Human papillomavirus and vaccination in cervical cancer

Prevalence Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer Patients in Riau Province Indonesia

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer is the fourth most deadly cancer in the world, and it is caused by infection of high-risk subtypes of Human PapillomaVirus (HPV) in most cases. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence oncogenic HPV in cervical cancer patients in Riau Province Indonesia and to determine the clinical manifestation of HPV in cervical cancer patients in Riau Province Indonesia.

METHODS

This research was a descriptive study conducted at Arifin Achmad General Hospital Riau from February to August 2018 which aimed to analyze HPV genotype prevalence oncogenic of cervical cancer patients.

RESULTS

This study showed out 86 of 110 women (78.1%) were found HPV positive, and the most common genotype of HPV was HPV 16 (38.2%). The average age of cervical cancer patient was 50 years old, and the average number of parities was 4 times. The majority of participants were married at the age before 20 years (77.3%) and had low educational background (64.5%). Vaginal bleeding happened in more than half of the participant as major clinical manifestation (72.7%), followed by fluor albus (72.7%), pelvic pain (60.2%) and fatigue (65.9%).

CONCLUSION

The most common HPV genotype in Riau Province was HPV type 16 and the most common clinical symptoms of cervical cancer patient were vaginal bleeding, fluor albus, pelvic pain and fatigue.

Oxymatrine inhibits the proliferation of CaSki cells via downregulating HPV16E7 expression

Treatment of recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer remains a challenge, especially in developing countries, which lack efficient screening programs. HPV16E7 has been reported to play an important role in the development of cervical cancer. In recent years, oxymatrine, which was traditionally used as anti-malarial agent, has been shown to inhibit tumor growth with low toxicity to normal cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effect of oxymatrine in cervical cancer. The CCK-8 assay was used to compare the proliferation of untreated and oxymatrine-treated cervical cancer CaSki cells. Flow cytometry was applied to observe the effect of oxymatrine on apoptosis and the cell cycle distribution of CaSki cells. We used qRT-PCR and western blot analysis to determine the mRNA level and protein level of HPV16E7. The HPV16E7 siRNA inhibition was also performed to confirm the effect of downregulating HPV16E7 on the proliferation in CaSki cells. Our results revealed that oxymatrine-treated cells showed time-dependent and dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation and a significant increase in apoptosis. Oxymatrine arrested CaSki cells in G0/G1 phase and S phase while decreased the cells in G2/M phase. The expression of HPV16E7 was significantly downregulated in oxymatrine-treated cells compared with control cells. Knock-down of HPV16E7 effectively inhibited the proliferation of CaSki cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that oxymatrine inhibits cervical cancer growth via downregulation of HPV16E7. Oxymatrine can be considered to be a potential preventive and therapeutic target for cervical cancer.

Significance of SHP-1 and SHP-2 expression in human papillomavirus infected Condyloma acuminatum and cervical cancer

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. Type HPV6/11 is closely related to Condyloma acuminatum, while HPV16/18 is the principal cause of cervical cancer. In this study, we examined the expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 in Condyloma acuminatum, cervical cancer and the relationship between SHP-1/SHP2 expression and HPV infection. Forty Condyloma acuminatum cases, 20 cervical cancer cases and 20 normal human foreskins were examined for HPV infection by in situ hybridization and the expression of SHP-1 and SHP-2 were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results demonstrated that positive expression rates of HPV6/11, HPV16/18, and HPV31/33 were 98%, 10%, and 7.5% in Condyloma acuminatum, 10%, 85%, and 25% in cervical cancer. Only one normal foreskin demonstrated positive staining for HPV16/18. Positive expression rates of SHP-1 and SHP-2 were 80% and 85% in Condyloma acuminatum, 85% and 90% in cervical cancer. The SHP-1 and SHP-2 expressions were mainly distributed in the prickle layer of Condyloma acuminatum and were diffusely distributed in cervical cancer cells. Only 35% and 30% of foreskins demonstrated weak staining in the basal layer cells. There were statistically significant correlations among the infection of HPV and the expression of SHP-1 and SHP-2 in both Condyloma acuminatum and cervical cancer (P < 0.05). SHP-1 expression has a positive correlation with SHP-2 expression. Our results demonstrate putative roles of SHP-1 and SHP-2 in the progression of both Condyloma acuminatum and cervical cancer after HPV infection.