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Fan Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Jiang N, Liu W, Zeng L. Molecular cloning of Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) complement component C3 and its expression profile after Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:47-55. [PMID: 31723065 PMCID: PMC6983669 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement systems play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, the complement C3 gene, designated CagC3, was cloned and sequenced from Gibel
carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). The expression pattern of CagC3 in different tissues of healthy Gibel carp and after challenge with Cyprinid herpesvirus 2
(CyHV-2) were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. The full-length CagC3 cDNA was 5131 bp with an ORF of 4950 bp, encoding a predicted protein of 1649 amino acids.
The deduced amino acid sequence showed that CagC3 has conserved domains and residues known to be critical for C3 function. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CagC3 clustered with
homologs from common carp and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). CagC3 is expressed in all examined tissues of healthy Gibel carp, with the highest
expression in liver. In vivo, after CyHV-2 challenge, CagC3 transcription was significantly upregulated in liver, spleen and kidney with the peaks at 24 hr,
2 d, and 2 d, respectively. In vitro, CagC3 expression in the Gibel carp brain cell line showed the same pattern as that in vivo after
stimulation with CyHV-2 or poly(I:C). However, CagC3 expression was downregulated at 24 hr after induction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and then reached the peak at 2 d.
These results suggest that CagC3 is involved in the innate immune response of Gibel carp to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Xueping Zhang
- Beijing Wisdomab Biotechnology Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
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Noman Reza MA, Mohapatra S, Shimizu S, Kitamura SI, Harakawa S, Kawakami H, Nakayama K, Sawayama E, Matsubara T, Ohta K, Chakraborty T. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of complement components in red sea bream (Pagrus major) after Edwardsiella tarda and red sea bream Iridovirus (RSIV) challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:286-295. [PMID: 30125707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in immune regulation and acts as the first line of defense against any pathogenic attack. To comprehend the red sea bream (Pagrus major) immune response, three complement genes, namely, pmC1r, pmMASP and pmC3, belonging to the classical, lectin and alternative complement cascade, respectively, were identified and characterized. pmC1r, pmMASP, and pmC3 were comprised of 2535, 3352, and 5735 base mRNA which encodes 732, 1029 and 1677 aa putative proteins, respectively. Phylogenetically, all the three studied genes clustered with their corresponding homologous clade. Tissue distribution and cellular localization data demonstrated a very high prevalence of all the three genes in the liver. Both bacterial and viral infection resulted in significant transcriptional alterations in all three genes in the liver with respect to their vehicle control counterparts. Specifically, bacterial challenge affected the pmMASP and pmC3 expression, while the viral infection resulted in pmC1r and pmC3 mRNA activation. Altogether, our data demonstrate the ability of pmC1r, pmMASP and pmC3 in bringing about an immune response against any pathogenic encroachment, and thus activating, not only one, but all the three complement pathways, in red sea bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Noman Reza
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan
| | - Sipra Mohapatra
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan
| | - Sonoko Shimizu
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shogo Harakawa
- Ehime Prefectural Fish Disease Control Center, Uwajima, 798-0087, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Kawakami
- Ehime Prefectural Fish Disease Control Center, Uwajima, 798-0087, Japan
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eitaro Sawayama
- R&D Division, Marua Suisan Co., Ltd., 4472 Iwagi, Kamijima-cho, Ochi-gun, Ehime, 794-2410, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsubara
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan
| | - Kohei Ohta
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tapas Chakraborty
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan.
