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Heckman TI, Yazdi Z, Older CE, Griffin MJ, Waldbieser GC, Chow AM, Medina Silva I, Anenson KM, García JC, LaFrentz BR, Slavic D, Toohey-Kurth KL, Yant P, Fritz HM, Henderson EE, McDowall R, Cai H, Adkison M, Soto E. Redefining piscine lactococcosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0234923. [PMID: 38597602 PMCID: PMC11107168 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02349-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Piscine lactococcosis is a significant threat to cultured and wild fish populations worldwide. The disease typically presents as a per-acute to acute hemorrhagic septicemia causing high morbidity and mortality, recalcitrant to antimicrobial treatment or management interventions. Historically, the disease was attributed to the gram-positive pathogen Lactococcus garvieae. However, recent work has revealed three distinct lactococcosis-causing bacteria (LCB)-L. garvieae, L. petauri, and L. formosensis-which are phenotypically and genetically similar, leading to widespread misidentification. An update on our understanding of lactococcosis and improved methods for identification are urgently needed. To this end, we used representative isolates from each of the three LCB species to compare currently available and recently developed molecular and phenotypic typing assays, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS), end-point and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), API 20 Strep and Biolog systems, fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME), and Sensititre antimicrobial profiling. Apart from WGS, sequencing of the gyrB gene was the only method capable of consistent and accurate identification to the species and strain level. A qPCR assay based on a putative glycosyltransferase gene was also able to distinguish L. petauri from L. garvieae/formosensis. Biochemical tests and MALDI-TOF MS showed some species-specific patterns in sugar and fatty acid metabolism or protein profiles but should be complemented by additional analyses. The LCB demonstrated overlap in host and geographic range, but there were relevant differences in host specificity, regional prevalence, and antimicrobial susceptibility impacting disease treatment and prevention. IMPORTANCE Lactococcosis affects a broad range of host species, including fish from cold, temperate, and warm freshwater or marine environments, as well as several terrestrial animals, including humans. As such, lactococcosis is a disease of concern for animal and ecosystem health. The disease is endemic in European and Asian aquaculture but is rapidly encroaching on ecologically and economically important fish populations across the Americas. Piscine lactococcosis is difficult to manage, with issues of vaccine escape, ineffective antimicrobial treatment, and the development of carrier fish or biofilms leading to recurrent outbreaks. Our understanding of the disease is also widely outdated. The accepted etiologic agent of lactococcosis is Lactococcus garvieae. However, historical misidentification has masked contributions from two additional species, L. petauri and L. formosensis, which are indistinguishable from L. garvieae by common diagnostic methods. This work is the first comprehensive characterization of all three agents and provides direct recommendations for species-specific diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor I. Heckman
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Older
- USDA-ARS, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Matt J. Griffin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Alexander M. Chow
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Isabella Medina Silva
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Anenson
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Julio C. García
- USDA-ARS, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy L. Toohey-Kurth
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Paula Yant
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heather M. Fritz
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eileen E. Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Hugh Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Rao S, Pham TH, Poudyal S, Cheng LW, Nazareth SC, Wang PC, Chen SC. First report on genetic characterization, cell-surface properties and pathogenicity of Lactococcus garvieae, emerging pathogen isolated from cage-cultured cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1197-1211. [PMID: 33759359 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diseased cage-cultured cobia (Rachycentron canadum) displayed clinical signs, haemorrhagic eyes, dorsal darkness and gross pathological lesions, enlargement of spleen and liver. Haemorrhages were found in brain, heart and liver with cumulative mortality rates ranging from 20% to 50%. Extensive congestion in the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and brain was observed histopathologically. Epicarditis and meningitis were also revealed in diseased cobia. All isolates recovered from the organs (liver, spleen, head kidney, posterior kidney, brain and muscle) of cobia were found to be gram-positive, non-motile, ovoid cocci, short-chain-forming (diplococci) and α-haemolytic. The API 32 strep system together with the polymerase chain reaction assay for species-specific primers (pLG1 and pLG2) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (G1 and L1 primers) confirmed all four selected isolates as Lactococcus garvieae. Partial 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence (~1,100 bp) of one representative L. garvieae isolate AOD109191 (GenBank accession number, MW328528.1) shared 99.9% identities with the 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence of L. garvieae (GenBank accession numbers: MT604790.1). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) evaluation of one representative L. garvieae isolate (AOD109191) and the results of multiplex PCR did not reveal the presence of the capsular gene cluster (CGC), thus categorizing the isolate as the KG+ phenotype. Capsule staining and TEM observations confirmed the presence of a hyaluronic acid-like capsule, a possible virulence factor in KG+ phenotype L. garvieae isolates. The pathogenic potential of the representative isolate (AOD109191) was assessed through intraperitoneal injection challenges in cobia. The gross lesions and histopathological changes found in experimentally infected cobia were similar to those seen in naturally infected fish. This is the first report that confirms L. garvieae-induced 'warm water lactococcsis' can cause outbreaks of diseases in cage-cultured cobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreesha Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Trung Hieu Pham
