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Beatty NL, Arango-Ferreira C, Gual-Gonzalez L, Zuluaga S, Nolan MS, Cantillo-Barraza O. Oral Chagas Disease in Colombia-Confirmed and Suspected Routes of Transmission. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:14. [PMID: 38251211 PMCID: PMC10819552 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) remains endemic throughout many regions of Colombia despite implementing decades of vector control strategies in several departments. Some regions have had a significant decrease in vectorial transmission, but the oral ingestion of Trypanosoma cruzi through consumption of contaminated food and drink products is increasingly described. This form of transmission has important public health relevance in Colombia due to an increase in reported acute CD cases and clinical manifestations that often lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Oral CD in Colombia has been associated with the consumption of contaminated fruit juices, such as palm wine, sugar cane, or tangerine juice and water for consumption, or contaminated surfaces where food has been prepared. Another interesting route of oral transmission includes ingestion of unbeknownst infected armadillos' blood, which is related to a traditional medicine practice in Colombia. Some earlier reports have also implemented consumption of infected bush meat as a source, but this is still being debated. Within the Amazon Basin, oral transmission is now considered the principal cause of acute CD in these regions. Furthermore, new cases of acute CD are now being seen in departments where CD has not been documented, and triatomine vectors are not naturally found, thus raising suspicion for oral transmission. The oral CD could also be considered a food-borne zoonosis, and odoriferous didelphid secretions have been implemented in contaminating the human dwelling environment, increasing the risk of consumption of infectious metacyclic trypomastigotes. In this article, we will discuss the complex transmission dynamics of oral CD in Colombia and further examine the unique clinical manifestations of this route of infection. New insights into the oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi are being discovered in Colombia, which can help bring increased awareness and a better understanding of this neglected tropical disease to reduce the burden of CD throughout Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L. Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Catalina Arango-Ferreira
- Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital San Vicente Fundación, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Lídia Gual-Gonzalez
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (L.G.-G.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Sara Zuluaga
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Melissa S. Nolan
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (L.G.-G.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Omar Cantillo-Barraza
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
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González-González A, Vázquez C, Encalada R, Saavedra E, Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Ortiz-Pérez E, Bolognesi ML, Rivera G. Phenothiazine-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics of new trypanothione reductase inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Inform 2023; 42:e2300069. [PMID: 37490403 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202300069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazine derivatives can unselectively inhibit the trypanothione-dependent antioxidant system enzyme trypanothione reductase (TR). A virtual screening of 2163 phenothiazine derivatives from the ZINC15 and PubChem databases docked on the active site of T. cruzi TR showed that 285 compounds have higher affinity than the natural ligand trypanothione disulfide. 244 compounds showed higher affinity toward the parasite's enzyme than to its human homolog glutathione reductase. Protein-ligand interaction profiling predicted that the main interactions for the top scored compounds were with residues important for trypanothione disulfide binding: Phe396, Pro398, Leu399, His461, Glu466, and Glu467, particularly His461, which participates in catalysis. Two compounds with the desired profiles, ZINC1033681 (Zn_C687) and ZINC10213096 (Zn_C216), decreased parasite growth by 20 % and 50 %, respectively. They behaved as mixed-type inhibitors of recombinant TR, with Ki values of 59 and 47 μM, respectively. This study provides a further understanding of the potential of phenothiazine derivatives as TR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
| | - Citlali Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lenci K Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
| | - Eyra Ortiz-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
| | - María Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
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Rokhsar JL, Raynor B, Sheen J, Goldstein ND, Levy MZ, Castillo-Neyra R. Modeling the impact of xenointoxication in dogs to halt Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.24.23284917. [PMID: 36747723 PMCID: PMC9901065 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.23284917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Chagas disease, a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi , affects millions in the Americas. Dogs are important reservoirs of the parasite. Under laboratory conditions, canine treatment with the systemic insecticide fluralaner demonstrated efficacy in killing Triatoma infestans and T. brasiliensis, T. cruzi vectors, when they feed on dogs. This form of pest control is called xenointoxication. However, T. cruzi can also be transmitted orally when mammals ingest infected bugs, so there is potential for dogs to become infected upon consuming infected bugs killed by the treatment. Xenointoxication thereby has two contrasting effects on dogs: decreasing the number of insects feeding on the dogs but increasing opportunities for exposure to T. cruzi via oral transmission to dogs ingesting infected insects. Objective Examine the potential for increased infection rates of T. cruzi in dogs following xenointoxication. Design/Methods We built a deterministic mathematical model, based on the Ross-MacDonald malaria model, to investigate the net effect of fluralaner treatment on the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in dogs in different epidemiologic scenarios. We drew upon published data on the change in percentage of bugs killed that fed on treated dogs over days post treatment. Parameters were adjusted to mimic three scenarios of T. cruzi transmission: high and low disease prevalence and domestic vectors, and low disease prevalence and sylvatic vectors. Results In regions with high endemic disease prevalence in dogs and domestic vectors, prevalence of infected dogs initially increases but subsequently declines before eventually rising back to the initial equilibrium following one fluralaner treatment. In regions of low prevalence and domestic or sylvatic vectors, however, treatment seems to be detrimental. In these regions our models suggest a potential for a rise in dog prevalence, due to oral transmission from dead infected bugs. Conclusion Xenointoxication could be a beneficial and novel One Health intervention in regions with high prevalence of T. cruzi and domestic vectors. In regions with low prevalence and domestic or sylvatic vectors, there is potential harm. Field trials should be carefully designed to closely follow treated dogs and include early stopping rules if incidence among treated dogs exceeds that of controls. Author summary Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , is transmitted via triatomine insect vectors. In Latin America, dogs are a common feeding source for triatomine vectors and subsequently an important reservoir of T. cruzi . One proposed intervention to reduce T. cruzi transmission is xenointoxication: treating dogs with oral insecticide to kill triatomine vectors in order to decrease overall T. cruzi transmission. Fluralaner, commonly administered to prevent ectoparasites such as fleas and ticks, is effective under laboratory conditions against the triatomine vectors. One concern with fluralaner treatment is that rapid death of the insect vectors may make the insects more available to oral ingestion by dogs; a more effective transmission pathway than stercorarian, the usual route for T. cruzi transmission. Using a mathematical model, we explored 3 different epidemiologic scenarios: high prevalence endemic disease within a domestic T. cruzi cycle, low prevalence endemic disease within a domestic T. cruzi cycle, and low prevalence endemic disease within a semi-sylvatic T. cruzi cycle. We found a range of beneficial to detrimental effects of fluralaner xenointoxication depending on the epidemiologic scenario. Our results suggest that careful field trials should be designed and carried out before wide scale implementation of fluralaner xenointoxication to reduce T. cruzi transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Rokhsar
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,ORISE Fellow, Emerging Leaders in Data Science and Technologies Program Fellowship, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, USA
| | - Brinkley Raynor
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Neal D. Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru,Corresponding author:
