1
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Gormley M, Oliverio O, Kapidzic M, Ona K, Hall S, Fisher SJ. RNA profiling of laser microdissected human trophoblast subtypes at mid-gestation reveals a role for cannabinoid signaling in invasion. Development 2021; 148:272518. [PMID: 34557907 PMCID: PMC8572005 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human placental architecture is complex. Its surface epithelium, specialized for transport, forms by fusion of cytotrophoblast progenitors into multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts. Near the uterine surface, these progenitors assume a different fate, becoming cancer-like cells that invade its lining and blood vessels. The latter process physically connects the placenta to the mother and shunts uterine blood to the syncytiotrophoblasts. Isolation of trophoblast subtypes is technically challenging. Upon removal, syncytiotrophoblasts disintegrate and invasive cytotrophoblasts are admixed with uterine cells. We used laser capture to circumvent these obstacles. This enabled isolation of syncytiotrophoblasts and two subpopulations of invasive cytotrophoblasts from cell columns and the endovascular compartment of spiral arteries. Transcriptional profiling revealed numerous genes, the placental or trophoblast expression of which was not known, including neurotensin and C4ORF36. Using mass spectrometry, discovery of differentially expressed mRNAs was extended to the protein level. We also found that invasive cytotrophoblasts expressed cannabinoid receptor 1. Unexpectedly, screening agonists and antagonists showed that signals from this receptor promote invasion. Together, these results revealed previously unseen gene expression patterns that translate to the protein level. Our data also suggested that endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids can affect human placental development. Summary: Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of laser captured human trophoblasts showed that placental cells lining uterine arteries express cannabinoid receptor 1. Functional analyses suggest that endogenous/exogenous cannabinoids could affect placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gormley
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Oliver Oliverio
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mirhan Kapidzic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine Ona
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven Hall
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susan J Fisher
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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2
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Mahmoodi S, Pourhassan-Moghaddam M, Wood DW, Majdi H, Zarghami N. Current affinity approaches for purification of recombinant proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2019.1665406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pourhassan-Moghaddam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - David W. Wood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hasan Majdi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Horizontal gene transfer allowed the emergence of broad host range entomopathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7982-7989. [PMID: 30948646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816430116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new pathogenic fungi has profoundly impacted global biota, but the underlying mechanisms behind host shifts remain largely unknown. The endophytic insect pathogen Metarhizium robertsii evolved from fungi that were plant associates, and entomopathogenicity is a more recently acquired adaptation. Here we report that the broad host-range entomopathogen M. robertsii has 18 genes that are derived via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The necessity of degrading insect cuticle served as a major selective pressure to retain these genes, as 12 are up-regulated during penetration; 6 were confirmed to have a role in penetration, and their collective actions are indispensable for infection. Two lipid-carrier genes are involved in utilizing epicuticular lipids, and a third (MrNPC2a) facilitates hemocoel colonization. Three proteases degraded the procuticular protein matrix, which facilitated up-regulation of other cuticle-degrading enzymes. The three lipid carriers and one of the proteases are present in all analyzed Metarhizium species and are essential for entomopathogenicity. Acquisition of another protease (MAA_01413) in an ancestor of broad host-range lineages contributed to their host-range expansion, as heterologous expression in the locust specialist Metarhizium acridum enabled it to kill caterpillars. Our work reveals that HGT was a key mechanism in the emergence of entomopathogenicity in Metarhizium from a plant-associated ancestor and in subsequent host-range expansion by some Metarhizium lineages.
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Agrawal R, Singh R, Kumar A, Kumar A, Makde RD. Crystal structures of pyrrolidone-carboxylate peptidase I from Deinococcus radiodurans reveal the mechanism of L-pyroglutamate recognition. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 75:308-316. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolidone-carboxylate peptidase (PCP) catalyzes the removal of an unusual amino acid, L-pyroglutamate (pG), from the N-termini of peptides and proteins. It has implications in the functional regulation of different peptides in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, the pG-recognition mechanism of the PCP enzyme remains largely unknown. Here, crystal structures of PCP I from Deinococcus radiodurans (PCPdr) are reported in pG-free and pG-bound forms at resolutions of 1.73 and 1.55 Å, respectively. Four protomers in PCPdr form a tetrameric structure. The residues responsible for recognizing the pG residue are mostly contributed by a flexible loop (loop A) that is present near the active site. These residues are conserved in all known PCPs I, including those from mammals. Phe9 and Phe12 of loop A form stacking interactions with the pyrrolidone ring of pG, while Asn18 forms a hydrogen bond to OE of pG. The main chain of a nonconserved residue, Leu71, forms two hydrogen bonds to NH and OE of pG. Thus, pG is recognized in the S1 substrate subsite of the enzyme by both van der Waals and polar interactions, which provide specificity for the pG residue of the peptide. In contrast to previously reported PCP I structures, the PCPdr tetramer is in a closed conformation with an inaccessible active site. The structures show that the active site can be accessed by the substrates via disordering of loop A. This disordering could also prevent product inhibition by releasing the bound pG product from the S1 subsite, thus allowing the enzyme to engage a fresh substrate.
