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Pascale R, Acquavia MA, Onzo A, Cataldi TRI, Calvano CD, Bianco G. Analysis of surfactants by mass spectrometry: Coming to grips with their diversity. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34570373 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are surface-active agents widely used in numerous applications in our daily lives as personal care products, domestic, and industrial detergents. To determine complex mixtures of surfactants and their degradation products, unselective and rather insensitive methods, based on colorimetric and complexometric analyses are no longer employable. Analytical methodologies able to determine low concentration levels of surfactants and closely related compounds in complex matrices are required. The recent introduction of robust, sensitive, and selective mass spectrometry (MS) techniques has led to the rapid expansion of the surfactant research field including complex mixtures of isomers, oligomers, and homologues of surfactants as well as their chemically and biodegradation products at trace levels. In this review, emphasis is given to the state-of-the-art MS-based analysis of surfactants and their degradation products with an overview of the current research landscape from traditional methods involving hyphenate techniques (gas chromatography-MS and liquid chromatography-MS) to the most innovative approaches, based on high-resolution MS. Finally, we outline a detailed explanation on the utilization of MS for mechanistic purposes, such as the study of micelle formation in different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria A Acquavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- ALMAGISI S.r.l Corso Italia, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Onzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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2
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Eghbali H, Hagen H, Van Engelen M, Meertens W, Schweizer-Theobaldt A, Meunier D. Molecular weight distribution characterization of reactive higher ethyleneamines using size-exclusion chromatography with conventional calibration. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:141-149. [PMID: 31277951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethyleneamines have been produced and commercialized for decades in the chemical industry for a diverse range of applications. The presence of amine functional groups provides them opportunity to adsorb onto surfaces which can make them a very challenging sample matrix to analyze using separation techniques. In the present report, a new aqueous SEC-RI method, which enables MWD characterization of higher ethyleneamines, is described. The sample preparation was based on the dilute-and-shoot methodology. A surface-modified SEC column with positively charged groups attached to the stationary phase was used. The mobile phase composition (salt concentration, pH) was optimized to suppress interaction between the ethyleneamines and the packing material. Very symmetrical peak shapes were achieved for low MW monodisperse ethyleneamines despite their high primary amine content. MWD calculations were conducted using conventional narrow standard calibration with partial linear extrapolation of the calibration curve. The narrow standards were of the same chemistry as the samples of interest. Consequently, the standard components display a consistent behaviour towards the column packing as the sample components which makes the present method more robust and the interpretation of the quantitative results more convenient. Effect on the measured MW averages and MW distribution due to various experimental parameters (e.g., system variability, mobile phase preparation, sample concentration) were investigated showing good repeatability (RSD < 2%) for Mn, Mw, and Mz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Eghbali
- Dow Benelux B. V., Core R&D Analytical Science, Terneuzen, 4530 AA, the Netherlands.
| | - Henk Hagen
- Dow Benelux B. V., Packaging and Specialty Plastics R&D, Terneuzen, 4530 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Van Engelen
- Dow Benelux B. V., Core R&D Analytical Science, Terneuzen, 4530 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Willy Meertens
- Dow Benelux B. V., Core R&D Analytical Science, Terneuzen, 4530 AA, the Netherlands
| | | | - David Meunier
- The Dow Chemical Company, Core R&D Analytical Science, Midland, MI, 48674, USA
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Borreguero AM, Rodríguez JF, Velencoso MM, Serrano Á, Ramos MJ. DMSO as solvent on the synthesis of flame-retardant polyether polyols. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Borreguero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA); University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, Ciudad Real 13005 Spain
| | - Juan F. Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA); University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, Ciudad Real 13005 Spain
| | - María M. Velencoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA); University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, Ciudad Real 13005 Spain
| | - Ángel Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA); University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, Ciudad Real 13005 Spain
| | - María J. Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA); University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, Ciudad Real 13005 Spain
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Groeneveld G, Dunkle MN, Rinken M, Gargano AF, de Niet A, Pursch M, Mes EP, Schoenmakers PJ. Characterization of complex polyether polyols using comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated to high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Xu X, Yang X, Martin SJ, Mes E, Chen J, Meunier DM. Conversion of calibration curves for accurate estimation of molecular weight averages and distributions of polyether polyols by conventional size exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1563:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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D'Souza J, Camargo R, Yan N. Biomass Liquefaction and Alkoxylation: A Review of Structural Characterization Methods for Bio-based Polyols. POLYM REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1283328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D'Souza
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafael Camargo
- Huntsman Advanced Technology Center, Huntsman International LLC, The Woodlands, Texas, USA