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Sayuj Poudyal
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Sandra Celenia Nazareth
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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3
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Rao S, Byadgi O, Pulpipat T, Wang PC, Chen SC. Efficacy of a formalin-inactivated Lactococcus garvieae vaccine in farmed grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1579-1589. [PMID: 32935338 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcosis [Lactococcus garvieae (LG)] is one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases affecting grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) aquaculture. Therefore, the present research evaluated the efficacy of formalin-killed LG vaccine with an oil-based adjuvant in grey mullet under laboratory and field trials. The laboratory evaluation for LG vaccine and its cross-protection upon challenge in grey mullet found that single-dose immunization of formalin-killed LG with adjuvant resulted in 91.4% and 100% relative per cent survival (RPS) when challenged with homologous and heterologous strains. The levels of specific antibody titre and lysozyme activity increased significantly in the vaccinated group. Immune gene expression at 24 hr after challenge showed an increase in levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. A parallel field trial experiment was conducted to investigate the long-term effectiveness of the LG vaccine. Results demonstrated that at one month and three months post-immunization with heterologous strain, 100% RPS was recorded in the vaccinated group. The findings suggested that the formalin-inactivated LG vaccine strain (S3) protected grey mullet against LG infection for a period of three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - O Byadgi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - T Pulpipat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - P-C Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - S-C Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Bulfon C, Prearo M, Volpatti D, Byadgi O, Righetti M, Maniaci MG, Campia V, Pastorino P, Pascoli F, Toffan A, Biolatti C, Acutis PL, Colussi S. Resistant and susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) lines show distinctive immune response to Lactococcus garvieae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:457-468. [PMID: 32673645 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcosis is one of the main bacterial diseases affecting rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with significant economic and sanitary repercussion. Vaccination and antibiotic treatments are commonly used to prevent and control the infection outbreaks; however, these strategies have some drawbacks including limited coverage, handling costs, induction of antibiotic resistance and chemical residues in the environment. Selective breeding programs represent a promising complementary approach for increasing fish disease resistance in commercial farms and some immunological parameters may be tentatively used as indirect indicators for this purpose. The present study investigated for the first time some innate and adaptive immune responses in two groups of rainbow trout derived from selected lines (susceptible and resistant) showing a different "in field" phenotypical resistance to Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium branchiophilum, F. psychrophilum, and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, after an immersion-dilution based exposure to Lactococcus garvieae carried out in controlled experimental conditions. Twenty-six resistant and twenty-six susceptible female rainbow trout (mean body weight 80 g, 9 months aged, F5 generation) were obtained from an intensive farm considered L. garvieae free and were exposed to the pathogen. Moreover, 10 resistant and 10 susceptible fish were used as uninfected controls. After 5 days, blood and tissue samples were collected for immunological analyses. A significantly higher serum and mucus lysozyme activity was recorded in resistant rainbow trout compared to susceptible fish (P ≤ 0.05), both before and after exposure to L. garvieae. Similarly, respiratory burst activity of head kidney leukocytes resulted more intense in resistant fish (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting that phagocytes could more quickly activate their microbicidal mechanisms to counteract the bacterial spread. Resistant group displayed also an up-regulation of immunoglobulins M (IgM), major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) gene expression (P ≤ 0.05) and a significantly higher blood lymphocytes count (P ≤ 0.05), highlighting their potential better ability to trigger the recruitment of defensive cells and the initiation of specific immune processes such as antigen presentation to CD4+ T lymphocytes and IgM synthesis. The results herein presented might be useful for the identification of immunological markers to be used as indirect indicators in rainbow trout selective breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bulfon
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, via Sondrio 2/a, 33100, Udine, UD, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, via Sondrio 2/a, 33100, Udine, UD, Italy.