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5
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Elsässer B, Zauner FB, Messner J, Soh WT, Dall E, Brandstetter H. Distinct Roles of Catalytic Cysteine and Histidine in the Protease and Ligase Mechanisms of Human Legumain As Revealed by DFT-Based QM/MM Simulations. ACS Catal 2017; 7:5585-5593. [PMID: 28932620 PMCID: PMC5600538 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The cysteine protease enzyme legumain hydrolyzes peptide bonds
with high specificity after asparagine and under more acidic conditions
after aspartic acid [BakerE. N.1980, 141, 441−4847003158; BakerE. N.; 1977, 111, 207–210859183; DrenthJ.; 1976, 15, 3731–3738952885; MenardR.; 1994, 137; PolgarL.1978, 88, 513–521689035; StorerA. C.; 1994, 244, 486–5007845227. Remarkably,
legumain additionally exhibits ligase activity that prevails at pH
> 5.5. The atomic reaction mechanisms including their pH dependence
are only partly understood. Here we present a density functional theory
(DFT)-based quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) study of
the detailed reaction mechanism of both activities for human legumain
in solution. Contrasting the situation in other papain-like proteases,
our calculations reveal that the active site Cys189 must be present
in the protonated state for a productive nucleophilic attack and simultaneous
rupture of the scissile peptide bond, consistent with the experimental
pH profile of legumain-catalyzed cleavages. The resulting thioester
intermediate (INT1) is converted by water attack on the thioester
into a second intermediate, a diol (INT2), which is released by proton
abstraction by Cys189. Surprisingly, we found that ligation is not
the exact reverse of the proteolysis but can proceed via two distinct
routes. Whereas the transpeptidation route involves aminolysis of
the thioester (INT1), at pH 6 a cysteine-independent, histidine-assisted
ligation route was found. Given legumain’s important roles
in immunity, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, our findings
open up possibilities for targeted drug design in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Elsässer
- Department
of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian B. Zauner
- Department
of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann Messner
- Information
Management, University of Linz, Alternberger Strasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wai Tuck Soh
- Department
of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elfriede Dall
- Department
of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department
of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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6
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Gromova OA, Torshin IY, Kalacheva AG, Fedotova LE, Rudakov KV. [Molecular mechanisms of pidolate magnesium action and its neurotropic affects]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 116:96-103. [PMID: 28139633 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201611612196-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM A complex study of pharmacological properties of magnesium pyroglutamate using the modern methods of chemoinformatics and bioinformatics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pharmacological properties of magnesium pyroglutamate were studied using chemoinformatic and bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS Neurotropic effects of magnesium pyroglutamate are due to an influence on the synthesis of neuropeptides containing pyroglutamate (orexin, thyroliberin, neurotensin etc) and due to the similarity between pyroglutamate-anion with some neuroactive components (L-theanine, 2-pirrolydinone, piracetam). CONCLUSION The results of the study suggest neuroprotective, sedative and antidepressive properties of magnesium pyroglutamate which are realized by pyroglutamate-anion in the synergism with magnesium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Gromova
- Ivanovo State Medical Academy, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - I Yu Torshin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | | | - K V Rudakov
- Ivanovo State Medical Academy, Ivanovo, Russia, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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7
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Conti A, Alessio M. Comparative Proteomics for the Evaluation of Protein Expression and Modifications in Neurodegenerative Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 121:117-52. [PMID: 26315764 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Together with hypothesis-driven approaches, high-throughput differential proteomic analysis performed primarily not only in human cerebrospinal fluid and serum but also on protein content of other tissues (blood cells, muscles, peripheral nerves, etc.) has been used in the last years to investigate neurodegenerative diseases. Even if the goal for these analyses was mainly the discovery of neurodegenerative disorders biomarkers, the characterization of specific posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and the differential protein expression resulted in being very informative to better define the pathological mechanisms. In this chapter are presented and discussed the positive aspects and challenges of the outcomes of some of our investigations on neurological and neurodegenerative disease, in order to highlight the important role of protein PTMs studies in proteomics-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Conti
- Proteome Biochemistry, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Alessio