| | - Ning Yan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Velencoso MM, Ramos MJ, Garcia-Martinez JC, De Lucas A, Rodriguez JF. Synthesis of Polyether Polyols using Glycerol Phosphate Disodium Salt as Initiator. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2013.813742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Velencoso MM, Gonzalez ASB, García-Martínez JC, Ramos MJ, De Lucas A, Rodriguez JF. Click-ligation of coumarin to polyether polyols for polyurethane foams. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Reichel C. Mass spectrometric analysis of EPO IEF-PAGE interfering substances in nitrile examination gloves. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:761-74. [PMID: 23081906 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Direct detection of doping with recombinant erythropoietins (rhEPO) is accomplished by isoelectric focusing (IEF) or sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). In a recent publication, Lasne et al. (Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 1444) showed that improper use of nitrile examination gloves during sample collection, sample preparation, and IEF-PAGE may lead to distorted or absent EPO IEF-profiles. In order to clarify which substances are responsible for this observation, a mass spectrometric study on water extractable compounds found in nitrile gloves was performed. Several substance classes were shown to be present, among them polyethylene glycols (PEG), anionic and nonionic surfactants, as well as alcohol ethoxylates and plasticizers. It could be demonstrated that alkylbenzenesulfonates, the main category of detectable anionic detergents, and among them sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and its homologs, are the prime reason for the interference of nitrile gloves with EPO IEF-PAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, A-2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
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Chen YT, Wang FS, Li Z, Li L, Ling YC. Development of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometric method for rapid process-monitoring of phthalocyanine compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 736:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Mass V, Rode K, Rittig F, Ostrowski T, Pasch H. Analysis of Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates Regarding Chain Length and Endgroups by MALDI-TOF MS Using Collision-Induced Dissociation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Velencoso MM, Gutierrez C, Ramos MJ, García-Martínez JC, de Lucas A, Rodriguez JF. Production of Polyether Polyols Using Phosphate Calcium Salt. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2011.585934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Reichel C. Practicing IEF-PAGE of EPO: the impact of detergents and sample application methods on analytical performance in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2011; 2:603-19. [PMID: 21204292 DOI: 10.1002/dta.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic techniques, namely isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are key techniques used for confirming the doping-related abuse of recombinant erythropoietins and analogs. IEF-PAGE is performed on horizontal slab-gels with samples applied to the surface of the gel. Different sample application techniques can be employed, but application pieces and applicator strips are most frequently used. However, defective application pieces cause lane streaking during IEF of erythropoietin (EPO), which is especially pronounced in the acidic region of the gel. The effect is due to an incompatibility of the substance used for enhancing the wettability of the cellulose-based commercial product and is batch-dependent. A detailed mass spectrometric study was performed, which revealed that defective sample application pieces (bought between 2007 and 2010) contained a complex mixture of alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxysulfates, and alkyl sulfates (e.g. SDS). Anionic detergents, like the sulfates contained in these application pieces, are in general incompatible with IEF. Alternative application techniques proved partly useful. While homemade pieces made of blotting paper are a good alternative, the usage of applicator strips or shims is hampered by the risk of leaking wells, which lead to laterally diffused samples. Casting IEF-gels with wells appears to be the best solution, since sustained release of retained proteins from the application pieces can be avoided. Edge effects do not occur if wells are correctly filled with the samples. The evaluation of EPO-profiles with defects is prohibited by the technical document on EPO-analytics (TD2009EPO) of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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15
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Analysis of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry using collision induced dissociation. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Wulf V, Wienand N, Wirtz M, Kling HW, Gäb S, Schmitz OJ. Analysis of special surfactants by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:749-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Simonsick WJ, Petkovska VI. Detailed structural elucidation of polyesters and acrylates using Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:575-83. [PMID: 18719895 PMCID: PMC2556801 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detailed structural characterization of complex polymer architectures, like copolymers and polymer mixtures, by mass spectrometry presents a challenge. Even though soft ionization analyses revolutionized the characterization of large molecules and provided a means for determining the polymer's molecular weight distribution, polydispersity, and end groups, full microstructure elucidation and monomer sequencing by soft ionization alone is not possible. The combination of high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) provides a powerful analytical tool for addressing these challenges. This tool was used in our work to separate and identify the products of polymerization between 12-hydroxystearic acid (HSA) and stearic acid (SA), to provide precise information about the exact location of caprolactones on the Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate (THEIC) molecule, and to sequence a glycidyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate (GMA/MMA) copolymer. The results highlight the value of ultrahigh resolution and tandem mass spectrometry for fine structural characterization and sequencing of polymers.