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3
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Sun Y, Li Y, Rao J, Liu Z, Chen Q. Effects of inorganic mercury exposure on histological structure, antioxidant status and immune response of immune organs in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco
). J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:843-854. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Yingwen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Jiedan Rao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
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4
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Innate immune response, intestinal morphology and microbiota changes in Senegalese sole fed plant protein diets with probiotics or autolysed yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7223-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Pushpa K, Gireesh-Babu P, Rajendran KV, Purushothaman CS, Dasgupta S, Makesh M. Molecular cloning, sequencing and tissue-level expression of complement C3 of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:319-330. [PMID: 25038278 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Complement component C3 plays a central role in all known complement activation pathways. In the present study, we cloned, sequenced and analyzed the full-length cDNA sequence of Labeo rohita complement C3 (LRC3). The expression pattern of complement C3 mRNA in different tissues of healthy rohu and after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila were evaluated using real-time PCR. The LRC3 cDNA sequence of rohu comprised of 5081 bp encoding a predicted protein of 1645 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence had the characteristic domain architecture. About eight domains specific to complement C3 are present in the sequence starting from signal peptide to netrin C345C (NTR) domain. The post-translational processing signal sequence (RKRR), the C3-convertase cleavage site sequence (LAR) and the canonical thiol-ester motif (GCGEQ) were found to be conserved in the LRC3. Real-time PCR analysis revealed the highest expression of C3 in liver and extra-hepatic expression of C3 was also observed in all the tissues studied. A. hydrophila challenge resulted in significant up-regulated expression of C3 transcripts in both liver and kidney at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pushpa
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - P Gireesh-Babu
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - K V Rajendran
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - C S Purushothaman
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - S Dasgupta
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Kolkata Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - M Makesh
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India.
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Schmidt JG, Nielsen ME. Expression of immune system-related genes during ontogeny in experimentally wounded common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae and juveniles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:186-196. [PMID: 24064235 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of full-thickness incisional wounding on expression of genes related to the immune system in larvae and juveniles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The wounds were inflicted by needle puncture immediately below the anterior part of the dorsal fin on days 7, 14, 28 and 49 after fertilization. We followed the local gene expression 1, 3 and 7 days after wounding by removing head and viscera before extracting RNA from the remaining part of the fish, including the wound area. In addition, we visually followed wound healing. Overall the wounds had regenerated to a point where they were microscopically indistinguishable from normal tissue by day 3 post-wounding in all but the juvenile carp wounded on day 49 post-fertilization. In these juveniles the wounded area was still visible even 7 days post-wounding. On the transcriptional level a very limited response was observed in the investigated genes as a result of the wounding. HSP70 was downregulated 1 and 3 days post-wounding in the smallest larvae. However, HSP70 was differentially expressed at different time-points in a similar manner in wounded and mock-wounded groups, thus suggesting a stress effect of the handling, which may have overshadowed some transcriptional effects of the wounding. MMP-9, TGF-β1 and IgZ1 were slightly but significantly upregulated at few time-points, while no effect of wounding was detected on the expression of IgM, C3, IL-1β and IL-6 family member M17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Schmidt
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Biological Quality Research Group, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Building FG, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
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7
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Lee JW, Lee YM, Lee JH, Noh JK, Kim HC, Park CJ, Park JW, Hwang IJ, Kim SY. The Expression Analysis of Complement Component C3 during Early Developmental Stages in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Dev Reprod 2013; 17:311-9. [PMID: 25949146 PMCID: PMC4382953 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.4.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fish larvae are immediately exposed to microbes from hatching to maturation of their lymphoid organs, therefore effective innate mechanisms is very important for survival in such an environment. The key component of innate immune system, C3 is central protein of all activation pathways of the complement system, leading to inflammatory reactions, such as opsonisation, chemotaxis, and cell lysis of pathogens. Although, innate mechanisms is essential for survival in the early stage of development, little is known about defence mechanisms. In this study, the alignment analysis showed that amino acid sequence of C3 from olive flounder liver EST homologous to other known C3 sequences with 73-99% identity. Also, we examined the tissue distribution of olive flounder C3 and analyzed expression pattern from the fertilized egg until 28 days post hatching. As a result, olive flounder C3 mRNA was expressed only in the liver and the mRNA level more increased as developmental proceed during the early stage. These results may suggest that olive flounder C3 plays an important function in the early immune response of olive flounder larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
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8
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The complement system of the goat: haemolytic assays and isolation of major proteins. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:91. [PMID: 22734447 PMCID: PMC3413586 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to develop a haemolytic assay for the study of the complement system in dairy goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) and to characterize the major goat complement system proteins. RESULTS The commonly used sheep erythrocyte sensitized with rabbit antibodies were not sensitive to lysis by goat serum, but the combination of human red blood cells (RBC) plus rabbit antibodies was the best option found for goat complement assay. A buffer based on HEPES instead of the classical veronal (barbitone) was developed. Three proteins were isolated: factor H, C1q and C3 and these were compared with the corresponding human proteins. A novel affinity chromatography technique was developed for isolation of factor H. CONCLUSIONS Human RBC plus rabbit antibodies were a suitable option for haemolytic assays. The isolated proteins are similar to the human counterparts.
