mutations was found to increase so that it exceeded that of a typical mutator strain with deficient mismatch repair processes. The huge contribution of the extrinsic factors to all mutations consequently increased the risk of the destruction of inherent error correction systems. The spectrum of the UV-induced mutations was broader than that of the spontaneous mutations in the mutator. The broad spectrum and high upper limit of the frequency of occurrence suggested ubiquitous roles for UV radiation in accelerating the evolutionary process.
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16
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Drigeard Desgarnier MC, Fournier F, Droit A, Rochette PJ. Influence of a pre-stimulation with chronic low-dose UVB on stress response mechanisms in human skin fibroblasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173740. [PMID: 28301513 PMCID: PMC5354420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to solar ultraviolet type B (UVB), through the induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), is the major risk factor for cutaneous cancer. Cells respond to UV-induced CPD by triggering the DNA damage response (DDR) responsible for signaling DNA repair, programmed cell death and cell cycle arrest. Underlying mechanisms implicated in the DDR have been extensively studied using single acute UVB irradiation. However, little is known concerning the consequences of chronic low-dose of UVB (CLUV) on the DDR. Thus, we have investigated the effect of a CLUV pre-stimulation on the different stress response pathways. We found that CLUV pre-stimulation enhances CPD repair capacity and leads to a cell cycle delay but leave residual unrepaired CPD. We further analyzed the consequence of the CLUV regimen on general gene and protein expression. We found that CLUV treatment influences biological processes related to the response to stress at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. This overview study represents the first demonstration that human cells respond to chronic UV irradiation by modulating their genotoxic stress response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Catherine Drigeard Desgarnier
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Fournier
- Centre de Protéomique, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médicine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre de Protéomique, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médicine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Rochette
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL - Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Baek JY, Park S, Park J, Jang JY, Wang SB, Kim SR, Woo HA, Lim KM, Chang TS. Protective Role of Mitochondrial Peroxiredoxin III against UVB-Induced Apoptosis of Epidermal Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1333-1342. [PMID: 28202400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UVB light induces generation of reactive oxygen species, ultimately leading to skin cell damage. Mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species in UVB-irradiated skin cells, with increased levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species having been implicated in keratinocyte apoptosis. Peroxiredoxin III (PrxIII) is the most abundant and potent H2O2-removing enzyme in the mitochondria of most cell types. Here, the protective role of PrxIII against UVB-induced apoptosis of epidermal keratinocytes was investigated. Mitochondrial H2O2 levels were differentiated from other types of ROS using mitochondria-specific fluorescent H2O2 indicators. Upon UVB irradiation, PrxIII-knockdown HaCaT human keratinocytes and PrxIII-deficient (PrxIII-/-) mouse primary keratinocytes exhibited enhanced accumulation of mitochondrial H2O2 compared with PrxIII-expressing controls. Keratinocytes lacking PrxIII were subsequently sensitized to apoptosis through mitochondrial membrane potential loss, cardiolipin oxidation, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Increased UVB-induced epidermal tissue damage in PrxIII-/- mice was attributable to increased caspase-dependent keratinocyte apoptosis. Our findings show that mitochondrial H2O2 is a key mediator in UVB-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes and that PrxIII plays a critical role in protecting epidermal keratinocytes against UVB-induced apoptosis through eliminating mitochondrial H2O2. These findings support the concept that reinforcing mitochondrial PrxIII defenses may help prevent UVB-induced skin damage such as inflammation, sunburn, and photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Baek
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yong Jang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Ri Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Shin Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Hosseini M, Kasraian Z, Rezvani HR. Energy metabolism in skin cancers: A therapeutic perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:712-722. [PMID: 28161328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common cancers worldwide. The incidence of common skin cancers, including basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and melanomas, continues to rise by 5 to 7% per year, mainly due to ultraviolet (UV) exposure and partly because of aging. This suggests an urgent necessity to improve the level of prevention and protection for skin cancers as well as developing new prognostic and diagnostic markers of skin cancers. Moreover, despite innovative therapies especially in the fields of melanoma and carcinomas, new therapeutic options are needed to bypass resistance to targeted therapies or treatment's side effects. Since reprogramming of cellular metabolism is now considered as a hallmark of cancer, some of the recent findings on the role of energy metabolism in skin cancer initiation and progression as well as its effect on the response to targeted therapies are discussed in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria in cancer, edited by Giuseppe Gasparre, Rodrigue Rossignol and Pierre Sonveaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hosseini
- Inserm U 1035, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Zeinab Kasraian
- Inserm U 1035, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hamid Reza Rezvani
- Inserm U 1035, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Rares de la Peau, CHU de Bordeaux, France.