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González-González A, Sánchez-Sánchez O, Krauth-Siegel RL, Bolognesi ML, Gớmez-Escobedo R, Nogueda-Torres B, Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Saavedra E, Encalada R, Espinoza-Hicks JC, Paz-González AD, Rivera G. In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of New n-Butyl and Isobutyl Quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di- N-oxide Derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi as Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13315. [PMID: 36362102 PMCID: PMC9655728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is a worldwide health problem that requires attention due to ineffective treatment options. We evaluated n-butyl and isobutyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives against trypomastigotes of the Trypanosoma cruzi strains NINOA and INC-5. An in silico analysis of the interactions of 1,4-di-N-oxide on the active site of trypanothione reductase (TR) and an enzyme inhibition study was carried out. The n-butyl series compound identified as T-150 had the best trypanocidal activity against T. cruzi trypomastigotes, with a 13% TR inhibition at 44 μM. The derivative T-147 behaved as a mixed inhibitor with Ki and Ki' inhibition constants of 11.4 and 60.8 µM, respectively. This finding is comparable to the TR inhibitor mepacrine (Ki = 19 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Oscar Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - R. Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Center of Biochemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rogelio Gớmez-Escobedo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Lenci K. Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Alma D. Paz-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
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Resveratrol and Curcumin for Chagas Disease Treatment—A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050609. [PMID: 35631435 PMCID: PMC9143057 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected protozoan infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which affects about 7 million people worldwide. There are two available drugs in therapeutics, however, they lack effectiveness for the chronic stage—characterized mainly by cardiac (i.e., cardiomyopathy) and digestive manifestations (i.e., megaesophagus, megacolon). Due to the involvement of the immuno-inflammatory pathways in the disease’s progress, compounds exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity seem to be effective for controlling some clinical manifestations, mainly in the chronic phase. Resveratrol (RVT) and curcumin (CUR) are natural compounds with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their cardioprotective effect have been proposed to have benefits to treat CD. Such effects could decrease or block the progression of the disease’s severity. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the effectiveness of RVT and CUR in animal and clinical research for the treatment of CD. The study was performed according to PRISMA guidelines and it was registered on PROSPERO (CDR42021293495). The results did not find any clinical study, and the animal research was analyzed according to the SYRCLES risk of bias tools and ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines. We found 9 eligible reports in this study. We also discuss the potential RVT and CUR derivatives for the treatment of CD as well.
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Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Paz-González AD, Juárez-Saldivar A, Uhrig ML, Agusti R, Reyes-Arellano A, Nogueda-Torres B, Rivera G. Structure-Based Virtual Screening of New Benzoic Acid Derivatives as Trypanosoma cruzi Trans-sialidase Inhibitors. Med Chem 2021; 17:724-731. [PMID: 32370720 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200506084611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, represents a worldwide epidemiological, economic, and social problem. In the last decades, the trans-sialidase enzyme of Trypanosoma cruzi has been considered an attractive target for the development of new agents with potential trypanocidal activity. OBJECTIVE In this work, the aim was to find new potential non-sugar trans-sialidase inhibitors using benzoic acid as a scaffold. METHODS A structure-based virtual screening of the ZINC15 database was carried out. Additionally, the enzyme and trypanocidal activity of the selected compounds was determined. RESULTS The results of this work detected 487 compounds derived from benzoic acid as potential transsialidase inhibitors with a more promising binding energy value (< -7.7 kcal/mol) than the known inhibitor 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA). In particular, two lead compounds, V1 and V2, turned out to be promising trans-sialidase inhibitors. Even though the trypanocidal activity displayed was low, these compounds showed trans-sialidase inhibition values of 87.6% and 29.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION Structure-based virtual screening using a molecular docking approach is a useful method for the identification of new trans-sialidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenci Karina Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Alma Delia Paz-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Juárez-Saldivar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
| | - María Laura Uhrig
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosalía Agusti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Quimica Organica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Reyes-Arellano
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
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Liu F, Chen Z, Ye Z, Liu N. The Olfactory Chemosensation of Hematophagous Hemipteran Insects. Front Physiol 2021; 12:703768. [PMID: 34434117 PMCID: PMC8382127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.703768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most abundant insect orders on earth, most Hemipteran insects are phytophagous, with the few hematophagous exceptions falling into two families: Cimicidae, such as bed bugs, and Reduviidae, such as kissing bugs. Many of these blood-feeding hemipteran insects are known to be realistic or potential disease vectors, presenting both physical and psychological risks for public health. Considerable researches into the interactions between hemipteran insects such as kissing bugs and bed bugs and their human hosts have revealed important information that deepens our understanding of their chemical ecology and olfactory physiology. Sensory mechanisms in the peripheral olfactory system of both insects have now been characterized, with a particular emphasis on their olfactory sensory neurons and odorant receptors. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies of both kissing bugs (including Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius), focusing on their chemical ecology and peripheral olfactory systems. Potential chemosensation-based applications for the management of these Hemipteran insect vectors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Hadi J, Brightwell G. Safety of Alternative Proteins: Technological, Environmental and Regulatory Aspects of Cultured Meat, Plant-Based Meat, Insect Protein and Single-Cell Protein. Foods 2021; 10:1226. [PMID: 34071292 PMCID: PMC8230205 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security and environmental issues have become global crises that need transformative solutions. As livestock production is becoming less sustainable, alternative sources of proteins are urgently required. These include cultured meat, plant-based meat, insect protein and single-cell protein. Here, we describe the food safety aspects of these novel protein sources, in terms of their technological backgrounds, environmental impacts and the necessary regulatory framework for future mass-scale production. Briefly, cultured meat grown in fetal bovine serum-based media can be exposed to viruses or infectious prion, in addition to other safety risks associated with the use of genetic engineering. Plant-based meat may contain allergens, anti-nutrients and thermally induced carcinogens. Microbiological risks and allergens are the primary concerns associated with insect protein. Single-cell protein sources are divided into microalgae, fungi and bacteria, all of which have specific food safety risks that include toxins, allergens and high ribonucleic acid (RNA) contents. The environmental impacts of these alternative proteins can mainly be attributed to the production of growth substrates or during cultivation. Legislations related to novel food or genetic modification are the relevant regulatory framework to ensure the safety of alternative proteins. Lastly, additional studies on the food safety aspects of alternative proteins are urgently needed for providing relevant food governing authorities with sufficient data to oversee that the technological progress in this area is balanced with robust safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea), Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Fürnkranz U, Walochnik J. Nosocomial Infections: Do Not Forget the Parasites! Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020238. [PMID: 33669761 PMCID: PMC7923136 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections (NIs) pose an increasing threat to public health. The majority of NIs are bacterial, fungal, and viral infections; however, parasites also play a considerable role in NIs, particularly in our increasingly complex healthcare environment with a growing proportion of immunocompromised patients. Moreover, parasitic infections acquired via blood transfusion or organ transplantation are more likely to have severe or fatal disease outcomes compared with the normal route of infection. Many of these infections are preventable and most are treatable, but as the awareness for parasitic NIs is low, diagnosis and treatment are often delayed, resulting not only in higher health care costs but, importantly, also in prolonged courses of disease for the patients. For this article, we searched online databases and printed literature to give an overview of the causative agents of parasitic NIs, including the possible routes of infection and the diseases caused. Our review covers a broad spectrum of cases, ranging from widely known parasitic NIs, like blood transfusion malaria or water-borne cryptosporidiosis, to less well-known NIs, such as the transmission of Strongyloides stercoralis by solid organ transplantation or nosocomial myiasis. In addition, emerging NIs, such as babesiosis by blood transfusion or person-to-person transmitted scabies, are described.