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9
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Nakao M, Tsujikura M, Ichiki S, Vo TK, Somamoto T. The complement system in teleost fish: progress of post-homolog-hunting researches. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1296-1308. [PMID: 21414344 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the complement system of bony fish are now finishing a stage of homologue-hunting identification of the components, unveiling existence of almost all the orthologues of mammalian complement components in teleost. Genomic and transcriptomic data for several teleost species have contributed much for the homologue-hunting research progress. Only an exception is identification of orthologues of mammalian complement regulatory proteins and complement receptors. It is of particular interest that teleost complement components often exist as multiple isoforms with possible functional divergence. This review summarizes research progress of teleost complement system following the molecular identification and sequence analysis of the components. The findings of extensive expression analyses of the complement components with special emphasis of their prominent extrahepatic expression, acute-phase response to immunostimulation and various microbial infections, and ontogenic development including maternal transfer are discussed to infer teleost-specific functions of the complement system. Importance of the protein level characterization of the complement components is also emphasized, especially for understanding of the isotypic diversity of the components, a unique feature of teleost complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nakao
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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10
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Whyte SK. The innate immune response of finfish--a review of current knowledge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:1127-1151. [PMID: 17980622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The decline in the fisheries of traditional marine species has been an incentive for the diversification of today's aquaculture sector into the intensive rearing of many finfish species. The increasing interest in commercial farming of different finfish species is expected to result in similar environmental and husbandry-related problems as have been experienced in the development of the salmonid farming industry. An understanding of the biology of the fish species being cultured, in particular the immune response is important for improved husbandry and health management of the species. The innate immune system of fish has generated increasing interest in recent years and is now thought to be of key importance in primary defence and in driving adaptive immunity. This review focuses on key components (cellular and humoral) of the innate immune responses of different fish species of commercial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona K Whyte
- Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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11
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Løvoll M, Johnsen H, Boshra H, Bøgwald J, Sunyer JO, Dalmo RA. The ontogeny and extrahepatic expression of complement factor C3 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:542-52. [PMID: 17449276 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos and hatchlings are exposed to pathogens long before maturation of their lymphoid organs. Little is known about defence mechanisms during the earliest stages of life, but innate mechanisms may be essential for survival. The complement system in fish is well developed and represents a major part of innate immunity. Complement factor 3 (C3) is central subsequent to activation of all pathways of the complement system, leading to inflammatory reactions, such as chemotaxis, opsonisation and lysis of pathogens. Hepatocytes represent the major source of C3, but modern molecular biological methods have confirmed that C3 is synthesised at multiple sites. Our main objective was to study the ontogeny of C3 in Atlantic salmon by mapping the commencement of synthesis and localisation of proteins. Eggs, embryos, hatchlings and adult fish were analysed for the presence of C3 mRNA and proteins. From immunohistochemical studies, C3 proteins were detected at several extrahepatic sites, such as the skeletal muscle, developing notochord and chondrocytes of the gill arch. Immunoblotting revealed presence of C3 proteins in the unfertilised egg, but C3 mRNA was only detected after fertilisation by real-time RT-PCR. Taken together, the results implicated the maternal transfer of C3 proteins as well as novel non-immunological functions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Løvoll
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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12
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Nonaka M, Kimura A. Genomic view of the evolution of the complement system. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:701-13. [PMID: 16896831 PMCID: PMC2480602 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The recent accumulation of genomic information of many representative animals has made it possible to trace the evolution of the complement system based on the presence or absence of each complement gene in the analyzed genomes. Genome information from a few mammals, chicken, clawed frog, a few bony fish, sea squirt, fruit fly, nematoda and sea anemone indicate that bony fish and higher vertebrates share practically the same set of complement genes. This suggests that most of the gene duplications that played an essential role in establishing the mammalian complement system had occurred by the time of the teleost/mammalian divergence around 500 million years ago (MYA). Members of most complement gene families are also present in ascidians, although they do not show a one-to-one correspondence to their counterparts in higher vertebrates, indicating that the gene