- Proteome Biochemistry, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
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8
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9
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Bai WL, Yang RJ, Yin RH, Jiang WQ, Luo GB, Yin RL, Zhao SJ, Li C, Zhao ZH. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of osteopontin cDNA from lactating mammary gland in yak (Bos grunniens). Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3627-35. [PMID: 21720759 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphorylated glycoprotein. It has an important role in mammary gland development and lactation, as well as, is thought to be a potential candidate gene for lactation traits. In the present work, we isolated and characterized a full-length open reading frame (ORF) of yak OPN cDNA from lactating mammary tissue, and examined its expression pattern in mammary gland during different stages of lactation, as well as, the recombinant OPN protein of yak was expressed successfully in E. coli. The sequencing results indicated that the isolated cDNA was 1132-bp in length containing a complete ORF of 837-bp. It encoded a precursor protein of yak OPN consisting of 278 amino acid with a signal peptide of 16 amino acids. Yak OPN has a predicted molecular mass of 29285.975 Da and an isoelectric point of 4.245. It had an identity of 65.50-99.16% in cDNA, identity of 52.06-98.56% and similarity of 65.40-98.56% in deduced amino acids with the corresponding sequences of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, human, and rabbit. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that yak OPN had the closest evolutionary relationship with that of cattle, and next buffalo. In mammary gland, yak OPN was generally transcribed in a declining pattern from colostrum period to dry period with an apparent increase of OPN expression being present in the late period of lactation compared with peak period of lactation. Western blot analysis indicated that His-tagged yak OPN protein expressed in E. coli could be recognized not only by an anti-His-tag antibody but also by an anti-human OPN antibody. These results from the present work provided a foundation for further insight into the role of OPN gene in yak lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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10
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Van Damme P, Van Damme J, Demol H, Staes A, Vandekerckhove J, Gevaert K. A review of COFRADIC techniques targeting protein N-terminal acetylation. BMC Proc 2009; 3 Suppl 6:S6. [PMID: 19660099 PMCID: PMC2722099 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-3-s6-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation of nascent protein Nα-termini is a common modification among archae and eukaryotes and can influence the structure and function of target proteins. This modification has been studied on an individual protein or (synthetic) peptide level or on a proteome scale using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We recently developed mass spectrometry driven proteome analytical approaches specifically targeting the amino (N) terminus of proteins based on the concept of diagonal reverse-phase chromatography. We here review how this so-called combined fractional diagonal chromatography (COFRADIC) technique can be used in combination with differential mass-tagging strategies as to both qualitatively and quantitatively assess protein Nα-acetylation in whole proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Van Damme
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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11
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A conserved hydrogen-bond network in the catalytic centre of animal glutaminyl cyclases is critical for catalysis. Biochem J 2008; 411:181-90. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
QCs (glutaminyl cyclases; glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferases, EC 2.3.2.5) catalyse N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in numerous bioactive peptides and proteins. The enzymes were reported to be involved in several pathological conditions such as amyloidotic disease, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and melanoma. The crystal structure of human QC revealed an unusual H-bond (hydrogen-bond) network in the active site, formed by several highly conserved residues (Ser160, Glu201, Asp248, Asp305 and His319), within which Glu201 and Asp248 were found to bind to substrate. In the present study we combined steady-state enzyme kinetic and X-ray structural analyses of 11 single-mutation human QCs to investigate the roles of the H-bond network in catalysis. Our results showed that disrupting one or both of the central H-bonds, i.e., Glu201···Asp305 and Asp248···Asp305, reduced the steady-state catalysis dramatically. The roles of these two COOH···COOH bonds on catalysis could be partly replaced by COOH···water bonds, but not by COOH···CONH2 bonds, reminiscent of the low-barrier Asp···Asp H-bond in the active site of pepsin-like aspartic peptidases. Mutations on Asp305, a residue located at the centre of the H-bond network, raised the Km value of the enzyme by 4.4–19-fold, but decreased the kcat value by 79–2842-fold, indicating that Asp305 primarily plays a catalytic role. In addition, results from mutational studies on Ser160 and His319 suggest that these two residues might help to stabilize the conformations of Asp248 and Asp305 respectively. These data allow us to propose an essential proton transfer between Glu201, Asp305 and Asp248 during the catalysis by animal QCs.