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19
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Dakup P, Gaddameedhi S. Impact of the Circadian Clock on UV-Induced DNA Damage Response and Photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:296-303. [PMID: 27861965 DOI: 10.1111/php.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The skin is in constant exposure to various external environmental stressors, including solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Various wavelengths of UV light are absorbed by the DNA and other molecules in the skin to cause DNA damage and induce oxidative stress. The exposure to excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation and/or accumulation of damage over time can lead to photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) system is the sole mechanism for removing UV photoproduct damage from DNA, and genetic disruption of this repair pathway leads to the photosensitive disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). Interestingly, recent work has shown that NER is controlled by the circadian clock, the body's natural time-keeping mechanism, through regulation of the rate-limiting repair factor xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA). Studies have shown reduced UV-induced skin cancer after UV exposure in the evening compared to the morning, which corresponds with times of high and low repair capacities, respectively. However, most studies of the circadian clock-NER connection have utilized murine models, and it is therefore important to translate these findings to humans to improve skin cancer prevention and chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panshak Dakup
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - Shobhan Gaddameedhi
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA.,Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
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20
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Wataha JC, Lewis JB, Lockwood PE, Hsu S, Messer RL, Rueggeberg FA, Bouillaguet S. Blue Light Differentially Modulates Cell Survival and Growth. J Dent Res 2016; 83:104-8. [PMID: 14742645 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that blue light (400–500 nm) inhibits cell mitochondrial activity. We investigated the hypothesis that cells with high energy consumption are most susceptible to blue-light-induced mitochondrial inhibition. We estimated cell energy consumption by population doubling time, and cell survival and growth by succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Six cell types were exposed to 5 or 60 J/cm2 of blue light from quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH), plasma-arc (PAC), or argon laser sources in monolayer culture. Post-light SDH activity correlated positively with population doubling time (R2 = 0.91 for PAC, 0.76 for QTH, 0.68 for laser); SDH activity increased for cell types with the longest doubling times and was suppressed for cell types with shorter doubling times. Thus, light-induced exposure differentially affects SDH activity, cell survival, and growth, depending on cell energy consumption. Blue light may be useful as a therapeutic modulator of cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Wataha
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Medical College of Georgia School of Dentistry, Augusta, GA 30912-1260, USA.
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21
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Abbas S, Alam S, Pal A, Kumar M, Singh D, Ansari KM. UVB exposure enhanced benzanthrone-induced inflammatory responses in SKH-1 mouse skin by activating the expression of COX-2 and iNOS through MAP kinases/NF-κB/AP-1 signalling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 96:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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UVB irradiation-enhanced zinc oxide nanoparticles-induced DNA damage and cell death in mouse skin. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 807:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Patwardhan J, Bhatt P. Flavonoids Derived from Abelmoschus esculentus Attenuates UV-B Induced Cell Damage in Human Dermal Fibroblasts Through Nrf2-ARE Pathway. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S129-38. [PMID: 27279697 PMCID: PMC4883069 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is a smaller fraction of the total radiation reaching the Earth but leads to extensive damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and other biomolecules through formation of free radicals altering redox homeostasis of the cell. Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) has been known in Ayurveda as antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, demulscent, antispasmodic, diuretic, purgative, etc. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of flavonoids from A. esculentus against UV-B-induced cell damage in human dermal fibroblasts. Materials and Methods: UV-B protective activity of ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of okra was studied against UV-B-induced cytotoxicity, antioxidant regulation, oxidative DNA damage, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptotic morphological changes, and regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene through nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE) pathway. Results: Flavonoid-rich EA fraction depicted a significant antioxidant potential also showing presence of rutin. Pretreatment of cells with EA fraction (10–30 μg/ml) prevented UV-B-induced cytotoxicity, depletion of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative DNA damage, intracellular ROS production, apoptotic changes, and overexpression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated for the 1st time that EA fraction of okra may reduce oxidative stress through Nrf2-ARE pathway as well as through endogenous enzymatic antioxidant system. These results suggested that flavonoids from okra may be considered as potential UV-B protective agents and may also be formulated into herbal sunscreen for topical application. SUMMARY Flavonoid-enriched ethyl acetate (EA) fraction from A. esculentus protected against ultraviolet-B (UV-B)-induced oxidative DNA damage EA fraction prevented UV-B-induced cytotoxicity, depletion of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants, and intracellular reactive oxygen species production EA fraction could reduce oxidative stress through the Nrf2-ARE Pathway EA fraction was found to be nongenotoxic and prevented apoptotic changes.
HIGHLIGHTS Flavonoids from Abelmoschus esculentus protected from ultraviolet-B-induced damage They were capable of reducing oxidative stress through Nrf2-ARE Pathway They are nongenotoxic and do not possess mutagenic potential Flavonoids from A. esculentus can be studied and explored further for its topical application as sunscreen.
Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline -6-sulphonic acid), AO: Acridine orange, ANOVA: Analysis of variance, ARE: Antioxidant response elements, BSA: Bovine serum albumin, CAPE: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, CAT: Catalase, DCFH-DA: 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium, DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, DPBS: Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl, ECL: Enhanced chemiluminescence, EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, EtBr: Ethidium bromide, FBS: Fetal bovine serum, FE Fraction: Flavonoid-enriched fraction, FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power, GPx: Glutathione peroxidase, GR: Glutathione reductase, GST: Glutathione-S-transferase, GSH: Reduced glutathione, GSSG: Oxidized glutathione, HDF: Human dermal fibroblast adult cells, HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulphonic acid, HRP: Horseradish peroxidase, HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1, HPTLC: High-performance thin layer chromatography, Keap-1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, NaCl: sodium chloride, NFDM: nonfat dry milk, Nrf2: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, NQO1: NAD (P) H: Quinine oxidoreductase 1, OH: Hydroxyl ions, PBST: Phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1% tween 20, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, PMSF: Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, Rf: Retention factor, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, rRNA: Ribosomal ribonucleic acid, SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, TLC: Thin layer chromatography, TLC-DPPH: Thin layer chromatography-2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl, UV: Ultraviolet, UV-A: Ultraviolet-A, UV-B: Ultraviolet-B, UV-C: Ultraviolet-C, qPCR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Patwardhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Purvi Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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24
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Madduma Hewage SRK, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Ryu YS, Han X, Oh MC, Jung U, Kim IG, Hyun JW. Hesperidin Attenuates Ultraviolet B-Induced Apoptosis by Mitigating Oxidative Stress in Human Keratinocytes. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:312-9. [PMID: 26797112 PMCID: PMC4859795 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin cells undergo pathophysiological processes via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon excessive exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. This study investigated the ability of hesperidin (C28H34O15) to prevent apoptosis due to oxidative stress generated through UVB-induced ROS. Hesperidin significantly scavenged ROS generated by UVB radiation, attenuated the oxidation of cellular macromolecules, established mitochondrial membrane polarization, and prevented the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Hesperidin downregulated expression of caspase-9, caspase-3, and Bcl-2-associated X protein, and upregulated expression of B-cell lymphoma 2. Hesperidin absorbed wavelengths of light within the UVB range. In summary, hesperidin shielded human keratinocytes from UVB radiation-induced damage and apoptosis via its antioxidant and UVB absorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Seong Ryu
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Xia Han
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chang Oh
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhee Jung
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyu Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environmental Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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25
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Patwardhan J, Bhatt P. Ultraviolet-B Protective Effect of Flavonoids from Eugenia caryophylata on Human Dermal Fibroblast Cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 11:S397-406. [PMID: 26929573 PMCID: PMC4745209 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.168979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exposure of skin to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiations leads to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and can induce production of free radicals which imbalance the redox status of the cell and lead to increased oxidative stress. Clove has been traditionally used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral, and antiseptic effects. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the UV-B protective activity of flavonoids from Eugenia caryophylata (clove) buds on human dermal fibroblast cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protective ability of flavonoid-enriched (FE) fraction of clove was studied against UV-B induced cytotoxicity, anti-oxidant regulation, oxidative DNA damage, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptotic morphological changes, and regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene through nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 antioxidant response element (Nrf2 ARE) pathway. RESULTS FE fraction showed a significant antioxidant potential. Pretreatment of cells with FE fraction (10-40 μg/ml) reversed the effects of UV-B induced cytotoxicity, depletion of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative DNA damage, intracellular ROS production, apoptotic changes, and overexpression of Nrf2 and HO-1. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated for the first time that the FE fraction from clove could confer UV-B protection probably through the Nrf2-ARE pathway, which included the down-regulation of Nrf2 and HO-1. These findings suggested that the flavonoids from clove could potentially be considered as UV-B protectants and can be explored further for its topical application to the area of the skin requiring protection. SUMMARY Pretreatment of human dermal fibroblast with flavonoid-enriched fraction of Eugenia caryophylata attenuated effects of ultraviolet-B radiationsIt also conferred protection through nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-antioxidant response pathway and increased tolerance of cells against oxidative stressFlavonoid-enriched fraction can be explored further for topical application to the skin as a ultraviolet-B protectant. Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid), AO: Acridine orange, ANOVA Analysis of variance, ARE: Antioxidant response elements, BSA: Bovine serum albumin, CAPE: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, CAT: Catalase, DCFH-DA: 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, DPBS: Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ECL: Enhanced chemiluminescence, EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay, EtBr: Ethidium bromide, FBS: Fetal bovine serum, FE fraction: Flavonoid-enriched fraction, FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power, GPx: Glutathione peroxidase, GR: Glutathione reductase, GST: Glutathione-S-transferase, GSH: Reduced glutathione, GSSG: Oxidized glutathione, HDF: Human dermal fibroblast, HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulphonic acid, HRP: Horseradish peroxidase, HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1, HPTLC: High-performance thin layer chromatography, Keap-1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, NaCl: Sodium chloride, NFDM: Nonfat dry milk, Nrf2: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, NQO1: NAD (P) H: Quinine oxidoreductase 1, OH: Hydroxyl ions, PBST: Phosphate buffered saline with 0.1% tween 20, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, PMSF: Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, Rf: Retention factor, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, rRNA: Ribosomal ribonucleic acid, SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, TLC: Thin layer chromatography, TLC-DPPH: Thin layer chromatography-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, UV: Ultraviolet, UV-A: Ultraviolet-A, UV-B: Ultraviolet-B, UV-C: Ultraviolet-C, and qPCR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Patwardhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai - 400 056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Purvi Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai - 400 056, Maharashtra, India
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Kopec RE, Schick J, Tober KL, Riedl KM, Francis DM, Young GS, Schwartz SJ, Oberyszyn TM. Sex differences in skin carotenoid deposition and acute UVB-induced skin damage in SKH-1 hairless mice after consumption of tangerine tomatoes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2491-501. [PMID: 26394800 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE UVB exposure, a major factor in the development of skin cancer, has differential sex effects. Tomato product consumption reduces the intensity of UVB-induced erythema in humans, but the mechanisms are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-week-old SKH-1 hairless mice (40 females, 40 males) were divided into two feeding groups (control or with 10% tangerine tomatoes naturally rich in UV-absorbing phytoene and phytofluene) and two UV exposure groups (with or without UV). After 10 weeks of feeding, the UV group was exposed to a single UV dose and sacrificed 48 h later. Blood and dorsal skin samples were taken for carotenoid analysis. Dorsal skin was harvested to assess sex and UV effects on carotenoid deposition, inflammation (skinfold thickness, myeloperoxidase levels), and DNA damage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, p53). Females had significantly higher levels of both skin and blood carotenoids relative to males. UV exposure significantly reduced skin carotenoid levels in females but not males. Tomato consumption attenuated acute UV-induced increases in CPD in both sexes, and reduced myeloperoxidase activity and percent p53 positive epidermal cells in males. CONCLUSION Tangerine tomatoes mediate acute UV-induced skin damage in SKH-1 mice via reduced DNA damage in both sexes, and through reduced inflammation in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kopec
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Schick
- Flow Cytometry Core, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen L Tober
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David M Francis
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gregory S Young
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Tsai MJ, Huang YB, Fang JW, Fu YS, Wu PC. Preparation and Characterization of Naringenin-Loaded Elastic Liposomes for Topical Application. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131026. [PMID: 26158639 PMCID: PMC4497736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of radical oxygen species in skin is a contributor to a variety of skin pathologies. Naringenin is a potent antioxidant. The purpose of the present study was to develop elastic liposomes for naringenin topical application. Naringenin-loaded elastic liposomes containing different amounts of Tween 80 and cholesterol were prepared. The physicochemical properties including vesicle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, and permeability capacity were determined to evaluate the effect of components. The stability of formulation and skin irritation caused by drug-loaded elastic liposomes were also evaluated for assessment of the clinical utility of elastic liposomes. Saturated aqueous solution of naringenin and naringenin dissolved in 10% Tween 80 solution (5 mg/mL) were used as the control group. The result showed that in using elastic liposomes as carrier, the deposition amounts in the skin of naringenin were significantly increased about 7.3~11.8-fold and 1.2~1.9-fold respectively, when compared with the saturated aqueous solution and Tween 80 solution-treated groups. The level of drug was more than 98.89±3.90% after 3 months of storage at 4℃. In a skin irritation test, the result showed experimental formulation exhibit considerably less irritating than the positive control (paraformaldehyde-treated) group, suggesting its potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, Medical College, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yaw-Bin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jhih-Wun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yaw-Syan Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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Photocarcinogenesis: an epidemiologic perspective on ultraviolet light and skin cancer. Dermatol Clin 2015; 32:301-13, viii. [PMID: 24891053 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photocarcinogenesis is the result of a complex interplay between ultraviolet radiation, DNA damage, mutation formation, DNA repair, apoptosis, and the immune system. Recent trends show an increase in incidence of both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Some individuals have a genetic predisposition toward increased risk for skin cancer, whereas others experience increased risk through ultraviolet exposure and subsequent mutation formation. The initiation and propagation pathways of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers differ but have some elements in common. The increase in incidence of skin cancer has been discovered to vary among age groups and gender.