| | - Omkar Byadgi
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, via Sondrio 2/a, 33100, Udine, UD, Italy
| | - Marzia Righetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Maniaci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Valentina Campia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Cristina Biolatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Silvia Colussi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, TO, Italy
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5
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Bulfon C, Pacorig V, Sarti M, Luzzana U, Galeotti M, Volpatti D. Protec ™ improves innate immune response and specific antibody response against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109885. [PMID: 31307670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Protec™ is a commercial aquafeed (Skretting Italia) containing a combination of glucans, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc (immune support pack). No research information concerning its capability to improve fish immune response is available, so in this study the potential immunomodulatory effects of Protec™ were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Head kidney (HK) leukocytes from adult fish (100 g, n = 6) were in vitro incubated with Protec™ immune support pack resulting in significantly higher respiratory burst activity and proliferation. Specifically, sonicated Protec™ immune support pack (160 μg/ml) induced a respiratory burst response similar to that promoted by zymosan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while non-sonicated Protec™ immune support pack induced a response comparable to that of cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Moreover, the proliferation of leukocytes exposed to sonicated Protec™ immune support pack (20 μg/ml) was significantly higher than that of cells stimulated with zymosan, and it was comparable to the proliferation of cells stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and LPS. Afterwards, a feeding trial was performed in a rainbow trout farm. Two groups of juvenile rainbow trout (10 g) were acclimated for 7 weeks before the experiment and fed daily with a commercial control diet (Optiline HE, Skretting Italia) at 2% BW/day. At the end of acclimation, one group of fish was fed with Protec™ diet (Skretting Italia) at 2% BW/day whereas the other group continued to feed the control diet at the same level for further 4 weeks. Then, fish were sampled (HK leukocytes from n = 6 fish/group, serum from n = 12 fish/group) or intraperitoneally vaccinated against lactococcosis (n = 160/dietary group/time point). Fish fed the same diets for further 4 weeks after vaccination, then feeding returned to the control diet in both groups until the end of the trial. The specific antibody response was recorded at 4 and 8 weeks after vaccination (n = 12 fish/group). The administration of Protec™ significantly enhanced the respiratory burst activity of leukocytes and the synthesis of specific IgM against Lactococcus garvieae, whereas the serum lysozyme activity was unaffected. The present research suggests that the administration of Protec™ can improve both innate and adaptive immune response of rainbow trout, proving to be an interesting strategy for enhancing the immune reactivity of fish to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bulfon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Valentina Pacorig
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Galeotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
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6
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Mishra A, Nam GH, Gim JA, Lee HE, Jo A, Kim HS. Current Challenges of Streptococcus Infection and Effective Molecular, Cellular, and Environmental Control Methods in Aquaculture. Mol Cells 2018; 41:495-505. [PMID: 29754470 PMCID: PMC6030242 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial etiological agents of streptococcal disease have been associated with fish mortality and serious global economic loss. Bacterial identification based on biochemical, molecular, and phenotypic methods has been routinely used, along with assessment of morphological analyses. Among these, the molecular method of 16S rRNA sequencing is reliable, but presently, advanced genomics are preferred over other traditional identification methodologies. This review highlights the geographical variation in strains, their relatedness, as well as the complexity of diagnosis, pathogenesis, and various control methods of streptococcal infections. Several limitations, from diagnosis to control, have been reported, which make prevention and containment of streptococcal disease difficult. In this review, we discuss the challenges in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and control methods and suggest appropriate molecular (comparative genomics), cellular, and environmental solutions from among the best available possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Gyu-Hwi Nam
