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Colard J, Jubeau M, Duclay J, Cattagni T. Regulation of primary afferent depolarization and homosynaptic post-activation depression during passive and active lengthening, shortening and isometric conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1257-1269. [PMID: 36781424 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether the modulation of primary afferent depolarization (PAD) and homosynaptic post-activation depression (HPAD) are involved in the lower efficacy of Ia-afferent-α-motoneuron transmission commonly observed during lengthening compared to isometric and shortening conditions. METHODS 15 healthy young individuals participated in two experimental sessions dedicated to measurement in passive and active muscle states, respectively. In each session, PAD, HPAD and the efficacy of Ia-afferent-α-motoneuron transmission were evaluated during lengthening, shortening and isometric conditions. PAD was evaluated with D1 inhibition technique. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation was used to study HPAD and the efficacy of the Ia-afferent-α-motoneuron transmission through the recording of the soleus Hoffmann reflex (H reflex). RESULTS PAD was increased in lengthening than shortening (11.2%) and isometric (12.3%) conditions regardless of muscle state (P < 0.001). HPAD was increased in lengthening than shortening (5.1%) and isometric (4.2%) conditions in the passive muscle state (P < 0.05), while no difference was observed in the active muscle state. H reflex was lower in lengthening than shortening (- 13.2%) and isometric (- 9.4%) conditions in both muscle states (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results highlight the specific regulation of PAD and HPAD during lengthening conditions. However, the differences observed during passive lengthening compared to shortening and isometric conditions seem to result from an increase in Ia-afferent discharge, while the variations highlighted during active lengthening might come from polysynaptic descending pathways involving supraspinal centres that could regulate PAD mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Colard
- Nantes University, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, 25 Bis Boulevard Guy Mollet-BP 72206, UR 4334, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Jubeau
- Nantes University, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, 25 Bis Boulevard Guy Mollet-BP 72206, UR 4334, 44322, Nantes, France.
| | - Julien Duclay
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Cattagni
- Nantes University, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, 25 Bis Boulevard Guy Mollet-BP 72206, UR 4334, 44322, Nantes, France
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Nakajima T, Wasaka T, Kida T, Nishimura Y, Fumoto M, Sakamoto M, Takashi E. Changes in Somatosensory Evoked Potentials and Hoffmann Reflexes during Fast Isometric Contraction of Foot Plantarflexor in Humans. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 103:847-60. [PMID: 17326514 DOI: 10.2466/pms.103.3.847-860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the extent to which the early component of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and the Hoffmann (H-) reflex induced by stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve are altered during the ascending and descending phases of fast plantarflexion was investigated. SEPSs and H-reflex of the soleus following tibial nerve stimulation were examined during fast plantarflexion when performed by nine normal subjects. The analyses focused on differences in amplitude modulation of the P30-P40 component of SEP and the H-reflex between the ascending and descending phases of full-wave rectified and averaged soleus electromyographic (EMG) activity. The H-reflex amplitude was significantly increased and decreased during the ascending and descending phases more than under resting control conditions, respectively. The reduction of SEP amplitude was 49% for the ascending phase and 83% for the descending phases with respect to the resting situation. Modulation of SEP during the ascending and descending phases was robustly retained even during ischemic nerve blockade of large diameter afferent fibers. These findings suggest that the transmission of afferent inputs from muscle spindles to motoneurons and to the somatosensory cortex during fast isometric contraction of the plantar flexor is regulated in a time-dependent fashion by descending commands.