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Menezes AC, Raposo S, Simões S, Ribeiro H, Oliveira H, Ascenso A. Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis by Agonists of 5-HT1A and Antagonists of 5-HT2A Receptors. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1145-1164. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lee S, Kim KH, Park C, Lee JS, Kim YH. Portulaca oleraceaextracts protect human keratinocytes and fibroblasts from UV-induced apoptosis. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23 Suppl 1:13-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Lee
- Bioland R&D Center; Cheonan Chungnam Korea
| | - Ki Ho Kim
- Bioland R&D Center; Cheonan Chungnam Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- AMOREPACIFIC Co. R&D Center; Giheung-gu Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Lee
- AMOREPACIFIC Co. R&D Center; Giheung-gu Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do Korea
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31
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Fukushima Y, Takahashi Y, Hori Y, Kishimoto Y, Shiga K, Tanaka Y, Masunaga E, Tani M, Yokoyama M, Kondo K. Skin photoprotection and consumption of coffee and polyphenols in healthy middle-aged Japanese females. Int J Dermatol 2014; 54:410-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yusuke Hori
- Department of Clinical Research; TES Holdings Ltd; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kishimoto
- Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life; Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kaedeko Shiga
- Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life; Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuiko Tanaka
- Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life; Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Erika Masunaga
- Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life; Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mariko Tani
- Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life; Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Kondo
- Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life; Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
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Fernandez TL, Van Lonkhuyzen DR, Dawson RA, Kimlin MG, Upton Z. Characterization of a human skin equivalent model to study the effects of ultraviolet B radiation on keratinocytes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:588-98. [PMID: 24219750 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidences of skin cancers resulting from chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure are on the incline in both Australia and globally. Hence, the cellular and molecular pathways that are associated with UVR-induced photocarcinogenesis need to be urgently elucidated, in order to develop more robust preventative and treatment strategies against skin cancers. In vitro investigations into the effects of UVR (in particular, the highly mutagenic UVB wavelength) have, to date, mainly involved the use of cell culture and animal models. However, these models possess biological disparities to native skin, which, to some extent, have limited their relevance to the in vivo situation. To address this, we characterized a three-dimensional, tissue-engineered human skin equivalent (HSE) model (consisting of primary human keratinocytes cultured on a dermal-derived scaffold) as a representation of a more physiologically relevant platform to study keratinocyte responses to UVB. Significantly, we demonstrate that this model retains several important epidermal properties of native skin. Moreover, UVB irradiation of the HSE constructs was shown to induce key markers of photodamage in the HSE keratinocytes, including the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, the activation of apoptotic pathways, the accumulation of p53, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, we also demonstrate that the UVB-exposed HSE constructs retain the capacity for epidermal repair and regeneration after photodamage. Together, our results demonstrate the potential of this skin equivalent model as a tool to study various aspects of the acute responses of human keratinocytes to UVB radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Fernandez
- 1 Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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Fiedor J, Burda K. Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:466-88. [PMID: 24473231 PMCID: PMC3942711 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids constitute a ubiquitous group of isoprenoid pigments. They are very efficient physical quenchers of singlet oxygen and scavengers of other reactive oxygen species. Carotenoids can also act as chemical quenchers undergoing irreversible oxygenation. The molecular mechanisms underlying these reactions are still not fully understood, especially in the context of the anti- and pro-oxidant activity of carotenoids, which, although not synthesized by humans and animals, are also present in their blood and tissues, contributing to a number of biochemical processes. The antioxidant potential of carotenoids is of particular significance to human health, due to the fact that losing antioxidant-reactive oxygen species balance results in “oxidative stress”, a critical factor of the pathogenic processes of various chronic disorders. Data coming from epidemiological studies and clinical trials strongly support the observation that adequate carotenoid supplementation may significantly reduce the risk of several disorders mediated by reactive oxygen species. Here, we would like to highlight the beneficial (protective) effects of dietary carotenoid intake in exemplary widespread modern civilization diseases, i.e., cancer, cardiovascular or photosensitivity disorders, in the context of carotenoids’ unique antioxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fiedor
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków 30-059, Poland.
| | - Květoslava Burda
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków 30-059, Poland.
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Shiau CJ, Thompson JF, Scolyer RA. Controversies and evolving concepts in the diagnosis, classification and management of lentigo maligna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mancebo SE, Wang SQ. Skin cancer: role of ultraviolet radiation in carcinogenesis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2014; 29:265-273. [PMID: 25252745 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2014-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UV radiation is a carcinogen known to play a role in the development of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Acute and chronic exposure to UV radiation causes clinical and biological effects that promote the unregulated proliferation of skin cells. In recent decades, changes in climate and increased air pollution have led to environmental changes that increase UV light transmission. In this chapter, we discuss sources of UV radiation that are relevant to human health, as well as the acute and chronic effects that result from UV radiation exposure.
