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Rahangdale R, Tender T, Balireddy S, Goswami K, Pasupuleti M, Hariharapura RC. A critical review on antiviral peptides derived from viral glycoproteins and host receptors to decoy herpes simplex virus. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2036-2052. [PMID: 37740682 PMCID: PMC10616652 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of the human population has been continuously challenged by viral infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the common causes of illness and can lead to death in immunocompromised patients. Existing anti-HSV therapies are not completely successful in eliminating the infection due to anti-viral drug resistance, ineffectiveness against the latent virus and high toxicity over prolonged use. There is a need to update our knowledge of the current challenges faced in anti-HSV therapeutics and realize the necessity of developing alternative treatment approaches. Protein therapeutics are now being explored as a novel approach due to their high specificity and low toxicity. This review highlights the significance of HSV viral glycoproteins and host receptors in the pathogenesis of HSV infection. Proteins or peptides derived from HSV glycoproteins gC, gB, gD, gH and host cell receptors (HSPG, nectin and HVEM) that act as decoys to inhibit HSV attachment, entry, or fusion have been discussed. Few researchers have tried to improve the efficacy and stability of the identified peptides by modifying them using a peptidomimetic approach. With these efforts, we think developing an alternative treatment option for immunocompromised patients and drug-resistant organisms is not far off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Rahangdale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Tenzin Tender
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sridevi Balireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Kamini Goswami
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
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Quintero Barbosa JS, Rojas HYT, Gonzalez J, Espejo-Mojica AJ, Díaz CJA, Gutierrez MF. Characterization and expression of domains of Alphaherpesvirus bovine 1/5 envelope glycoproteins B in Komagataella phaffi. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:28. [PMID: 36721143 PMCID: PMC9887784 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine herpes virus (BoHV 1 and BoHV-5) are the causative agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). IBR is responsible for important economic losses in the cattle industry. The envelope glycoprotein B (gB) is essential for BoHV infection of cattle's upper respiratory and genital tract. gB is one of the main candidate antigens for a potential recombinant vaccine since it induces a strong and persistent immune response. RESULTS In this study, gB of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 was characterized in terms of function, structure, and antigenicity through bioinformatics tools. gB showed conserved sequence and structure, so, both domains named PH Like 1 and 2 domains of each virus were selected for the design of a bivalent vaccine candidate. The immunoinformatic study showed that these two domains have epitopes recognizable by B and T lymphocytes, followed by this, the cDNA domains from BoHV-1/5 gB (Domains-gB) were transformed into the yeast Komagataella phaffii GS115 (previously known as Pichia pastoris). A recombinant protein with molecular weight of about 110 kDa was obtained from the culture media. The vaccine candidate protein (Domains-gB) was recognized by a monoclonal antibody from a commercial ELISA kit used for IBR diagnostic, which may suggest that the epitopes are conserved of the entire infectious virus. CONCLUSION Overall, it was shown that the recombinant domains of BoHV-1/5 gB have antigenic and immunogenic properties similar to the native gB. This vaccine candidate is promising to be used in future studies to assess its immunogenicity in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sebastián Quintero Barbosa
- grid.41312.350000 0001 1033 6040Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Group, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Pontificia, Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C Colombia
| | - Heidy Yohana Triana Rojas
- grid.41312.350000 0001 1033 6040Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C Colombia
| | - Janneth Gonzalez
- grid.41312.350000 0001 1033 6040Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C Colombia
| | - Angela Johana Espejo-Mojica
- grid.41312.350000 0001 1033 6040Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C Colombia
| | - Carlos Javier Alméciga Díaz
- grid.41312.350000 0001 1033 6040Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C Colombia
| | - María Fernanda Gutierrez
- grid.41312.350000 0001 1033 6040Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Group, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Pontificia, Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C Colombia
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Brooks BD, Closmore A, Yang J, Holland M, Cairns T, Cohen GH, Bailey-Kellogg C. Characterizing Epitope Binding Regions of Entire Antibody Panels by Combining Experimental and Computational Analysis of Antibody: Antigen Binding Competition. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163659. [PMID: 32796656 PMCID: PMC7464469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and immunotherapies depend on the ability of antibodies to sensitively and specifically recognize particular antigens and specific epitopes on those antigens. As such, detailed characterization of antibody-antigen binding provides important information to guide development. Due to the time and expense required, high-resolution structural characterization techniques are typically used sparingly and late in a development process. Here, we show that antibody-antigen binding can be characterized early in a process for whole panels of antibodies by combining experimental and computational analyses of competition between monoclonal antibodies for binding to an antigen. Experimental "epitope binning" of monoclonal antibodies uses high-throughput surface plasmon resonance to reveal which antibodies compete, while a new complementary computational analysis that we call "dock binning" evaluates antibody-antigen docking models to identify why and where they might compete, in terms of possible binding sites on the antigen. Experimental and computational characterization of the identified antigenic hotspots then enables the refinement of the competitors and their associated epitope binding regions on the antigen. While not performed at atomic resolution, this approach allows for the group-level identification of functionally related monoclonal antibodies (i.e., communities) and identification of their general binding regions on the antigen. By leveraging extensive epitope characterization data that can be readily generated both experimentally and computationally, researchers can gain broad insights into the basis for antibody-antigen recognition in wide-ranging vaccine and immunotherapy discovery and development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Brooks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