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Stutzig N, Siebert T. Assessment of the H-reflex at two contraction levels before and after fatigue. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:399-407. [PMID: 26887575 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the H-reflex evoked at rest and at 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) prior to and after fatiguing the lateral gastrocnemius (LG). The maximal H-reflex and M-wave were recorded in the LG, and soleus (SOL). Electrical evoked potentials were delivered to the posterior tibial nerve when muscles were inactivated and at 20% MVC. After fatigue, the Hmax /Mmax ratio of the fatigued LG was increased for both contraction levels (rest and 20% MVC) and remained unaltered for non-fatigued SOL. Before fatigue, the Hmax /Mmax ratio of SOL was enhanced at rest compared with the Hmax /Mmax ratio at 20% MVC. No differences were observed for LG. Fatigue of a single muscle leads to increased spinal reflex activity of the homonymous muscle. Contrary to previous recommendations in the literature, there appears to be no benefit with regard to the H-reflex amplitude in evoking electrical potentials during constant voluntary contractions at 20% MVC compared with inactivated muscles. The observed difference in SOL prior to fatigue was most likely due to hyperpolarization of the muscle fiber membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stutzig
- Department of Exercise Science, Institute of Sport- and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T Siebert
- Department of Exercise Science, Institute of Sport- and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Goto Y, Jono Y, Hatanaka R, Nomura Y, Tani K, Chujo Y, Hiraoka K. Different corticospinal control between discrete and rhythmic movement of the ankle. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:578. [PMID: 25126066 PMCID: PMC4115592 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated differences in corticospinal and spinal control between discrete and rhythmic ankle movements. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles and soleus H-reflex were elicited in the middle of the plantar flexion phase during discrete ankle movement or in the initial or later cycles of rhythmic ankle movement. The H-reflex was evoked at an intensity eliciting a small M-wave and MEPs were elicited at an intensity of 1.2 times the motor threshold of the soleus MEPs. Only trials in which background EMG level, ankle angle, and ankle velocity were similar among the movement conditions were included for data analysis. In addition, only trials with a similar M-wave were included for data analysis in the experiment evoking H-reflexes. Results showed that H reflex and MEP amplitudes in the soleus muscle during discrete movement were not significantly different from those during rhythmic movement. MEP amplitude in the tibialis anterior muscle during the later cycles of rhythmic movement was significantly larger than that during the initial cycle of the rhythmic movement or during discrete movement. Higher corticospinal excitability in the tibialis anterior muscle during the later cycles of rhythmic movement may reflect changes in corticospinal control from the initial cycle to the later cycles of rhythmic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeno Goto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Jono
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Ryota Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nomura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tani
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Yuta Chujo
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
| | - Koichi Hiraoka
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University Habikino, Japan
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Grosprêtre S, Martin A. H reflex and spinal excitability: methodological considerations. J Neurophysiol 2012; 107:1649-54. [PMID: 22190624 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00611.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hoffmann reflex has been the tool most commonly used in exercise studies to investigate modulations in spinal excitability. However, the evolution of electromyographic responses with the increase in stimulation intensity has rarely been assessed when the muscle is active. The purpose of this study was thus to identify that part of the recruitment curve at which the investigation of the Hoffmann reflex is the most reliable in assessing spinal excitability during muscle contraction. Two recruitment curves were determined from the soleus and the medialis gastrocnemius, in passive and active (50% of maximal isometric voluntary contraction) conditions. No differences were found between the H reflexes in the two conditions in the ascending part of the recruitment curves, while the intensity necessary to elicit the same percentage of maximal H wave was different in the descending part of the curve, up to the maximal M wave. We concluded that during motor tasks, changes in spinal excitability should be assessed by recording H responses in the ascending part of the curve, where modulations do not depend either on the background electrical activity of the muscle tested or on methodological considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Grosprêtre
- INSERM U887, Faculté des sciences du sport, BP 27 877, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Martin
- INSERM U887, Faculté des sciences du sport, BP 27 877, Dijon, France
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Tucker KJ, Türker KS. Muscle spindle feedback differs between the soleus and gastrocnemius in humans. Somatosens Mot Res 2009; 21:189-97. [PMID: 15763904 DOI: 10.1080/08990220400012489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Hoffmann (H) reflex and motor (M) response were studied in soleus and gastrocnemius during voluntary contraction in eight male volunteers. AIMS To determine if the strength of spindle input to the muscles is the same. To assess if the M response size changes during contraction. RESULTS The size of the maximum M response (M max) changed during contraction in each subject. Hence, all H reflex measurements were normalized to the M max at each level of contraction for each subject. The largest H/M max was bigger in soleus than gastrocnemius at every contraction level. The overall largest H/M max for soleus (97%) and gastrocnemius (55%) were achieved at 40 and 100% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), respectively. CONCLUSION Soleus receives greater spindle feedback than the gastrocnemius both at rest and during voluntary contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Tucker
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Duclay J, Robbe A, Pousson M, Martin A. Effect of angular velocity on soleus and medial gastrocnemius H-reflex during maximal concentric and eccentric muscle contraction. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008; 19:948-56. [PMID: 18555699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
At rest, the H-reflex is lower during lengthening than shortening actions. During passive lengthening, both soleus (SOL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) H-reflex amplitudes decrease with increasing angular velocity. This study was designed to investigate whether H-reflex amplitude is affected by angular velocity during concentric and eccentric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Experiments were performed on nine healthy men. At a constant angular velocity of 60 degrees /s and 20 degrees /s, maximal H-reflex and M-wave potentials were evoked at rest (i.e., H(max) and M(max), respectively) and during concentric and eccentric MVC (i.e., H(sup) and M(sup), respectively). Regardless of the muscle, H(max)/M(max) was lower during lengthening than shortening actions and the H(sup)/M(sup) ratio was higher than H(max)/M(max) during lengthening actions. Whereas no action type and angular velocity effects on the MG H(sup)/M(sup) were found, the SOL H(sup)/M(sup) was lower during eccentric than concentric MVC and this depression was increased with higher angular velocity. Our findings indicate that the depression of the H-reflex amplitude during eccentric compared to concentric MVC depends mainly on the amount of inhibition induced by lengthening action. In conclusion, H-reflex should be evoked during both passive and active dynamic trials to evaluate the plasticity of the spinal loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Duclay
- INSERM U887, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, BP 27 877, Dijon F-21078, France.