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Sampaio GHF, Silva ANBD, Brito CRDN, Honorato NRM, Oliveira LMD, Câmara ACJD, Galvão LMDC. Epidemiological profile of acute Chagas disease in individuals infected by oral transmission in northern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200088. [PMID: 32935781 PMCID: PMC7491568 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0088-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Oral infection by Trypanosoma cruzi is currently the most important route of transmission of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in the North region of Brazil, and the reported outbreaks are usually related to ingestion of contaminated food, especially unprocessed açaí pulp. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed to analyze the epidemiological profile of individuals with suspected cases of ACD in the municipality of Breves, located in the state of Pará, Brazil. Therefore, notifications of suspected cases of ACD were collected from the Municipal Health Department of Breves from January 2007 to December 2017. RESULTS A total of 265 individuals were registered, and the majority were male (54.7%; 145/265). Age ranged from nine months to 79 years, with a greater number of notifications for individuals aged between 1 and 39 years (71.3%; 189/265). Most of them had a low level of education (74.3%, 197/265), were living in rural and urban areas (58.9%; 156/265 and 37.7%; 100/265, respectively). Infection occurred mainly in the domestic environment (96.2%; 255/265) through oral transmission (98.1%; 260/265). There were a greater number of notifications in November, December and January. CONCLUSIONS These data showed that oral transmission of T. cruzi has become increasingly high in the study region, and health education programs need to be implemented as strategies to ensure good manufacturing practices of unprocessed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Harisson Felinto Sampaio
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Andressa Noronha Barbosa da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Carlos Ramon do Nascimento Brito
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Nathan Ravi Medeiros Honorato
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Antônia Claudia Jácome da Câmara
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Natal, RN, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Maria da Cunha Galvão
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Natal, RN, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Natal, RN, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Natal, RN, Brasil
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11
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Velásquez-Ortiz N, Ramírez JD. Understanding the oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi as a veterinary and medical foodborne zoonosis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:448-461. [PMID: 32781335 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that lately has been highlighted because several outbreaks attributed to oral transmission of the parasite have occurred. These outbreaks are characterized by high mortality rates and massive infections that cannot be related to other types of transmission such as the vectorial route. Oral transmission of Chagas disease has been reported in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and French Guiana, most of them are massive oral outbreaks caused by the ingestion of beverages and food contaminated with triatomine feces or parasites' reservoirs secretions and considered since 2012 as a foodborne disease. In this review, we present the current status and all available data regarding oral transmission of Chagas disease, highlighting its relevance as a veterinary and medical foodborne zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Velásquez-Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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12
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Baroni L, Salles R, Salles S, Guedes G, Porto F, Bezerra E, Barcellos C, Pedroso M, Ogasawara E. An analysis of malaria in the Brazilian Legal Amazon using divergent association rules. J Biomed Inform 2020; 108:103512. [PMID: 32702521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In data analysis, the mining of frequent patterns plays an important role in the discovery of associations and correlations between data. During this process, it is common to produce thousands of association rules (ARs), making the study of each one arduous. This problem weakens the process of finding useful information. There is a scientific effort to develop approaches capable of filtering interesting patterns, balancing the number of ARs produced with the goal of not being trivial and known by specialists. However, even when such approaches are adopted, the number of produced ARs can still be high. This work contributes by presenting Divergent Association Rules Approach (DARA), a novel approach for obtaining ARs that presents themselves in divergence with the data distribution. DARA is applied right after traditional approaches to filtering interesting patterns. To validate our approach, we studied the dataset related to the occurrence of malaria in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. The discovered patterns highlight that ARs brought relevant insights from the data. This article contributes both in the medical and computer science fields since this novel computational approach enabled new findings regarding malaria in Brazil.