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Jeong-An Gim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- The Genomics Institute, Life Sciences Department, UNIST, Ulsan 44919,
Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Lee
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
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7
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Meyburgh CM, Bragg RR, Boucher CE. Lactococcus garvieae: an emerging bacterial pathogen of fish. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 123:67-79. [PMID: 28177294 DOI: 10.3354/dao03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the causative agent of lactococcosis, a hyperacute, haemorrhagic septicaemia of fish. This bacterium is also considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen, as reports of human infection are increasing. Significant economic loss in aquaculture is suffered as a result of lactococcosis, as numerous freshwater and marine species of commercial interest are affected. Development of antibiotic resistance in L. garvieae to several chemotherapeutic agents complicates and restricts treatment options. Effective, sustainable treatment and prevention options are thus needed, but progress is impeded by the lack of knowledge concerning several aspects of the disease and the pathogen. This review aims to present the latest research on L. garvieae, with specific focus on pathogenesis, virulence factors, risks associated with chemotherapeutic administration and possible control options.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Meyburgh
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical & Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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8
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Byadgi O, Chen YC, Barnes AC, Tsai MA, Wang PC, Chen SC. Transcriptome analysis of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) after challenge with Lactococcus garvieae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:593-603. [PMID: 27720696 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) is an economically important fish species in Taiwan mariculture industry. Moreover, grey mullet are common hosts of a bacterial infection by Lactococcus garvieae. However, until now the information related to the immune system of grey mullet is unclear. Therefore, to understand the molecular basis underlying the host immune response to L. garvieae infection, Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 was used to analyse the head kidney and spleen transcriptome of infected grey mullet. De novo assembly of paired-end reads yielded 55,203 unigenes. Comparative analysis of the expression profiles between bacterial challenge fish and control fish identified a total of 7192 from head kidney and 7280 in spleen differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05), including 4211 upregulated genes and 2981 downregulated genes in head kidney, while in spleen 3598 genes were upregulated and 3682 downregulated. A significant enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes (DEG) in spleen and head kidney revealed major immune-related pathways, including complement and coagulation cascades, Toll-like receptor signalling, and antigen processing and presentation. Moreover, selected DEGs were validated using qPCR. Altogether, the results obtained on immune-related genes may allow for a better understanding of immunity in grey mullet to Lactococcus garvieae, carrying out detailed functional analysis of these genes and developing strategies for efficient immune protection against infections in grey mullet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Byadgi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yao-Chung Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ming-An Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Chyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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9
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Menéndez A, Fernández L, Reimundo P, Guijarro JA. Genes required for Lactococcus garvieae survival in a fish host. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:3286-3294. [PMID: 17906128 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/007609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is considered an emergent pathogen in aquaculture and it is also associated with mastitis in domestic animals as well as human endocarditis and septicaemia. In spite of this, the pathogenic mechanisms of this bacterium are poorly understood. Signature-tagged mutagenesis was used to identify virulence factors and to establish the basis of pathogen-host interactions. A library of 1250 L. garvieae UNIUD074-tagged Tn917 mutants in 25 pools was screened for the ability to grow in fish. Among them, 29 mutants (approx. 