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Zambotti-Villela L, Yamasaki SC, Villarroel JS, Murena-Nunes C, Silveira PF. Prolyl, cystyl and pyroglutamyl peptidase activities in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Peptides 2007; 28:1586-95. [PMID: 17698248 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl, cystyl and pyroglutamyl peptidases are emerging targets for diabetes and cognitive deficit therapies. The present study is focused on the influence of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin on levels of representative hydrolytic activities of these enzymes in the rat hypothalamus and hippocampus. Streptozotocin-diabetic rats presented about 348mg glucose/dL blood, and a slightly increased hematocrit and plasma osmolality. The activities of soluble and membrane-bound dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, and soluble cystyl aminopeptidase did not differ between diabetic and control rats in both brain areas. Hippocampal soluble prolyl oligopeptidase presented similar activities between diabetic and controls. Increased activities in diabetics were observed for soluble prolyl oligopeptidase (1.78-fold) and membrane-bound cystyl aminopeptidase (2.55-fold) in the hypothalamus, and for membrane-bound cystyl aminopeptidase (5.14-fold) in the hippocampus. In both brain areas, the activities of membrane-bound and soluble pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase were slightly lower (<0.7-fold) in diabetics. All modifications (except hematocrit) observed in streptozotocin-treated rats were mitigated by the administration of insulin. Glucose and/or insulin were shown to alter in vitro the hypothalamic activities of soluble pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase and prolyl oligopeptidase, as well as membrane-bound cystyl aminopeptidase. These data provide the first evidence that diabetes mellitus generates direct and indirect effects on the activity levels of brain peptidases. The implied regional control of regulatory peptide activity by these peptidases suggests novel potential approaches to understand certain disruptions on mediator and modulatory functions in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Zambotti-Villela
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Kilbane Z, Vaas PR, Cuív PO, O'Connor B. Cloning and heterologous expression of bovine pyroglutamyl peptidase type-1 in Escherichia coli: purification, biochemical and kinetic characterisation. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 297:189-97. [PMID: 17119851 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe the cloning, expression and purification of the bovine XM866409 form of pyroglutamyl peptidase type-1 (PAP1). The cloned nucleotide sequence has an ORF coding for a primary sequence of 209 amino acid residues, which displays 98% identity with the human AJ278828 form of the enzyme. Three amino acid residues at positions 81, 205 and 208 were found to vary between the two sequences. The recombinant bovine PAP1 with a C-terminal His(6) tag (rBtaPAP1(6H)) was expressed in Escherichia coli XL10-Gold cells and purified by immobilised nickel ion affinity chromatography resulting in a yield of 2.6 mg of PAP1 per litre of culture. Purified rBtaPAP1(6H) had a specific activity of 3633 units mg(-1). SDS-PAGE revealed a band for bovine PAP1 with a molecular weight of approximately 24 kDa, which is in good agreement with previously reported data on PAP1. The K (m) and k (cat) values obtained for rBtaPAP1(6H) were 59 muM and 3.5 s(-1), respectively. The optimum pH for activity was 9.0-9.5 and the optimum temperature was 37 degrees C. rBtaPAP1(6H) was found to have an absolute requirement for the thiol-reducing agent DTT, consistent with the expected property of a cysteine protease. Kinetic studies using the peptides pGlu-His-Pro-NH(2) (TRH), pGlu-Ala and pGlu-Val revealed K (i) values of 44.1, 141 and 652.17 microM, respectively. The lowest K (i), observed for Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH), indicates that rBtaPAP1(6H) has a higher affinity for tripeptides over dipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelda Kilbane
- School of Biotechnology, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland.