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13
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de Carvalho NM, Madureira AR, Pintado ME. The potential of insects as food sources - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3642-3652. [PMID: 31868531 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1703170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Entomophagy is a long-time practice and a food source for many cultures. Still, many societies have abandoned it a long time ago, and regard it as a primal behavior. However, nowadays, the challenge for food demand, with the urge of new nutritional sources, and the problems of undernourishment, mainly on underdeveloped countries, has reached a point where a new perspective is demanded. This review gathers some of the most recent studies regarding the potential benefits and concerns of entomophagy, trying to show the potential of insects as food source and possible ways to introduce them in cultures that have disregarded entomophagy. Entomophagy is taking its place, showing the grand potential of insects as feed and food source. As neophobia and disgust are the main western cultures barriers to accept entomophagy, today's comprehension of this practice and processing capabilities can take that source, to any dish in any form. A simple but nutritive insect powder can create a path to a widely, sustainable, rich food source-insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Mota de Carvalho
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Madureira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Estevez Pintado
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Golnar AJ, Martin E, Wormington JD, Kading RC, Teel PD, Hamer SA, Hamer GL. Reviewing the Potential Vectors and Hosts of African Swine Fever Virus Transmission in the United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:512-524. [PMID: 30785371 PMCID: PMC6602103 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) continues to threaten global animal health and agricultural biosecurity. Mitigating the establishment of ASFV in the United States (U.S.) is contingent on (1) the identification of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts that are capable of viral maintenance and transmission in the U.S. and (2) knowledge of vector-host associations that may permit transmission. We aggregated data on vector competence, host competence and tick–host associations by systematic review of published articles and collection records to identify species that may support the invasion of ASFV in the U.S. Three species of competent soft ticks occur in the U.S., Ornithodoros coriaceus, Ornithodoros turicata, and Ornithodoros puertoricensis, however, vector competence for the majority of soft ticks in the U.S. remains unknown. Three species of competent vertebrate hosts currently occur in the U.S.: domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), feral hogs (Sus scrofa), and common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). Hierarchical hazard categories based on vector competence, tick–host contact rates, and vector abundance were used to semiquantitatively rank U.S. soft tick species by their relative risk for contributing to ASFV transmission to identify which soft tick species are a priority for future studies. High-risk vector and host species identified in this study can be used to focus ASFV risk assessments in the U.S., guide targeted surveillance and control strategies, and proactively prepare for an ASFV incursion event. Results indicate O. coriaceus, O. turicata, and O. puertoricensis demonstrate the highest relative risk for contributing to ASFV transmission in the U.S., however, many gaps in knowledge exist preventing the full evaluation of at least 30 soft tick species in the U.S. Further study is required to identify soft tick vectors that interact with feral swine populations, elucidate vector competence, and further understand the biology of soft tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Golnar
- 1 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Estelle Martin
- 1 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jillian D Wormington
- 2 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Pete D Teel
- 1 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- 2 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- 1 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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15
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Labello Barbosa R, Dias VL, Lorosa ES, de Góes Costa E, Pereira KS, Gilioli R, Guaraldo AMA, Passos LAC. Virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi from vector and reservoir in in natura açaí pulp resulting in food-borne acute Chagas disease at Pará State, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2019; 197:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Kooh P, Ververis E, Tesson V, Boué G, Federighi M. Entomophagy and Public Health: A Review of Microbiological Hazards. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.1110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mézes
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Páter K. u. 1, H-2103 Gödöllő. Hungary
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18
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van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Camenzuli L, Belluco S, Meijer N, Ricci A. Food Safety Issues Related to Uses of Insects for Feeds and Foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1172-1183. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. van der Fels-Klerx
- Dept. of Toxicology and Novel Foods; RIKILT Wageningen Research; Akkermaalsbos 2 NL-6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - L. Camenzuli
- Dept. of Toxicology and Novel Foods; RIKILT Wageningen Research; Akkermaalsbos 2 NL-6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
- ExxonMobile Petroleum & Chemical; Hermeslaan 2 1831 Machelen Belgium
| | - S. Belluco
- Food Safety Dept., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Via dell'Università; 10 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - N. Meijer
- Dept. of Toxicology and Novel Foods; RIKILT Wageningen Research; Akkermaalsbos 2 NL-6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - A. Ricci
- Food Safety Dept., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Via dell'Università; 10 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy
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19
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de Castro RJS, Ohara A, Aguilar JGDS, Domingues MAF. Nutritional, functional and biological properties of insect proteins: Processes for obtaining, consumption and future challenges. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Vargas A, Malta JMAS, Costa VMD, Cláudio LDG, Alves RV, Cordeiro GDS, Aguiar LMA, Percio J. [Investigation of an outbreak of acute Chagas disease outside the Amazon Region, in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, 2016]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2018; 34:e00006517. [PMID: 29412311 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00006517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article was to confirm and describe an outbreak of acute Chagas disease involving oral transmission in the western region of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. This was a descriptive case series study in which the data sources were medical records and interviews with suspected cases from September 16 to November 19, 2015. An entomological investigation was conducted in the probable sites of infection for acute Chagas disease cases. Eighteen cases of acute Chagas disease were confirmed in residents of four municipalities (counties) in Rio Grande do Norte State. The most frequently reported signs and symptoms were fever and weakness (n = 18), followed by myalgia (n = 17), prostration, loss of appetite, and edema of the lower limbs (n = 15). Median duration of fever was 20 days (range: 6 to 45 days). Fifteen cases were confirmed by the laboratory criterion and three by epidemiological link with consistent clinical characteristics. All confirmed cases reported having consumed sugar cane juice from the same mill. A total of 110 triatomines were captured on the plantation where the sugar cane had been crushed for juice. The insects were found in the peridomicile, in stacks of firewood and close to the sugar cane mill. The majority of the captured specimens were Triatoma brasiliensis and showed a natural infection rate of 63%. The Chagas disease outbreak was confirmed with oral transmission via ingestion of sugar cane juice contaminated with infected triatomines, as evidenced by the epidemiological link between the investigated cases and the entomological survey in the probable site where the infection occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vargas
- Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil.,Programa de Treinamento em Epidemiologia Aplicada aos Serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil
| | | | - Veruska Maia da Costa
- Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil.,Programa de Treinamento em Epidemiologia Aplicada aos Serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil
| | | | - Renato Vieira Alves
- Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil
| | | | | | - Jadher Percio
- Programa de Treinamento em Epidemiologia Aplicada aos Serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil
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21
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Mutungi C, Irungu FG, Nduko J, Mutua F, Affognon H, Nakimbugwe D, Ekesi S, Fiaboe KKM. Postharvest processes of edible insects in Africa: A review of processing methods, and the implications for nutrition, safety and new products development. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:276-298. [PMID: 28853909 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1365330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In many African cultures, insects are part of the diet of humans and domesticated animals. Compared to conventional food and feed sources, insects have been associated with a low ecological foot print because fewer natural resources are required for their production. To this end, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations recognized the role that edible insects can play in improving global food and nutrition security; processing technologies, as well as packaging and storage techniques that improve shelf-life were identified as being crucial. However, knowledge of these aspects in light of nutritional value, safety, and functionality is fragmentary and needs to be consolidated. This review attempts to contribute to this effort by evaluating the available evidence on postharvest processes for edible insects in Africa, with the aim of identifying areas that need research impetus. It further draws attention to potential postharvest technology options for overcoming hurdles associated with utilization of insects for food and feed. A greater research thrust is needed in processing and this can build on traditional knowledge. The focus should be to establish optimal techniques that improve presentation, quality and safety of products, and open possibilities to diversify use of edible insects for other benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mutungi
- a Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology , Egerton University , Egerton , Kenya.,b International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , Nairobi , Kenya.,c International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) , Plot No. 25, Mikocheni Light Industrial Area, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania
| | - F G Irungu
- a Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology , Egerton University , Egerton , Kenya
| | - J Nduko
- a Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology , Egerton University , Egerton , Kenya
| | - F Mutua
- d Department of Public health, Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Nairobi , Kangemi , Kenya
| | - H Affognon
- e International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) , BP 320 , Bamako , Mali
| | - D Nakimbugwe
- f Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bio-Engineering , Makerere University , Kampala , Uganda
| | - S Ekesi
- b International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - K K M Fiaboe
- b International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , Nairobi , Kenya
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22
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de Souza Godoi PA, Piechnik CA, de Oliveira AC, Sfeir MZ, de Souza EM, Rogez H, Thomaz Soccol V. qPCR for the detection of foodborne Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:563-566. [PMID: 28602861 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we presented a potential real-time PCR (qPCR) method with public health importance and relevance for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in açai pulp. There is not a current process to identify T. cruzi in açai, that ensures innocuity of this food concerning oral transmission. First, six new primers were designed using the DNA sequences of T. cruzi y152 and Emerald strains obtained from GenBank. For primers evaluation and titration they were validated regarding the amplification and not with the fluorophore chosen 1ngμL-1 of the T. cruzi DNA as target. For determination of the ideal concentration the titration of the primers drawn in this study showed T. cruzi DNA amplification in five primer pairs at concentrations 100, 200 and 300nM and DNA fixed concentrations at 1ngμL-1. For standardization all reactions were performed in triplicate with 5.0μL and positives and negatives controls were included in every run. As positive control DNA from two genotypes TcI and TcII were used. As negative control the reaction product without DNA of the parasite was used. The best primer concentration, for the expected fragments, was 300nM. From six primers improved the Ep1F/Ep1R primer detected 1×10-4ngμL-1 for both genotype of the parasite. The Bp1F/Bp1R showed amplification for 1.70.10-7ngμL-1 for TcI and 4.31.10-8ngμL-1 for TcII, based on the standard curve. The last step we tested the selected primers in qPCR for monitoring T. cruzi in açai pulp experimentally contaminated. The recovery rate for the TcII was 71%, whereas in açai samples contaminated with TcI it was 76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana Alves de Souza Godoi
- Unidade Integrada Sesi Senai, Niquelândia, Goiás, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Claudio Adriano Piechnik
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Centre for Valorisation of Amazonian Bioactive Compounds, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hervé Rogez
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Centre for Valorisation of Amazonian Bioactive Compounds, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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23
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Kessler RL, Contreras VT, Marliére NP, Aparecida Guarneri A, Villamizar Silva LH, Mazzarotto GACA, Batista M, Soccol VT, Krieger MA, Probst CM. Recently differentiated epimastigotes fromTrypanosoma cruziare infective to the mammalian host. Mol Microbiol 2017; 104:712-736. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Tulio Contreras
- Laboratorio de Protozoología, Centro de Biología Molecular de Parásitos, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Carabobo; Valencia Venezuela
| | - Newmar Pinto Marliére
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Processos Biotecnológicos e Biotecnologia, Centro Politécnico; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba PR Brazil
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Nogueira Angerami
- Epidemiological Surveillance Section, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Clinics; University of Campinas and Department of Public Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luiz Jacintho da Silva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences; Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira; Pereira Risaralda Colombia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group; Hospital Universitario de Sincelejo; Sucre Colombia
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25
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Ries J, Komarek A, Gottschalk J, Brand B, Amsler L, Jutzi M, Frey BM. A Case of Possible Chagas Transmission by Blood Transfusion in Switzerland. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:415-417. [PMID: 27994528 DOI: 10.1159/000446264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-transmitted Chagas disease has been reported from endemic countries in Latin America. Switzerland is a non-endemic country but high prevalence of antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi was found among immigrants. Immigrants may participate in blood donation; therefore, risk-adapted anti-T. cruzi screening for blood donors was implemented in Switzerland in 2013. METHODS Between January 2013 and July 2015, 1 out of 1,183 at-risk donors, tested at Blood Transfusion Service Zurich, was found anti-T. cruzi IgG-positive. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Out of 54 donations given by the index donor (ID), we identified 77 blood products which were delivered to hospitals. Archived serum samples from the donations given during the prior 5 years were available for retrospective testing. All samples from ID revealed positive findings for anti-T. cruzi IgG. Donor-triggered look-back procedure identified a 70-year-old male recipient of a platelet concentrate (PC) donated by ID. The recipient succumbed of acute T. cruzi infection 2 years after transfusion of the PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Ries
- Blood Transfusion Service Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Birgit Brand
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Beat M Frey