2.4 %) were identified which could not be recovered from rainbow trout following infection. Sequence analysis of the tagged Tn917-interrupted genes in these mutants indicated the participation in pathogenesis of the transcriptional regulatory proteins homologous to GidA and MerR; the metabolic enzymes asparagine synthetase A and alpha-acetolactate synthase; the ABC transport system of glutamine and a calcium-transporting ATPase; the dltA locus involved in alanylation of teichoic acids; and hypothetical proteins containing EAL and Eis domains, among others. Competence index experiments in several of the selected mutants confirmed the relevance of the Tn917-interrupted genes in the development of the infection process. The results suggested some of the metabolic routes and enzymic systems necessary for the complete virulence of this bacterium. This work is believed to represent the first report of a genome-wide scan for virulence factors in L. garvieae. The identified genes will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of L. garvieae infections and may provide targets for intervention or lead to the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Menéndez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lucia Fernández
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pilar Reimundo
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - José A Guijarro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Kawanishi M, Yoshida T, Yagashiro S, Kijima M, Yagyu K, Nakai T, Murakami M, Morita H, Suzuki S. Differences between Lactococcus garvieae isolated from the genus Seriola in Japan and those isolated from other animals (trout, terrestrial animals from Europe) with regard to pathogenicity, phage susceptibility and genetic characterization. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 101:496-504. [PMID: 16882159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To clarify the epidemiological relationship between Lactococcus garvieae isolates from the Seriola in Japan and isolates from other animals. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 32 isolates obtained from aquatic (the genus Seriola and trout) and terrestrial animals (cow, pig, cat, dog and horse) was used to evaluate its pathogenicity to yellowtail and mouse, phenotype (KG+ and KG-), its susceptibility to three bacteriophages and the pattern of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Lactococcus garvieae isolated from Seriola showed strong pathogenicity to yellowtail, while isolates from trout showed weak pathogenicity and those obtained from terrestrial animals showed no distinct pathogenicity. Only, the isolates from the genus Seriola in Japan showed susceptibility to the bacteriophages. The results of PFGE pattern indicate that the isolates obtained from the Seriola predict homogeneity, while there is no similarity among the isolates obtained from different animals. CONCLUSION This experiment indicates that L. garvieae isolated from Seriola in Japan appears to be very different from the isolates obtained from other animals, and the isolates prevalent among the genus Seriola in Japan might be homogeneous. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study suggests that a particular genetic group that has specially adapted and acquired virulence toward yellowtail were prevalent among the genus Seriola in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawanishi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan.
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Shin GW, Palaksha KJ, Kim YR, Nho SW, Cho JH, Heo NE, Heo GJ, Park SC, Jung TS. Immunoproteomic analysis of capsulate and non-capsulate strains of Lactococcus garvieae. Vet Microbiol 2007; 119:205-12. [PMID: 16997511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A comparative immunoproteomic study was carried out to investigate the immunogenicity of capsulate (KG9408) and non-capsulate (NSS9310) strains of Lactococcus garvieae. Immunoblot assays, following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) for L. garvieae strains, revealed a significant difference between anti-capsulate and anti-non-capsulate rabbit sera with respect to the number and antigenicity of antigenic spots. Anti-capsulate and anti-non-capsulate rabbit sera reacted with an average of 72 and 127 antigenic spots, respectively. The strong reaction of anti-non-capsulate sera with elongation factor (EF)-G and -Tu, and GMP synthase, of the L. garvieae strains identifies these as specific major antigens. This study clearly demonstrates the differences in 2-DE immunoblot profiles between the capsulate and non-capsulate strains of L. garvieae. These differences may be the reason for variations in immunogenicity between capsulate and non-capsulate strains. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, arginine deaminase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase were identified from the 2-DE immunoblot profiles of both strains. Therefore, these common antigens are potential markers for the development of vaccines against L. garvieae, irrespective of strain. Immunoproteomics, a powerful tool for studying antigens at the proteomic level, allowed a comparative investigation of the immunogenicity of capsulate and non-capsulate strains of L. garvieae for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Shin
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