duplications of each gene family occurred independently in vertebrates and ascidians. The C3 and factor B genes, but probably not the other complement genes, are present in the genome of the cnidaria and some protostomes, indicating that the origin of the central part of the complement system was established more than 1,000 MYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nonaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Løvoll M, Kilvik T, Boshra H, Bøgwald J, Sunyer JO, Dalmo RA. Maternal transfer of complement components C3-1, C3-3, C3-4, C4, C5, C7, Bf, and Df to offspring in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Immunogenetics 2006; 58:168-79. [PMID: 16550351 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Defense mechanisms in developing fish are poorly known but before maturation of lymphoid organs and immunocompetence, innate mechanisms are essential. The complement system represents a major part of innate immunity. Our main objective was to map the presence of complement components early in fish development. Rainbow trout eggs, embryos, and hatchlings were assayed for the onset and duration of C3-1, C3-3, C3-4, C4, C5, C7, factor B, and factor D transcription using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In general, complement transcript levels increased steadily from day 28 postfertilization to hatch, followed by a decrease during yolk-sac resorption. All the complement proteins studied were found in unfertilized eggs. There was no correlation between the transcript and protein levels throughout the study period. Complement proteins appeared in the liver, kidney, and intestine between day 7 and 35 but not until day 77 in the heart. This study is the first to address the ontogeny of several complement components and represents the first evidence that maternal transfer of complement components, other than C3, occurs in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Løvoll
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø 9037, Norway
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14
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Lange S, Bambir SH, Dodds AW, Bowden T, Bricknell I, Espelid S, Magnadóttir B. Complement component C3 transcription in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:285-94. [PMID: 16039879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The complement systems of fish are well developed and play an important role in the innate immune response. Complement C3 is the central protein of all three activation pathways and is the major opsonin of the complement system and essential for the generation of the membrane attack complex. A 1548 bp part of complement component C3 was isolated from a halibut liver cDNA library by immunoscreening. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that this part of halibut C3 contained key amino acids for factor H, I and properdin binding as well as two N-glycosylation sites. Digoxigenine labelled mRNA probes were synthesised and the transcription of C3 was monitored in three larval stages at 206, 430 and 1000 degrees d (30, 50 and 99 days post hatching), by in situ hybridisation. C3 mRNA was detected in muscle, liver, brain, chondrocytes, spinal cord, eye, intestines, oesophagus and kidney. These findings are in accordance with a former immunohistochemical study on halibut C3 protein ontogeny, indicating that C3 is indeed locally expressed in many organs from the youngest stages on. Complement may thus be linked to the formation and generation of different organs during development and play an important role in the early immune response of halibut larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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15
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Boshra H, Li J, Sunyer JO. Recent advances on the complement system of teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:239-62. [PMID: 15950490 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays an essential role in alerting the host of the presence of potential pathogens, as well as in their clearing. In addition, activation of the complement system contributes significantly in the orchestration and development of an acquired immune response. Although the complement system has been studied extensively in mammals, considerably less is known about complement in lower vertebrates, in particular teleost fish. Here we review our current understanding of the role of fish complement in phagocytosis, respiratory burst, chemotaxis and cell lysis. We also thoroughly review the specific complement components characterized thus far in various teleost fish species. In addition, we provide a comprehensive compilation on complement host-pathogen interactions, in which we analyze the role of fish complement in host defense against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. From a more physiological perspective, we evaluate the knowledge accumulated on the influence of stress, nutrition and environmental factors on levels of complement activity and components, and how the use of this knowledge can benefit the aquaculture industry. Finally, we propose future directions that are likely to advance our understanding of the molecular evolution, structure and function of complement proteins in teleosts. Such studies will be pivotal in providing new insights into complement-related mechanisms of recognition and defense that are essential to maintaining fish homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boshra