- Blood Transfusion Service Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Transforming insect biomass into consumer wellness foods: A review. Food Res Int 2016; 89:129-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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27
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Barbosa RL, Pereira KS, Dias VL, Schmidt FL, Alves DP, Guaraldo AMA, Passos LAC. Virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi in Açai ( Euterpe oleraceae Martius) Pulp following Mild Heat Treatment. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1807-1812. [PMID: 28221851 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in northern Brazil can be caused by the ingestion of unprocessed açai pulp contaminated with Trypanosoma cruzi . The aim of this study was to determine the minimum thermal process required to inactivate T. cruzi in açai pulp. Trypomastigotes (100,000) of T. cruzi Y strain were added to 0.15 M NaCl or açai pulp and continuously mixed while being heat treated at 37 to 49°C for up to 1 h. When necessary, parasites were separated from açai pulp by forced sieving. Inocula were administrated intraperitoneally in inbred immunodeficient C.B-17-Prkdcscid/Pas Unib mice, and the recipients were monitored for parasitemia and mortality. Mice received prophylactic antibiotic therapy by using cephalexin to prevent bacterial infection from the açai pulp. T. cruzi retained its virulence in 0.15 M NaCl and açai pulp at 44 ± 0.1°C for 10 min and at 43 ± 0.1°C for 20 min, respectively, causing ACD and death in mice up to 24 days after infection. Incubation of açai pulp inoculum above 43°C for 20 min neutralized T. cruzi virulence, thereby preventing ACD and death in murine recipients. The heating of açai pulp above 43°C for 20 min is a practical and effective measure to prevent foodborne ACD caused by T. cruzi .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Labello Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Signori Pereira
- Departamento de Engenharia Bioquímica, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane Liotti Dias
- Divisão de Pesquisa, Centro Multidisciplinar para Investigação Biológica na Área da Ciência de Animais de Laboratório
| | - Flávio Luis Schmidt
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Delma Pegolo Alves
- Divisão de Pesquisa, Centro Multidisciplinar para Investigação Biológica na Área da Ciência de Animais de Laboratório
| | | | - Luiz Augusto Corrêa Passos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Divisão de Pesquisa, Centro Multidisciplinar para Investigação Biológica na Área da Ciência de Animais de Laboratório
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Mensah GA, Burns KM, Peprah EK, Sampson UKA, Engelgau MM. Opportunities and challenges in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Glob Heart 2016; 10:203-7. [PMID: 26407517 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George A Mensah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kristin M Burns
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel K Peprah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uchechukwu K A Sampson
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael M Engelgau
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Robertson LJ, Devleesschauwer B, Alarcón de Noya B, Noya González O, Torgerson PR. Trypanosoma cruzi: Time for International Recognition as a Foodborne Parasite. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004656. [PMID: 27253136 PMCID: PMC4890754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J. Robertson
- Parasitology Lab, Section for Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen-Campus, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Belkisyolé Alarcón de Noya
- Immunology Section, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Oscar Noya González
- Biohelmintiasis Section, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria, Instituto de Altos Estudios “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón”, Instituto Nacional de Higiene, MPPS, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Barreto-de-Albuquerque J, Silva-dos-Santos D, Pérez AR, Berbert LR, de Santana-van-Vliet E, Farias-de-Oliveira DA, Moreira OC, Roggero E, de Carvalho-Pinto CE, Jurberg J, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Bottasso O, Savino W, de Meis J. Trypanosoma cruzi Infection through the Oral Route Promotes a Severe Infection in Mice: New Disease Form from an Old Infection? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003849. [PMID: 26090667 PMCID: PMC4474863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral transmission of Chagas disease has been documented in Latin American countries. Nevertheless, significant studies on the pathophysiology of this form of infection are largely lacking. The few studies investigating oral route infection disregard that inoculation in the oral cavity (Oral infection, OI) or by gavage (Gastrointestinal infection, GI) represent different infection routes, yet both show clear-cut parasitemia and heart parasitism during the acute infection. Herein, BALB/c mice were subjected to acute OI or GI infection using 5x104 culture-derived Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. OI mice displayed higher parasitemia and mortality rates than their GI counterparts. Heart histopathology showed larger areas of infiltration in the GI mice, whereas liver lesions were more severe in the OI animals, accompanied by higher Alanine Transaminase and Aspartate Transaminase serum contents. A differential cytokine pattern was also observed because OI mice presented higher pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF) serum levels than GI animals. Real-time PCR confirmed a higher TNF, IFN-γ, as well as IL-10 expression in the cardiac tissue from the OI group compared with GI. Conversely, TGF-β and IL-17 serum levels were greater in the GI animals. Immunolabeling revealed macrophages as the main tissue source of TNF in infected mice. The high mortality rate observed in the OI mice paralleled the TNF serum rise, with its inhibition by an anti-TNF treatment. Moreover, differences in susceptibility between GIversusOI mice were more clearly related to the host response than to the effect of gastric pH on parasites, since infection in magnesium hydroxide-treated mice showed similar results. Overall, the present study provides conclusive evidence that the initial site of parasite entrance critically affects host immune response and disease outcome. In light of the occurrence of oral Chagas disease outbreaks, our results raise important implications in terms of the current view of the natural disease course and host-parasite relationship. Chagas disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is endemic in Latin America and a neglected tropical disease, which affects 6–7 million people worldwide. Currently, oral transmission is the most frequent pathway of infection in Brazil but also occurs in other endemic countries. This important infection route is underestimated and understudied. Here, we demonstrate that the site of parasite entrance, in the oral cavity (OI), as observed in natural infection, or directly to the gastrointestinal tract (GI), differentially affects the host-immune response and mortality. OI promotes a severe acute disease, elevated parasitemia and TNF mediated mortality. OI showed intense hepatitis and mild heart damage. Interestingly, GI mice presented mild disease, along with less circulating TNF and higher TGF-β and IL-17 serum contents. GI animals showed mild liver damage and intense heart inflammation. Our study is a pioneer work that analyzes the features of two distinct routes of oral infection. In addition, it provides new clues for Chagas pathology and stimulates background for the elucidation of disease features in orally exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Silva-dos-Santos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Rosa Pérez
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luiz Ricardo Berbert
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratory on Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Roggero
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - José Jurberg
- National and International Laboratory on Triatomine Taxonomy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Oscar Bottasso
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Cazorla SI, Matos MN, Cerny N, Ramirez C, Alberti AS, Bivona AE, Morales C, Guzmán CA, Malchiodi EL. Oral multicomponent DNA vaccine delivered by attenuated Salmonella elicited immunoprotection against American trypanosomiasis. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:698-707. [PMID: 25160983 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that attenuated Salmonella (S) carrying plasmids encoding the cysteine protease cruzipain (Cz) protects against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Here, we determined whether immunoprotection could be improved by the oral coadministration of 3 Salmonella carrying the plasmids that encode the antigens Cz, Tc52, and Tc24. SCz+STc52+STc24-immunized mice presented an increased antibody response against each antigen compared with those in the single antigen-immunized groups, as well as higher trypomastigotes antibody-mediated lyses and cell invasion inhibition compared with controls. SCz+STc52+STc24-immunized and -challenged mice rendered lower parasitemia. Weight loss after infection was detected in all mice except those in the SCz+STc52+STc24 group. Moreover, cardiomyopathy-associated enzyme activity was significantly lower in SCz+STc24+STc52-immunized mice compared with controls. Few or no abnormalities were found in muscle tissues of SCz+STc24+STc52-immunized mice, whereas controls presented with inflammatory foci, necrosis, and amastigote nests. We conclude that a multicomponent approach that targets several invasion and metabolic mechanisms improves protection compared with single-component vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia I Cazorla