- Inovan Inc., Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-435-222-1403
| | - Adam Closmore
- Department of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Juechen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Michael Holland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Tina Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
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Al-Sulaiman AM, Vallely PJ, Klapper PE, Al Baradie R, Almatrrouk SA, Alharbi KK. Expression of variable viruses as herpes simplex glycoprotein D and varicella zoster gE glycoprotein using a novel plasmid based expression system in insect cell. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 24:1497-1504. [PMID: 30294218 PMCID: PMC6169504 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems have been used for in vitro production of viruses’ proteins. However eukaryotic expression system was always the first choice for production of proteins that undergo post-translational modification such as glycosylation. Recombinant baculoviruses have been widely used as safe vectors to express heterologous genes in the culture of insect cells, but the manipulation involved in creating, titrating, and amplifying viral stocks make it time consuming and laborious. Therefore, to facilitate rapid expression in insect cell, a plasmid based expression system was used to express herpes simplex type 1 glycoprotein D (HSV-1 gD) and varicella zoster glycoprotein E (VZV gE). Recombinant plasmids were generated, transfected into insect cells (SF9), and both glycoproteins were expressed 48 h post-infection. A protein with approximately molecular weight of 64-kDa and 98-kDa for HSV-1 gD and VZV gE respectively was expressed and confirmed by SDS. Proteins were detected in insect cells cytoplasm and outer membrane by immunofluorescence. The antigenicity and immunoreactivity of each protein were confirmed by immunoblot and ELISA. Results suggest that this system can be an alternative to the traditional baculovirus expression for small scale expression system in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Al-Sulaiman
- Department of Medical and Molecular Virology, PSMMC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - P J Vallely
- Virology, Genomic Epidemiology Research Group, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - P E Klapper
- Clinical Virology, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Raid Al Baradie
- Medical Laboratory Department, CAMS, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khalid K Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Cairns TM, Ditto NT, Lou H, Brooks BD, Atanasiu D, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH. Global sensing of the antigenic structure of herpes simplex virus gD using high-throughput array-based SPR imaging. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006430. [PMID: 28614387 PMCID: PMC5484518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While HSV-2 typically causes genital lesions, HSV-1 is increasingly the cause of genital herpes. In addition, neonatal HSV infections are associated with a high rate of mortality and HSV-2 may increase the risk for HIV or Zika infections, reinforcing the need to develop an effective vaccine. In the GSK Herpevac trial, doubly sero-negative women were vaccinated with a truncated form of gD2 [gD2(284t)], then examined for anti-gD serum titers and clinical manifestations of disease. Surprisingly, few vaccinees were protected against genital HSV-2 but 86% were protected from genital HSV-1. These observations suggest that subtle differences in gD structure might influence a protective response. To better understand the antigenic structure of gD and how it impacts a protective response, we previously utilized several key anti-gD monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to dissect epitopes in vaccinee sera. Several correlations were observed but the methodology limited the number of sera and mAbs that could be tested. Here, we used array-based surface plasmon imaging (SPRi) to simultaneously measure a larger number of protein-protein interactions. We carried out cross-competition or "epitope binning" studies with 39 anti-gD mAbs and four soluble forms of gD, including a form [gD2(285t)] that resembles the Herpevac antigen. The results from these experiments allowed us to organize the mAbs into four epitope communities. Notably, relationships within and between communities differed depending on the form of gD, and off-rate analysis suggested differences in mAb-gD avidity depending on the gD serotype and length. Together, these results show that gD1 and gD2 differ in their structural topography. Consistent with the Herpevac results, several mAbs that bind both gD1 and gD2 neutralize only HSV-1. Thus, this technology provides new insights into the antigenic structure of gD and provides a rationale as to how vaccination with a gD2 subunit may lead to protection from HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M. Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Noah T. Ditto
- Wasatch Microfluidics, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Huan Lou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Doina Atanasiu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roselyn J. Eisenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Wang M, Jiang S, Zhou L, Wang C, Mao R, Ponnusamy M. Efficient production of recombinant glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 in Pichia pastoris and its protective efficacy against viral challenge in mice. Arch Virol 2016; 162:701-711. [PMID: 27868164 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease and a significant public health concern. However, there are no approved vaccines available to prevent HSV-2 infection. The glycoprotein D (gD) of HSV-2 is the most important candidate antigen for vaccine development. In this study, a truncated form of gD (codons 1-340, gD1-340) was produced as a secretory protein in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombinant gD1-340 with a His6 tag was purified to homogeneity by one-step affinity chromatography. Mice immunized with the recombinant gD1-340 developed high levels of antigen-specific antibody responses with HSV-2 neutralizing activity. Immunization with the recombinant gD1-340 conferred significant protection against lethal HSV-2 infection in mice. Moreover, measurement of the secretion of gD1-340-specific cytokines demonstrated that the recombinant gD1-340 induced mixed Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses. These findings indicated that P. pastoris-derived gD1-340 represents a promising HSV-2 vaccine candidate with strong immunogenicity and prophylactic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Ruifeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Murugavel Ponnusamy