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36
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Stasyuk OA, Szatylowicz H, Krygowski TM. Tautomerisation of thymine acts against the Hückel 4N + 2 rule. The effect of metal ions and H-bond complexations on the electronic structure of thymine. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6476-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Not necessarily the π-electron delocalization is responsible for the stability of thymine tautomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Stasyuk
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Szatylowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Bhattacharyya S, Majhi S, Saha BP, Mukherjee PK. Chlorogenic acid–phospholipid complex improve protection against UVA induced oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 130:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kneuttinger AC, Kashiwazaki G, Prill S, Heil K, Müller M, Carell T. Formation and Direct Repair of UV-induced Dimeric DNA Pyrimidine Lesions. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:1-14. [PMID: 24354557 DOI: 10.1111/php.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Direct repair of UV-induced DNA lesions represents an elegant method for many organisms to deal with these highly mutagenic and cytotoxic compounds. Although the participating proteins are structurally well investigated, the exact repair mechanism of the photolyase enzymes remains a vivid subject of current research. In this review, we summarize and highlight the recent contributions to this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Christa Kneuttinger
- Center for Integrated Protein Sciences at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gengo Kashiwazaki
- Center for Integrated Protein Sciences at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Prill
- Center for Integrated Protein Sciences at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian Heil
- Center for Integrated Protein Sciences at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Müller
- Center for Integrated Protein Sciences at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Center for Integrated Protein Sciences at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Cooper KL, King BS, Sandoval MM, Liu KJ, Hudson LG. Reduction of arsenite-enhanced ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage by supplemental zinc. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:81-8. [PMID: 23523584 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a recognized human carcinogen and there is evidence that arsenic augments the carcinogenicity of DNA damaging agents such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR) thereby acting as a co-carcinogen. Inhibition of DNA repair is one proposed mechanism to account for the co-carcinogenic actions of arsenic. We and others find that arsenite interferes with the function of certain zinc finger DNA repair proteins. Furthermore, we reported that zinc reverses the effects of arsenite in cultured cells and a DNA repair target protein, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. In order to determine whether zinc ameliorates the effects of arsenite on UVR-induced DNA damage in human keratinocytes and in an in vivo model, normal human epidermal keratinocytes and SKH-1 hairless mice were exposed to arsenite, zinc or both before solar-simulated (ss) UVR exposure. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity, DNA damage and mutation frequencies at the Hprt locus were measured in each treatment group in normal human keratinocytes. DNA damage was assessed in vivo by immunohistochemical staining of skin sections isolated from SKH-1 hairless mice. Cell-based findings demonstrate that ssUVR-induced DNA damage and mutagenesis are enhanced by arsenite, and supplemental zinc partially reverses the arsenite effect. In vivo studies confirm that zinc supplementation decreases arsenite-enhanced DNA damage in response to ssUVR exposure. From these data we can conclude that zinc offsets the impact of arsenic on ssUVR-stimulated DNA damage in cells and in vivo suggesting that zinc supplementation may provide a strategy to improve DNA repair capacity in arsenic exposed human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Avci P, Sadasivam M, Gupta A, De Melo WC, Huang YY, Yin R, Chandran R, Kumar R, Otufowora A, Nyame T, Hamblin MR. Animal models of skin disease for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:331-55. [PMID: 23293893 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.761202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Discovery of novel drugs, treatments, and testing of consumer products in the field of dermatology is a multi-billion dollar business. Due to the distressing nature of many dermatological diseases, and the enormous consumer demand for products to reverse the effects of skin photodamage, aging, and hair loss, this is a very active field. AREAS COVERED In this paper, we will cover the use of animal models that have been reported to recapitulate to a greater or lesser extent the features of human dermatological disease. There has been a remarkable increase in the number and variety of transgenic mouse models in recent years, and the basic strategy for constructing them is outlined. EXPERT OPINION Inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases are all represented by a range of mouse models both transgenic and normal. Skin cancer is mainly studied in mice and fish. Wound healing is studied in a wider range of animal species, and skin infections such as acne and leprosy also have been studied in animal models. Moving to the more consumer-oriented area of dermatology, there are models for studying the harmful effect of sunlight on the skin, and testing of sunscreens, and several different animal models of hair loss or alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Avci
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Boston MA, USA