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Dr. R. A. Margni, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA
| | - Marina N Matos
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Dr. R. A. Margni, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA
| | - Natacha Cerny
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Dr. R. A. Margni, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA
| | - Carolina Ramirez
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Dr. R. A. Margni, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA
| | - Andrés Sanchez Alberti
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Dr. R. A. Margni, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA
| | - Augusto E Bivona
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Dr. R. A. Margni, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA
| | - Celina Morales
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina UBA, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emilio L Malchiodi
- Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Dr. R. A. Margni, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, UBA
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Kirsch HL, Thakur KT, Birbeck GL. Central nervous system infections in travelers. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15:600-11. [PMID: 24190735 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
International travelers commonly contract infections while abroad, many of which are primary neurological diseases or have potential neurological sequelae. The implications of these neuroinfectious diseases extend beyond the individual, since returning travelers may contribute to the spread of infection in novel areas. In this review, we discuss signs, symptoms, treatments, and prophylaxes for these infections, as well as emerging trends with regard to neuroinfectious diseases of the returning traveler.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Kirsch
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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Design of e-pharmacophore models using compound fragments for the trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi: screening for novel inhibitor scaffolds. J Mol Graph Model 2013; 45:84-97. [PMID: 24012872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' is a fatal disease that affects millions of people worldwide. The lack of safe and effective treatments for Chagas' highlights the need for the discovery of new drugs to fight the disease. Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasitic cause of Chagas' disease, synthesizes a trans-sialidase (TcTS) enzyme responsible for the transfer of sialic acids from the host cell surface to glycoconjugates on the parasitic cell surface. TcTS has no human analogs and is vital to the life cycle of T. cruzi, making TcTS an important enzyme for drug design against Chagas' disease. We use fragment docking to generate various e-pharmacophore hypotheses depicting protein residues important for ligand binding. Virtual screening of the ZINC Clean Leads database with more than 4 million compounds using the e-pharmacophore models found 82 potential inhibitors of TcTS. Molecular dynamics and free energy of binding calculations were used to rank the compounds based on their affinity for TcTS. Two compounds-ZINC13359679 and ZINC02576132-were found to be the most promising lead candidates for TcTS inhibition, and their binding modes are analyzed in detail.
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Belluco S, Losasso C, Maggioletti M, Alonzi CC, Paoletti MG, Ricci A. Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Belluco
- Risk Analysis Div.; Food Safety Dept.; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; viale dell'Univ. 10; 35020 - Legnaro (PD); Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Risk Analysis Div.; Food Safety Dept.; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; viale dell'Univ. 10; 35020 - Legnaro (PD); Italy
| | - Michela Maggioletti
- UCSC-Allergy Unit; Complesso Integrato Columbus; Via G. Moscati 31; 00168 Rome; Italy
| | - Cristiana C. Alonzi
- UCSC-Allergy Unit; Complesso Integrato Columbus; Via G. Moscati 31; 00168 Rome; Italy
| | | | - Antonia Ricci
- Risk Analysis Div.; Food Safety Dept.; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; viale dell'Univ. 10; 35020 - Legnaro (PD); Italy
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Ramírez JD, Montilla M, Cucunubá ZM, Floréz AC, Zambrano P, Guhl F. Molecular epidemiology of human oral Chagas disease outbreaks in Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2041. [PMID: 23437405 PMCID: PMC3578743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, displays significant genetic variability revealed by six Discrete Typing Units (TcI-TcVI). In this pathology, oral transmission represents an emerging epidemiological scenario where different outbreaks associated to food/beverages consumption have been reported in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Venezuela. In Colombia, six human oral outbreaks have been reported corroborating the importance of this transmission route. Molecular epidemiology of oral outbreaks is barely known observing the incrimination of TcI, TcII, TcIV and TcV genotypes. Methodology and Principal Findings High-throughput molecular characterization was conducted performing MLMT (Multilocus Microsatellite Typing) and mtMLST (mitochondrial Multilocus Sequence Typing) strategies on 50 clones from ten isolates. Results allowed observing the occurrence of TcI, TcIV and mixed infection of distinct TcI genotypes. Thus, a majority of specific mitochondrial haplotypes and allelic multilocus genotypes associated to the sylvatic cycle of transmission were detected in the dataset with the foreseen presence of mitochondrial haplotypes and allelic multilocus genotypes associated to the domestic cycle of transmission. Conclusions These findings suggest the incrimination of sylvatic genotypes in the oral outbreaks occurred in Colombia. We observed patterns of super-infection and/or co-infection with a tailored association with the severe forms of myocarditis in the acute phase of the disease. The transmission dynamics of this infection route based on molecular epidemiology evidence was unraveled and the clinical and biological implications are discussed. Chagas disease represents a serious health problem affecting more than 10 million people in the Americas. The oral transmission route has emerged as a new epidemiological scenario that needs to be considered in prevention and control strategies. Herein was developed a high-resolution molecular characterization using mtMLST and MLMT tools in order to unravel the molecular epidemiology and transmission dynamics drivers in six well-characterized human oral outbreaks in Colombia. We observed the majority of clones typed as TcI and one clone as TcIV. The analysis of mitochondrial haplotypes allowed us to observe a high frequency of sylvatic haplotypes and a low proportion of domestic haplotypes. Likewise, a tailored allelic profile by each outbreak was observed. Our results suggest that sylvatic populations of T. cruzi are the causative agents of Chagas disease oral outbreaks and these findings should help to pursue new initiatives of control and prevention in those areas where domiciliated vectorial transmission has been interrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marleny Montilla
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zulma M. Cucunubá
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Pilar Zambrano