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Menéndez A, Mayo B, Guijarro JA. Construction of transposition insertion libraries and specific gene inactivation in the pathogen Lactococcus garvieae. Res Microbiol 2006; 157:575-81. [PMID: 16797929 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of genetic tools in Lactococcus garvieae, an important Gram-positive bacterial pathogen affecting both fish and mammals. The vector pGKV210, a broad host range vector, was introduced by electroporation into L. garvieae UNIUD074. The maximal frequency obtained was 3.2 x 10(5) transformants/mug of DNA. Moreover, this effect is highly reproducible and appears to be constant, since all L. garvieae strains tested were transformed. Once the optimal transformation procedure was established, it was used to generate isogenic and transposition mutants. Insertional mutagenesis of the L. garvieae SA9H10L gene, similar to a Streptococcus pyogenes gene encoding the M protein (emm64), was carried out using the conditional replication plasmid pORI19. Transposition mutagenesis using the streptococcal temperature-sensitive suicide vector pTV408 to deliver Tn917 into the chromosome of L. garvieae was also achieved at a frequency of ca. 10(-4). Transposon flanking DNA sequences were obtained by plasmid rescue in Escherichia coli and their sequencing analysis demonstrated that the transposon was inserted at different chromosomal loci. Tn917 also made it possible to select a mutant in the operon involved in mannitol fermentation in this microorganism. The results obtained in the present study lay the foundation for future research on the virulence mechanisms of L. garvieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Menéndez
- Area de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Boshra H, Li J, Sunyer JO. Recent advances on the complement system of teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:239-62. [PMID: 15950490 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays an essential role in alerting the host of the presence of potential pathogens, as well as in their clearing. In addition, activation of the complement system contributes significantly in the orchestration and development of an acquired immune response. Although the complement system has been studied extensively in mammals, considerably less is known about complement in lower vertebrates, in particular teleost fish. Here we review our current understanding of the role of fish complement in phagocytosis, respiratory burst, chemotaxis and cell lysis. We also thoroughly review the specific complement components characterized thus far in various teleost fish species. In addition, we provide a comprehensive compilation on complement host-pathogen interactions, in which we analyze the role of fish complement in host defense against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. From a more physiological perspective, we evaluate the knowledge accumulated on the influence of stress, nutrition and environmental factors on levels of complement activity and components, and how the use of this knowledge can benefit the aquaculture industry. Finally, we propose future directions that are likely to advance our understanding of the molecular evolution, structure and function of complement proteins in teleosts. Such studies will be pivotal in providing new insights into complement-related mechanisms of recognition and defense that are essential to maintaining fish homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boshra
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Vivas J, Razquin B, López-Fierro P, Villena AJ. Modulation of the immune response to an Aeromonas hydrophila aroA live vaccine in rainbow trout: effect of culture media on the humoral immune response and complement consumption. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 18:223-233. [PMID: 15519541 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Revised: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Aeromonas hydrophila aroA is an attenuated strain that has been assessed as a live vaccine in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In this study the effects of different culture media used to grow the strain on its survival after in vitro exposure to rainbow trout serum, and on its immunogenicity in rainbow trout were compared. Four culture media were tested: Luria broth (LB), Luria broth with 0.25% glucose, trypticase soy broth (TSB), and brain-heart infusion broth (BHIB). Bacteria grown in culture media with glucose (TSB, BHIB and LB with 0.25% glucose) showed reduced complement consumption and a lower serum susceptibility. O. mykiss vaccinated with inocula prepared with BHIB- and LB-grown aroA cells resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) showed higher and longer-lasting serum agglutinating antibody titres than those vaccinated with TSB-grown bacteria. Thus, a direct relationship between serum resistance and immunogenicity could not be established, but BHIB and LB culture media were the most effective in increasing the immunogenicity of the A. hydrophila aroA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vivas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
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