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Zhao B, Ming M, He YY. Suppression of PTEN transcription by UVA. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 27:184-91. [PMID: 23129115 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although ultraviolet A (UVA; 315-400 nm) has different physical and biological targets than ultraviolet B (UVB; 280-315 nm), the contribution of UVA to skin cancer susceptibility and its molecular basis remain largely unknown. Here we show that chronic UVA radiation suppresses phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression at the mRNA level. Subchronic and acute UVA radiation also downregulated PTEN in normal human epidermal keratinocytes, skin culture, and mouse skin. At the molecular level, chronic UVA radiation decreased the transcriptional activity of the PTEN promoter in a methylation-independent manner, whereas it had no effect on the protein stability or mRNA stability of PTEN. In contrast, we found that UVA-induced activation of the Ras/ERK/AKT and NF-кB pathways plays an important role in UV-induced PTEN downregulation. Inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) or protein pinase B (AKT) increases PTEN expression. Our findings may provide unique insights into PTEN downregulation as a critical component of UVA's molecular impact during keratinocyte transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Zhao
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Gokce EH, Korkmaz E, Tuncay-Tanrıverdi S, Dellera E, Sandri G, Bonferoni MC, Ozer O. A comparative evaluation of coenzyme Q10-loaded liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles as dermal antioxidant carriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5109-17. [PMID: 23055723 PMCID: PMC3460677 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s34921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effective delivery of coenzyme Q10 (Q10) to the skin has several benefits in therapy for different skin pathologies. However, the delivery of Q10 to deeper layers of skin is challenging due to low aqueous solubility of Q10. Liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have many advantages to accomplish the requirements in topical drug delivery. This study aims to evaluate the influence of these nanosystems on the effective delivery of Q10 into the skin. Methods Q10-loaded liposomes (LIPO-Q10) and SLNs (SLN-Q10) were prepared by thin film hydration and high shear homogenization methods, respectively. Particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP), and drug entrapment efficiency were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis and morphological transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination were conducted. Biocompatibility/cytotoxicity studies of Q10-loaded nanosystems were performed by means of cell culture (human fibroblasts) under oxidative conditions. The protective effect of formulations against production of reactive oxygen species were comparatively evaluated by cytofluorometry studies. Results PS of uniform SLN-Q10 and LIPO-Q10 were determined as 152.4 ± 7.9 nm and 301.1 ± 8.2 nm, respectively. ZPs were −13.67 ± 1.32 mV and −36.6 ± 0.85 mV in the same order. The drug entrapment efficiency was 15% higher in SLN systems. TEM studies confirmed the colloidal size. SLN-Q10 and LIPO-Q10 showed biocompatibility towards fibroblasts up to 50 μM of Q10, which was determined as suitable for cell proliferation. The mean fluorescence intensity % depending on ROS production determined in cytofluorometric studies could be listed as Q10 ≥ SLN-Q10 > LIPO-Q10. Conclusion The LIPO-Q10 system was able to enhance cell proliferation. On the contrary, SLN-Q10 did not show protective effects against ROS accumulation. As a conclusion, liposomes seem to have advantages over SLN in terms of effective delivery of Q10 to skin for antioxidant purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren H Gokce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey
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Fernandez TL, Dawson RA, Van Lonkhuyzen DR, Kimlin MG, Upton Z. A tan in a test tube -in vitro models for investigating ultraviolet radiation-induced damage in skin. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:404-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gokce EH, Korkmaz E, Dellera E, Sandri G, Bonferoni MC, Ozer O. Resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles versus nanostructured lipid carriers: evaluation of antioxidant potential for dermal applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1841-50. [PMID: 22605933 PMCID: PMC3352689 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive generation of radical oxygen species (ROS) is a contributor to skin pathologies. Resveratrol (RSV) is a potent antioxidant. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) can ensure close contact and increase the amount of drug absorbed into the skin. In this study, RSV was loaded into SLN and NLC for dermal applications. Methods Nanoparticles were prepared by high shear homogenization using Compritol 888ATO, Myglyol, Poloxamer188, and Tween80. Particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP), drug entrapment efficiency (EE), and production yield were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and morphological transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination were conducted. RSV concentration was optimized with cytotoxicity studies, and net intracellular accumulation of ROS was monitored with cytofluorimetry. The amount of RSV was determined from different layers of rat abdominal skin. Results PS of uniform RSV-SLN and RSV-NLC were determined as 287.2 nm ± 5.1 and 110.5 nm ± 1.3, respectively. ZP was −15.3 mV ± 0.4 and −13.8 mV ± 0.1 in the same order. The drug EE was 18% higher in NLC systems. TEM studies showed that the drug in the shell model was relevant for SLN, and that the melting point of the lipid in NLC was slightly lower. Concentrations below 50 μM were determined as suitable RSV concentrations for both SLN and NLC in cell culture studies. RSV-NLC showed less fluorescence, indicating less ROS production in cytofluorometric studies. Ex vivo skin studies revealed that NLC are more efficient in carrying RSV to the epidermis. Conclusion This study suggests that both of the lipid nanoparticles had antioxidant properties at a concentration of 50 μM. When the two systems were compared, NLC penetrated deeper into the skin. RSV-loaded NLC with smaller PS and higher drug loading appears to be superior to SLN for dermal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren H Gokce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey.
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Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is rapidly increasing in the developed world and continues to be a challenge in the clinic. Although extensive epidemiologic evidence points to solar UV as the major risk factor for melanoma, there is a significant gap in our knowledge about how this most ubiquitous environmental carcinogen interacts with the largest organ of the mammalian body (skin) at the microenvironmental and molecular level. We review some recent advances that have started to close this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raza Zaidi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4264, USA.