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
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Mao H, Zhao X, Zhu H, Guo J, Ma Z. Expression and immunogenicity of recombinant glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus 1 in Drosophila S2 cells. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 46:384-91. [PMID: 26835587 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1045610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is responsible for cold sores in the general population, but also contributes to the development of other more serious diseases in some circumstances. The viral glycoprotein D (gD) is essential for virus entry into host cells. In the present study, the Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) expression system (DES) was evaluated for the expression of recombinant gD1. The DNA sequences encoding the full-length gD1 (369aa, FLgD1) and a truncated gD1 form corresponding to the ectodomain (314aa, EgD1) were cloned into S2 expression vector pMT/BiP/V5-HisA to generate pMT-EgD1 and pMT-FLgD1, respectively. Two forms of gD1 gene were fitted with a hexahistidine tag to facilitate their purification. Cell populations expressing the highest gD1 levels were selected by using a limiting dilution assay. Western blot, flow cytometry (FACS), and confocal immunofluoresence assay demonstrated that the full-length form is restrained in the lipid membranes of the cell and the ectodomain form is secreted into the medium. Recombinant ectodomain gD1 was scaled up and purified from the culture medium using nickel nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography, and a maximum production level of 56.8 mg/L of recombinant gD1 was obtained in a shake-flask culture of S2 cells after induction with 5 µM CdCl2 for 4 days. Mice were then immunized with recombinant purified gD1 and produced high titers of antibody measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; 1:5,120,000) as well as high plaque neutralization titer (1:320). Overall, the data indicated that stable expression in S2 cells is a practical way of synthesizing gD1 for use in structural and functional studies in the further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Mao
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Xinjiang University , Urumchi , China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Xinjiang University , Urumchi , China
| | - Hongjuan Zhu
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Xinjiang University , Urumchi , China
| | - Jingxia Guo
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Xinjiang University , Urumchi , China
| | - Zhenghai Ma
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Xinjiang University , Urumchi , China
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Geoghegan EM, Zhang H, Desai PJ, Biragyn A, Markham RB. Antiviral activity of a single-domain antibody immunotoxin binding to glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:527-35. [PMID: 25385102 PMCID: PMC4291438 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03818-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite years of research dedicated to preventing the sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), there is still no protective vaccine or microbicide against one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. Using a phage display library constructed from a llama immunized with recombinant HSV-2 glycoprotein D, we identified a single-domain antibody VHH, R33, which binds to the viral surface glycoprotein D. Although R33 does not demonstrate any HSV-2 neutralization activity in vitro, when expressed with the cytotoxic domain of exotoxin A, the resulting immunotoxin (R33ExoA) specifically and potently kills HSV-2-infected cells, with a 50% neutralizing dilution (IC50) of 6.7 nM. We propose that R33ExoA could be used clinically to prevent transmission of HSV-2 through killing of virus-producing epithelial cells during virus reactivation. R33 could also potentially be used to deliver other cytotoxic effectors to HSV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Geoghegan
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Prashant J Desai
- Viral Oncology Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard B Markham
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Dummer LA, Conceição FR, Nizoli LQ, de Moraes CM, Rocha AR, de Souza LL, Roos T, Vidor T, Leite FPL. Cloning and expression of a truncated form of envelope glycoprotein D of Bovine herpesvirus type 5 in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. J Virol Methods 2009; 161:84-90. [PMID: 19501621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Meningoencephalitis caused by Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is responsible for heavy economic losses in the cattle industry. As in other Alphaherpesviruses, the envelope glycoprotein IV (gD), which mediates penetration into host cells, is one of the major candidate antigens for a recombinant vaccine, since it induces a strong and persistent immune response. The DNA coding for a truncated form of BoHV-5 gD (tgD) has been cloned into the Pichia pastoris expression vector pPICZalphaB to allow protein secretion into the medium. After induction with methanol, a approximately 55kDa protein was obtained. Enzyme deglycosylation with Endo H showed a smaller size band in SDS-PGAE, with approximately 50kDa, suggesting that tgD has N-linked oligosaccharides and that it is not hyperglycosylated. The approximately 55kDa protein was recognized by several polyclonal antibodies, including polyclonal antibody anti-tgD and polyclonal antibodies of different animal species immunized with BoHV-5 and BoHV-1. This is the first report of BoHV-5 gD expression in yeast. It was shown that the recombinant truncated form of BoHV-5 gD has antigenic and immunogenic properties similar to the native BoHV-5 gD. Expression of tgD as a secreted protein allows simple and inexpensive purification methods that can be used for further studies to evaluate its immunogenicity in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Alves Dummer
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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