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14
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Morty RE, Bulau P, Pellé R, Wilk S, Abe K. Pyroglutamyl peptidase type I from Trypanosoma brucei: a new virulence factor from African trypanosomes that de-blocks regulatory peptides in the plasma of infected hosts. Biochem J 2006; 394:635-45. [PMID: 16248854 PMCID: PMC1383713 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptidases of parasitic protozoans are emerging as novel virulence factors and therapeutic targets in parasitic infections. A trypanosome-derived aminopeptidase that exclusively hydrolysed substrates with Glp (pyroglutamic acid) in P1 was purified 9248-fold from the plasma of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The enzyme responsible was cloned from a T. brucei brucei genomic DNA library and identified as type I PGP (pyroglutamyl peptidase), belonging to the C15 family of cysteine peptidases. We showed that PGP is expressed in all life cycle stages of T. brucei brucei and is expressed in four other blood-stream-form African trypanosomes. Trypanosome PGP was optimally active and stable at bloodstream pH, and was insensitive to host plasma cysteine peptidase inhibitors. Native purified and recombinant hyper-expressed trypanosome PGP removed the N-terminal Glp blocking groups from TRH (thyrotrophin-releasing hormone) and GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) with a k(cat)/K(m) value of 0.5 and 0.1 s(-1) x microM(-1) respectively. The half-life of TRH and GnRH was dramatically reduced in the plasma of trypanosome-infected rats, both in vitro and in vivo. Employing an activity-neutralizing anti-trypanosome PGP antibody, and pyroglutamyl diazomethyl ketone, a specific inhibitor of type I PGP, we demonstrated that trypanosome PGP is entirely responsible for the reduced plasma half-life of TRH, and partially responsible for the reduced plasma half-life of GnRH in a rodent model of African trypanosomiasis. The abnormal degradation of TRH and GnRH, and perhaps other neuropeptides N-terminally blocked with a pyroglutamyl moiety, by trypanosome PGP, may contribute to some of the endocrine lesions observed in African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Aulweg 123, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Monsuur AJ, Stepniak D, Diosdado B, Wapenaar MC, Mearin ML, Koning F, Wijmenga C. Genetic and functional analysis of pyroglutamyl-peptidase I in coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18:637-44. [PMID: 16702853 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200606000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is an enteropathy caused by an immune reaction towards wheat gluten and similar proteins from barley and rye. It was shown that some gluten peptides spontaneously form N-terminal L-pyroglutamate. This modification could potentially make gluten more resistant to proteolytic degradation within the intestine. Pyroglutamyl-peptidase I (PGPEPI) is an enzyme that hydrolytically removes the L-pyroglutamyl residues that render the modified proteins and peptides more sensitive to degradation by other proteases. Interestingly, we found that the PGPEP1 gene is located in a CD susceptibility locus. As an impaired enzyme function caused by genetic alterations might increase the amount of immunogenic gluten peptides, we conducted a comprehensive functional genomics analysis of PGPEP1, including DNA sequencing, genetic association testing, and quantifying RNA expression. We also determined the enzymatic activity of PGPEPI in duodenal biopsies. Our results uniformly indicate that PGPEP1 is not involved in the aetiology and pathology of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alienke J Monsuur
- Complex Genetics Section, DBG-Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Conti A, Ricchiuto P, Iannaccone S, Sferrazza B, Cattaneo A, Bachi A, Reggiani A, Beltramo M, Alessio M. Pigment epithelium-derived factor is differentially expressed in peripheral neuropathies. Proteomics 2005; 5:4558-67. [PMID: 16196102 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200402088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies are characterized by asymmetrical slowly progressive weakness with no upper motor neuron signs, and can occur either with or without pain. Due to poor knowledge of the disease mechanisms, available pain treatment is very limited. Because of the difficulties and invasiveness involved when performing direct analysis on peripheral and CNS, pathological markers can be searched for in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as an alternative. To investigate pain mechanisms in peripheral neuropathy and find diagnostic markers, CSF samples were analyzed by a differential expression proteomic approach. We studied CSF from: neuropathic patients with pain (PN), without pain (NPN) and healthy controls (CN). 2-DE analysis showed ten protein spots differentially expressed, and six of these were identified by MS. In NPN patients we found an expression level decrease of three pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) protein isoforms. Immunoblot with a specific antibody revealed the presence of additional PEDF isoforms not highlighted by differential expression analysis. Fucose residues on the oligosaccharide chain were found only in the isoforms down regulated in NPN patients. Considered as PEDF has important neurobiological effects, it might be considered an interesting pathology marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Conti
- Proteome Biochemistry, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Larrinaga G, Callado LF, Agirregoitia N, Varona A, Gil J. Subcellular distribution of membrane-bound aminopeptidases in the human and rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2005; 383:136-40. [PMID: 15936526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the subcellular distribution of four membrane-bound aminopeptidases in the human and rat brain cortex. The particulate enzymes under study--puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA), aminopeptidase N (APN), pyroglutamyl-peptidase I (PG I) and aspartyl-aminopeptidase (Asp-AP)--were fluorometrically measured using beta-naphthylamide derivatives. Membrane-bound aminopeptidase activity was found in all the studied subcellular fractions (myelinic, synaptosomal, mitochondrial, microsomal and nuclear fractions), although not homogenously. Human PSA showed highest activity in the microsomal fraction. APN was significantly higher in the nuclear fraction of both species, while PG I showed highest activity in the synaptosomal and myelinic fractions of the human and rat brain. The present results suggest that in addition to inactivating neuropeptides at the synaptic cleft, these enzymes may participate in other physiological processes. Moreover, these peptidases may play specific roles depending on their activity levels at the different subcellular structures where they are localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Larrinaga
- Department of Nursing I, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.