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Roy S, Deep G, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin prevents ultraviolet B radiation-induced epidermal damages in JB6 cells and mouse skin in a p53-GADD45α-dependent manner. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:629-36. [PMID: 22166495 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Better preventive strategies are required to reduce ultraviolet (UV)-caused photodamage, the primary etiological factor for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Accordingly, here we examined the preventive efficacy of silibinin against UVB-induced photodamage using mouse epidermal JB6 cells and SKH1 hairless mouse epidermis. In JB6 cells, silibinin pretreatment protected against apoptosis and accelerated the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) induced by moderate dose of UVB (50 mJ/cm(2)), which we are at risk of daily exposure. Silibinin also reversed UVB-induced S phase arrest, reducing both active DNA synthesizing and inactive S phase populations. In mechanistic studies, UVB-irradiated cells showed a transient upregulation of both phosphorylated (Ser-15 and Ser-392) and total p53, whereas silibinin pretreatment led to a more sustained upregulation and stronger nuclear localization of p53. Silibinin also caused a marked upregulation of GADD45α, a downstream target of p53, implicated in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. Importantly, under p53 and GADD45α knockdown conditions, cells were more susceptible to UVB-induced apoptosis without any significant S phase arrest, and protective effects of silibinin were compromised. Similar to the in vitro results, topical application of silibinin prior to or immediately after UVB irradiation resulted in sustained increase in p53 and GADD45α levels and accelerated CPD removal in the epidermis of SKH1 hairless mice. Together, our results show for the first time that p53-mediated GADD45α upregulation is the key mechanism by which silibinin protects against UVB-induced photodamage and provides a strong rationale to investigate silibinin in reducing the risk and/or preventing early onset of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srirupa Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Hazar-Rethinam M, Endo-Munoz L, Gannon O, Saunders N. The role of the E2F transcription factor family in UV-induced apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:8947-60. [PMID: 22272113 PMCID: PMC3257110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12128947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F transcription factor family is traditionally associated with cell cycle control. However, recent data has shown that activating E2Fs (E2F1-3a) are potent activators of apoptosis. In contrast, the recently cloned inhibitory E2Fs (E2F7 and 8) appear to antagonize E2F-induced cell death. In this review we will discuss (i) the potential role of E2Fs in UV-induced cell death and (ii) the implications of this to the development of UV-induced cutaneous malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika Hazar-Rethinam
- Epithelial Pathobiology Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland 4102, Australia; E-Mails: (M.H.-R.); (L.E.-M.); (O.G.)
| | - Liliana Endo-Munoz
- Epithelial Pathobiology Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland 4102, Australia; E-Mails: (M.H.-R.); (L.E.-M.); (O.G.)
| | - Orla Gannon
- Epithelial Pathobiology Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland 4102, Australia; E-Mails: (M.H.-R.); (L.E.-M.); (O.G.)
| | - Nicholas Saunders
- Epithelial Pathobiology Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland 4102, Australia; E-Mails: (M.H.-R.); (L.E.-M.); (O.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-7-3176-5894; Fax: +61-7-3176-5946
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Haiser K, Fingerhut BP, Heil K, Glas A, Herzog TT, Pilles BM, Schreier WJ, Zinth W, de Vivie-Riedle R, Carell T. Mechanismus der UV-induzierten Bildung von Dewar-Schäden in DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Haiser K, Fingerhut BP, Heil K, Glas A, Herzog TT, Pilles BM, Schreier WJ, Zinth W, de Vivie-Riedle R, Carell T. Mechanism of UV-induced formation of Dewar lesions in DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:408-11. [PMID: 22109845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of a backbone: The mechanism of formation of Dewar lesions has been investigated by using femtosecond IR spectroscopy and ab initio calculations of the exited state. The 4π electrocyclization is rather slow, occurs with an unusual high quantum yield, and--surprisingly--is controlled by the phosphate backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Haiser
- Faculty of Physics, Center for Integrative Protein Science, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Photo-induced damage to proteins occurs via multiple pathways. Direct damage induced by UVB (λ 280-320 nm) and UVA radiation (λ 320-400 nm) is limited to a small number of amino acid residues, principally tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), histidine (His) and disulfide (cystine) residues, with this occurring via both excited state species and radicals. Indirect protein damage can occur via singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)(1)Δ(g)), with this resulting in damage to Trp, Tyr, His, cystine, cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) residues. Although initial damage is limited to these residues multiple secondary processes, that occur both during and after radiation exposure, can result in damage to other intra- and inter-molecular sites. Secondary damage can arise via radicals (e.g. Trp, Tyr and Cys radicals), from reactive intermediates generated by (1)O(2) (e.g. Trp, Tyr and His peroxides) and via molecular reactions of photo-products (e.g. reactive carbonyls). These processes can result in protein fragmentation, aggregation, altered physical and chemical properties (e.g. hydrophobicity and charge) and modulated biological turnover. Accumulating evidence implicates these events in cellular and tissue dysfunction (e.g. apoptosis, necrosis and altered cell signaling), and multiple human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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