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Yazawa R, Hirono I, Aoki T. Characterization of promoter activities of four different Japanese flounder promoters in transgenic zebrafish. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2005; 7:625-33. [PMID: 16027989 PMCID: PMC1475948 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-005-0011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An important consideration in transgenic research is the choice of promoter for regulating the expression of a foreign gene. In this study several tissue-specific and inducible promoters derived from Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were identified, and their promoter activity was examined in transgenic zebrafish. The 5' flanking regions of the Japanese flounder complement component C3, gelatinase B, keratin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) genes were linked to green fluorescence protein (GFP) as a reporter gene. The promoter regulatory constructs were introduced into fertilized zebrafish eggs. As a result we obtained several stable transgenic zebrafish that displayed green fluorescence in different tissues. Complement component C3 promoter regulated GFP expression in liver, and gelatinase B promoter regulated it in the pectoral fin and gills. Keratin promoter regulated GFP expression in skin and liver. TNF gene promoter regulated GFP expression in the pharynx and heart. TNF promoter had lipoplysaccharide-inducible activity, such that when transgenic embryos were immersed lipopolysaccharide, GFP expression increased in the epithelial tissues. These 4 promoters regulated the expression of GFP in different patterns in transgenic zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yazawa
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477 Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477 Japan
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477 Japan
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Norum M, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Isolation and characterisation of spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen) macrophages. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 18:381-391. [PMID: 15683916 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Non-specific mechanisms are important in the defence of all multicellular animals against pathogenic microorganisms. Macrophages and granulocytes play a central role in this respect. It is thus pertinent to develop methods for obtaining and cultivation of macrophages and assessing their functions in the spotted wolffish, a cold water species of current interest for the aquaculture industry. Kidney macrophages from the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen) were isolated by density sedimentation using Percoll. The cells were highly phagocytic and possessed typical macrophage morphology evaluated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Using electron microscopic analysis, the size of the macrophages, collected from the Percoll density interface, was 5-9 microm. The viability in vitro was highest (87.1%) when the cells were kept at 13 degrees C with the addition of synthetic serum replacement (SSR-2) when measured 24 h after seeding. One day old cells were not significantly activated by addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h when measured by reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium compared to control cells. The cells were negative in respect to synthesis and contents of complement component C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Norum
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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18
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Ellingsen T, Strand C, Monsen E, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. The ontogeny of complement component C3 in the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 18:351-358. [PMID: 15683913 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Eggs and larvae from the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen) were analysed to study the ontogeny of the complement component C3. By Western blotting experiments, the results revealed that C3 was present already in unfertilised eggs and that there was a decrease in C3 content towards hatch, whereas the results using reverse transcription-polymerase chain-reaction showed a continuous increase of C3 mRNA content towards hatch. These findings indicate a transfer of maternal complement component C3 to the offspring where the content of C3 decreases and the level of C3 mRNA increases towards hatch. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed that only the liver of spotted wolffish larvae contained complement component C3, suggesting that the liver is the main site of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Ellingsen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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19
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Lange S, Dodds AW, Gudmundsdóttir S, Bambir SH, Magnadóttir B. The ontogenic transcription of complement component C3 and Apolipoprotein A-I tRNA in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)--a role in development and homeostasis? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 29:1065-77. [PMID: 15936076 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is important both in the innate and adaptive immune response, with C3 as the central protein of all three activation pathways. Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoLP A-I), a high-density lipoprotein (HDL), has been shown to have a regulatory role in the complement system by inhibiting the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Complement has been associated with apoptotic functions, which are important in the immune response and are involved in organ formation and homeostasis. mRNA probes for cod C3 and ApoLP A-I were synthesized and in situ hybridisation used to monitor the ontogenic development of cod from fertilised eggs until 57 days after hatching. Both C3 and ApoLP A-I transcription was detected in the central nervous system (CNS), eye, kidney, liver, muscle, intestines, skin and chondrocytes at different stages of development. Using TUNEL staining, apoptotic cells were identified within the same areas from 4 to 57 days posthatching. The present findings may suggest a role for C3 and ApoLP A-I during larval development and a possible role in the homeostasis of various organs in cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, Reykjavik IS-112, Iceland.
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