- Subdirección de Vigilancia y Control en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas disease is endemic in Latin America, where an estimated 10-14 million people are infected, and an emerging disease in Europe and the USA. Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by blood-sucking bugs of the family Reduviidae. Rhodnius prolixus, Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma infestans, and T. dimidiata are the main vectors in the sylvatic cycle. Non vector-borne transmission includes blood transfusion, congenital and oral transmission, transplantation, and accidental infections. Most cases of acute infection occur in childhood and are usually asymptomatic, although severe myocarditis and meningoencephalitis may occur. Approximately 30% of T. cruzi-infected people will develop the chronic stage of the disease. Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy is characterized by progressive heart failure, arrhythmias, intraventricular conduction defects, sudden death, and peripheral thromboembolism. Acute exacerbation can occur in individuals with involvement of cellular immunity such as advanced AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), and transplant-associated immunosuppression. Neurological involvement may present with encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, or a space-occupying cerebral lesion called chagoma. Chagas disease is a major cause of ischemic stroke in Latin America. Several epidemiological studies have found an association between T. cruzi infection and cardioembolic ischemic stroke. Benznidazole and nifurtimox are the two available trypanocide drugs against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Carod-Artal
- Neurology Department, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK and Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Cogo J, Caleare ADO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Filho BPD, Ferreira ICP, Nakamura CV. Trypanocidal activity of guaianolide obtained from Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. and its combinational effect with benznidazole. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 20:59-66. [PMID: 23069248 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro antiprotozoal activity of a guaianolide (11,13-dehydrocompressanolide) isolated from Tanacetum parthenium against Trypanosoma cruzi and investigated the possible combinational effect of guaianolide and benznidazole. The isolated compound was shown to be effective against T. cruzi, with IC₅₀ values of 18.1±0.8 and 66.6±1.3 μM against the multiplicative epimastigote and amastigote forms, respectively. The best results were obtained against trypomastigotes, with an EC₅₀ of 5.7±0.7 μM. The guaianolide presented no toxicity in LLCMK₂ cells (CC₅₀ of 93.5 μM) and was 16.4-fold more selective for trypomastigotes. The study of the combinational effect of benznidazole and guaianolide revealed the presence of a synergistic effect against the epimastigote form and marginal additive effect against the trypomastigote form. Striking morphological changes were observed in epimastigotes treated with guaianolide, such as thinning and stretching of the cell body and flagellum and changes in the format of the cell body with apparent leakage of the cytoplasmic content in trypomastigote forms. The ultrastructural analysis of epimastigotes revealed the presence of membranes that involved organelles and formation of myelin-like figures. Flow cytometry revealed a cell volume reduction and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. However, no major changes in cell membrane integrity were found in the epimastigote form treated with guaianolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cogo
- Programa de Pós graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Congenital and oral transmission of American trypanosomiasis: an overview of physiopathogenic aspects. Parasitology 2012; 140:147-59. [PMID: 23010131 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a pathology affecting about 8-11 million people in Mexico, Central America, and South America, more than 300 000 persons in the United States as well as an indeterminate number of people in other non-endemic countries such as USA, Spain, Canada and Switzerland. The aetiological agent is Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan transmitted by multiple routes; among them, congenital route emerges as one of the most important mechanisms of spreading Chagas disease worldwide even in non-endemic countries and the oral route as the responsible of multiple outbreaks of acute Chagas disease in regions where the vectorial route has been interrupted. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent research and advances in host-pathogen interaction making a model of how the virulence factors of the parasite would interact with the physiology and immune system components of the placental barrier and gastrointestinal tract in order to establish a response against T. cruzi infection. This review also presents the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic features of congenital and oral Chagas disease in order to update the reader about the emerging scenarios of Chagas disease transmission.
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Barbosa RL, Dias VL, Pereira KS, Schmidt FL, Franco RMB, Guaraldo AMA, Alves DP, Passos LAC. Survival in vitro and virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi in açaí pulp in experimental acute Chagas disease. J Food Prot 2012; 75:601-6. [PMID: 22410239 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a parasitic infection with high socioeconomic impact throughout Latin America. Although this severe, incurable disease can be transmitted by several routes, oral transmission is currently the most important route in the Amazon Basin. Açaí pulp has nutritional properties and is popular throughout Brazil and abroad. However, this pulp has been associated with microepidemics of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in northern Brazil, where açaí fruit is the main food supplement. In this study, we examined the in vitro survival and in vivo virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain in açaí pulp. Aliquots of in natura açaí pulp produced in Belém city in the northern Brazilian state of Pará were mixed with 10⁵ trypomastigotes. The samples were incubated at room temperature or at 4 or -20°C for various periods, and the parasites were isolated by forced sieving. The resulting eluates were examined by microscopy, and the trypomastigotes were administered intraperitoneally, orally, or by gavage to immunodeficient mice (C.B-17-Prkdc(scid)/PasUnib) that had been pretreated with antibiotics. Parasitemia was quantified by the Brener method, and mortality was recorded daily. All routes of administration resulted in ACD. A 5-day delay in the onset of parasitemia occurred with oral administration. The survival and virulence of the parasites were unaffected by prior incubation at room temperature for 24 h, at 4°C for 144 h, and at -20°C for 26 h. These results indicate that T. cruzi can survive and retain its virulence in açaí pulp under various conditions and that cooling and freezing are not suitable methods for preventing foodborne ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Labello Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Tanowitz HB, Mukhopadhyay A, Ashton AW, Lisanti MP, Machado FS, Weiss LM, Mukherjee S. Microarray analysis of the mammalian thromboxane receptor-Trypanosoma cruzi interaction. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1132-43. [PMID: 21364319 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.7.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, causes vasculopathy and cardiomyopathy in humans and is associated with elevated levels of several vasoactive molecules such as nitric oxide, endothelin-1 and thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2). Parasite derived TXA 2 modulates vasculopathy and other pathophysiological features of Chagasic cardiomyopathy. Previously, we demonstrated that in response to infection with T. cruzi, TXA 2 receptor (TP) null mice displayed increased parasitemia; mortality and cardiac pathology compared with wild type (WT) and TXA 2 synthase null mice. In order to further study the role of TXA 2-TP signaling in the development of Chagas disease, GeneChip microarrays were used to detect transcriptome changes in rat fat pad endothelial cells (RFP-ECs) which is incapable of TXA 2 signaling (TP null) to that of control (wild type) and RFP-EC with reconstituted TP expression. Genes that were significantly regulated due to infection were identified using a time course of 2, 18 and 48 hrs post infection. We identified several key genes such as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-5), several cytokines (CSF-1, CXCF ligands), and MAP kinases (MAPK-1, Janus kinase) that were upregulated in the absence of TP signaling. These data underscore the importance of the interaction of the parasite with mammalian TP and may explain the increased mortality and cardiovascular pathology observed in infected TP null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert B Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA.
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Abstract
Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a parasitic infection caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, an organism that is endemic to Latin America. While Chagas disease is primarily a vector-borne illness, new cases are emerging in non-endemic areas due to globalization of immigration and non-vectorial transmission routes. This article discusses the mode of transmission, evolving epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention and control of the disease.
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