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End-group characterisation of poly(propylene glycol)s by means of electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:643-50. [PMID: 18762924 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The end-group functionalisation of a series of poly(propylene glycol)s has been characterised by means of electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). A series of peaks with mass-to-charge ratios that are close to that of the precursor ion were used to generate information on the end-group functionalities of the poly(propylene glycol)s. Fragment ions resulting from losses of both of the end groups were noted from some of the samples. An example is presented of how software can be used to significantly reduce the length of time involved in data interpretation (which is typically the most time-consuming part of the analysis).
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Jackson AT, Green MR, Bateman RH. Generation of end-group information from polyethers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:3542-50. [PMID: 17078106 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of polyethers, namely poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), poly(butylene glycol) (PBG) and poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMeG), has been characterised by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation collision-induced dissociation (MALDI-CID) using a hybrid sector orthogonal-time-of-flight (TOF) instrument. The data indicate that this technique can be used to generate information about the end-group functionality of these polymers, including in some cases information about branching of the alkyl chains of the initiating groups. Proposals are made for the fragmentation pathways for these polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Jackson
- ICI Measurement Science Group, ICI plc, Wilton Centre, Wilton, Redcar TS10 4RF, UK.
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21
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Okuna S, Kiuchi M, Arakawa R. Structural characterization of polyethers using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2006; 12:181-7. [PMID: 16819109 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation of polyethers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(propylene glycol) and poly(tetramethylene glycol) was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS) using a quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QIT-ToF). The Li adduct ion provided more abundant fragments than the Na and K adduct ions in the MS/MS spectra. A previous study had demonstrated four series fragments of hydroxyl-, vinyl- and formyl-terminated ions, as well as distonic cations, in high-energy fast atom bombardment MS/MS and MALDI collision-induced dissociation measurements of poly(ethylene glycol). In the present study, the low-energy MS/MS measurements using MALDI-QIT-ToF, showed hydroxyl-, vinyl- and formyl- terminated fragments with or without other fragment groups, but not distonic cations. The fragmentation depended on the types of polyethers examined. MS/MS measurements using MALDI-QIT-ToF are expected to allow structural characterization of unknown components of polyethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Okuna
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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Al-Jarah SY, Sjödahl J, Woldegiorgis A, Emmer A. Capillary electrophoretic and mass spectrometric analysis of a polydisperse fluorosurfactant. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:239-44. [PMID: 15776925 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200400040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A fluorosurfactant has been studied using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The fluorosurfactant, FC134, can be used as a buffer additive in capillary electrophoresis in order to decrease wall adsorption of proteins and in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. However, it has been discovered that this fluorosurfactant is polydisperse, thus containing substances with different lengths and structures. In this work, the fluorosurfactant sample components were separated by capillary electrophoresis. An uncoated as well as a poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillary were used with running electrolytes containing methanol and acetic acid. Following the capillary electrophoretic separation, fractions were collected for further analysis by MALDI-MS. Non-fractionated samples were also analyzed both by MALDI-MS and by ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhair Yousif Al-Jarah
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Marie A, Alves S, Fournier F, Tabet JC. Fluorinated matrix approach for the characterization of hydrophobic perfluoropolyethers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1294-9. [PMID: 12659188 DOI: 10.1021/ac0260802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of fluorinated polymers in MALDI is often unsuccessful because commonly used matrixes, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, Indole acrylic acid, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, etc., do not desorb/ionize fluorinated polymers efficiently. This could be in part attributed to the unfavorable interaction between the matrix molecules and fluorinated oligomers due to differences in their hydrophobicities. Moreover, the relative cation affinity between the matrix molecules and the fluorinated oligomers may not favor the gas-phase cationization process of the fluorinated oligomers. To overcome these limitations, fluorinated derivates of benzoic acid (pentafluorobenzoic acid) and cinnamic acid (Pentafluoro cinnamic acid) were employed for the desorption/ionization of perfluoropolyethers. Presence of fluorine atoms in the matrix might improve the interaction between the matrix and perfluoroether during the crystallization or ionization step. With a pentafluorobenzoic acid matrix, intact silver cationized oligomers were desorbed, whereas with a pentafluorocinnamic acid matrix, loss of end group was observed. This loss could be rationalized by the dissociation of the silver cationized oligomers via an ion-dipole mechanism. This work shows the possibility of characterizing yet another important class of fluorinated polymer by MALDI-TOFMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique et Biologique, CNRS UMR 7613, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Courier 45, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Okuno S, Ohmoto M, Arakawa R. Analysis of polypropyleneglycols using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Effects of cationizing agents on the mass spectra. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2003; 9:97-103. [PMID: 12748393 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of polypropyleneglycol (PPG), effects of cationizing agents were examined. When NaI was used as a cationizing agent, the distribution of multiply-charged ions in the spectra was greatly affected by the ratio of cationizing agent and PPG. However, the distribution was not affected by the use of CH(3)COONH(4). With an increase of cone voltage, fragmentation occurred by in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) when CH(3)COONH(4) was used. On the contrary, no decomposition of the PPG backbone was observed with NaI. Instead, the intensity of the lower-charged ions, whose mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios are larger, increased because of the elimination of Na(+) with increase of cone voltage. Under optimum conditions for ESI-MS analysis, PPGs that have different molecular weights, different initiators or end groups were easily and accurately characterized. A tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) study of NH(4)(+) adduct ions of PPG indicated that a vinyl-terminated linear structure is formed at the end group during the fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Okuno
- Analysis Center, Dainippon Ink and Chemical Incorporated, Takaishi, Osaka 592-0001, Japan
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Marie A, Fournier F, Tabet JC, Améduri B, Walker J. Collision-induced dissociation studies of poly(vinylidene) fluoride telomers in an electrospray-ion trap mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3213-20. [PMID: 12141685 DOI: 10.1021/ac0156464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although fluorinated polymers are widely used in different applications, they are rarely investigated by "soft ionization" techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization (ESI). We report here, the desorption and fragmentation of poly(vinylidene) fluoride (PVDF) telomers in an ion trap mass spectrometer coupled to an ESI source. Protonated and lithiated telomers under collision-induced dissociation resonant excitation show mainly HF losses. Fragmentation of protonated telomers can be rationalized by a double proton-transfer mechanism and that of lithiated and anionic telomers by an ion-dipole mechanism. Both mechanisms predict the formation of a stable aromatic or a linear conjugated species, respectively. For lithiated telomers, we could determine the degree of polymerization (n) from the product ion abundance in MS2 experiments. The nature of the end group plays a substantial role in orienting the fragmentation of the PVDF ions. It is interesting to note that, in MS2 experiments, Li+ and F- act as catalysts in the fragmentation of PVDF telomers. Fragmentation of the PVDF telomer backbone was not observed under any experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique et Biologique, CNRS, UMR 7613, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Chen R, Yu X, Li L. Characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) esters using low energy collision-induced dissociation in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2002; 13:888-897. [PMID: 12148812 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(02)00396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method of characterizing polyglycol esters, an important class of industrial polymer, has been developed using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI ITMS). The fragmentation behavior of polyglycol esters is found to be different from that of polyglycols whose functional end groups are linked to the polymer chain via ether bonds (i.e., polyglycol ethers). The fragmentation pattern of an oligomer ion generated by low-energy collision-induced dissociation is strongly dependent on the type of cation used for ionization. It is shown that structural information on the polymer chain and end groups is best obtained by examining the fragment ion spectra of oligomers ionized by ammonium, alkali, and transition metal ions. The application of this method is demonstrated in the analysis of two surfactants based on fatty acid methyl ester ethoxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
Recent and older literature (covering the last 12-13 years) in the field of mass spectra of random and block copolymers is reviewed. A detailed description is given of the information on copolymer properties that can be recovered from the analysis of the low-mass region of the spectrum (the region below 500 Da) and the high-mass region. The features of mass spectra of copolymers obtained by different synthetic routes are discussed, such as free radical, condensation, ring-chain equilibration, microbial synthesis, ring-opening, simple anionic, cationic, Ziegler-Natta, and/or metallocene catalysis, along with some random and block copolymers that occur in Nature. The emphasis is on copolymer composition and average molar mass determination, and on the benefits of coupling mass spectrometry (MS) with separation techniques such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio S Montaudo
- Instituto per la Chimica e la Tecnologia dei Materiali Polimerici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, viale A Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Chen R, Li L. Lithium and transition metal ions enable low energy collision-induced dissociation of polyglycols in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2001; 12:832-839. [PMID: 11444606 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry has the potential to be widely used as a tool for polymer structural characterization. However, the backbones or molecular chains of many industrial polymers including functional polyglycols are often difficult to dissociate in tandem mass spectrometers using low energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). We present a method that uses Li+ and transition metal ions such as Ag+ as the cationization reagents for electrospray ionization in an ion trap mass spectrometer. It is shown that lithium and transition metal polyglycol adduct ions can be readily fragmented with low energy CID. Comparative results from different cationization reagents in their abilities of producing both MS spectra and CID spectra are shown. This method opens the possibility of using conventional and readily available low energy CID tandem MS to study polyglycol structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:446-457. [PMID: 11333450 DOI: 10.1002/jms.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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