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18
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Abe K, Watanabe N, Kosaka T, Yamada M, Tokui T, Ikeda T. Hydrolysis of synthetic substrate, L-pyroglutamyl p-nitroanilide is catalyzed solely by pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase I in rat liver cytosol. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 26:1528-33. [PMID: 14600395 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase I (PAP-I) is a cytosolic cysteine peptidase, which hydrolytically removes the L-pyroglutamate residue from the amino terminus of endogenous proteins and peptides. L-Pyroglutamyl p-nitroanilide serves as the synthetic substrate of this enzyme, while there is a possibility of other hydrolases being involved in the hydrolysis of this xenobiotic substrate. We cloned a full-length cDNA encoding rat PAP-I from a rat liver cDNA library and expressed this cDNA in Escherichia coli to obtain a recombinant PAP-I as a single protein. The cDNA encoded a sequence of 209 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 22913 Da. The homology of the deduced amino acid sequence of rat PAP-I was 98.6 and 94.3% to mouse and human PAP-Is, respectively. The biochemical properties of the recombinant rat PAP-I were almost identical to those of the recombinant mouse and human PAP-Is and the purified rat liver cytosolic PAP-I in terms of the molecular weight, subunit structure, affinity to the substrate, inhibitor profile and pH optimum. Immunoblot analysis using an antibody raised against recombinant rat PAP-I showed that rat PAP-I is present almost exclusively in the cytosolic fraction of the rat liver. Moreover, the hydrolyzing activity for L-pyroglutamyl p-nitroanilide in rat liver cytosolic fraction was completely inhibited by the antibody, strongly suggesting that this xenobiotic substrate is hydrolyzed solely by PAP-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Abe
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiromachi, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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Abe K, Saito F, Yamada M, Tokui T. Pyroglutamyl Aminopeptidase I, as a Drug Metabolizing Enzyme, Recognizes Xenobiotic Substrates Containing L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic Acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:113-6. [PMID: 14709911 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase I (PAP-I) is known for specifically removing the L-pyroglutamate (L-pGlu) residue from the amino terminus of L-pGlu proteins and peptides. In general, substrate recognition of PAP-I as to L-pGlu moiety is tightly regulated. However, we recently identified PAP-I as a metabolic enzyme of an organic nitrate compound, RS-7897, which contains L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (L-OTCA). L-OTCA is a latent sulfhydryl group, which has moiety structurally related to L-pGlu. In this study, we investigated the substrate specificity of PAP-I toward modified L-pGlu-containing substrates using recombinant rat, mouse and human PAP-Is. PAP-I was tolerant of replacement of a carbon atom at the 4-position of the L-pGlu moiety by a sulfur atom (L-OTCA), an oxygen atom (L-2-oxooxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, L-OOCA) and an NH group (L-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, L-OICA). The K(m) values for rat PAP-I in hydrolyzing L-pGlu-L-Ala, L-OTCA-L-Ala, L-OOCA-L-Ala and L-OICA-L-Ala were 0.057, 0.43, 0.71 and 0.42 mM, respectively. Similar results were observed in mouse and human PAP-Is as well. Moreover, the hydrolysis of RS-7897 in rat and mouse liver cytosols were both completely inhibited by an antibody against rat PAP-I, strongly suggesting that PAP-I is solely involved in the hydrolysis of L-OTCA-containing compounds in rat and mouse liver cytosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Abe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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