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Tucker KJ, Türker KS. Triceps surae stretch and voluntary contraction alters maximal M-wave magnitude. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2007; 17:203-11. [PMID: 16524743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reliability of the motor response (M-wave) is fundamental in many reflex studies; however it has recently been shown to change during some investigations. The aim of this investigation was to determine if triceps surae stretch and voluntary contraction, or recording and analysis techniques, affect the maximal M-wave magnitude. The maximal M-wave was investigated in human gastrocnemius and soleus during different foot positions and during triceps surae contraction. Both bipolar and monopolar-recoding methods, and area and peak-to-peak (PTP) amplitude analysis methods were used. RESULTS Maximal M-wave magnitude changed significantly between test muscle conditions, and is largest during dorsiflexion, probably due to changes in muscle bulk and recording electrode relationship. The maximal M-wave was up to 88% smaller when recorded by bipolar electrodes compared to monopolar electrodes, which is discussed in relation to signal cancellation. Area analysis provided more significant differences in M-wave magnitude between test muscle conditions than did PTP amplitude analysis, and the maximal M-wave shape changed significantly between test muscle conditions. This study suggests that maximal M-wave magnitude can vary depending on muscle condition, it highlights the importance of using correct recording and analysis techniques, and questions the reliability of using M-wave magnitude to monitor the relationship between the nerves and stimulating electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Tucker
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Brinkworth RSA, Tuncer M, Tucker KJ, Jaberzadeh S, Türker KS. Standardization of H-reflex analyses. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 162:1-7. [PMID: 17257686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Variability in the H-reflex can make it difficult to identify significant changes using traditional pooled analysis techniques. This study was undertaken to introduce a normalisation approach to calculate both the relative size and the relative stimulus intensity required to elicit the H-reflex response so that comparisons can be made not only with results obtained during different experimental session but also between different subjects. This normalisation process fits the size of the measured M-responses and H-reflexes over the entire stimulus range with model curves to better facilitate the calculation of important parameters. This approach allows normalisation of not only the size of the response but also the relative stimulus intensity required to elicit the response. This eases the comparison of the reflex responses under various situations, and is capable of bringing out any genuine differences in the reflex in a reliable manner not previously possible. This study illustrates that comparison of the reflex between days is problematic, even in the same subject, as both the reflex size and the relative stimulus intensity required to obtain this reflex changed in all subjects. We suggest that H-reflex studies need to use normalisation not only for size of the reflex but also for the stimulus intensity, and also that all experiments for a single subject should be performed in the same session or during the same day using some level of background muscle activity in the muscle concerned as the variability of the muscle at rest was found to be larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S A Brinkworth
- Research Centre for Human Movement Control, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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NAKAJIMA TSUYOSHI. CHANGES IN SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS AND HOFFMANN REFLEXES DURING FAST ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION OF FOOT PLANTARFLEXOR IN HUMANS. Percept Mot Skills 2006. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.103.7.847-860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The soleus is the most commonly used muscle for H-reflex studies in humans, while limited comparable data have been produced from the gastrocnemii muscles. This article reviews the fundamental differences between the structure and function of the human soleus and gastrocnemii muscles, including recent data published about their complex innervation zones. Protocols for eliciting, recording, and assessing the H-reflex and M-wave magnitude in the human triceps surae are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie J Tucker
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Pensini M, Martin A. Effect of voluntary contraction intensity on the H-reflex and V-wave responses. Neurosci Lett 2004; 367:369-74. [PMID: 15337268 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the evolution of H-reflex and V-wave responses of soleus muscle during maximal voluntary plantar-flexor contraction. We also investigated the relationship between the V response and force level and between V-wave during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and the maximal H reflex at rest. The H-reflex and the V-wave responses are measures of motoneuron excitability and also reflect the magnitude of presynaptic inhibition on Ia afferents and the magnitude of descending motor drive. Both may be influenced by postsynaptic inhibition. Twenty male subjects participated in the study and were assigned to one of two groups. The maximal M wave (Mmax) was evoked at rest in the 20 subjects, who then performed 10 maximal voluntary contraction. During MCV performance, a stimulus was delivered at supra-maximal intensity, which allowed us to record the superimposed M wave (Msup) and V wave of the soleus muscle. These parameters were also recorded during sub-maximal contractions (20, 40, 60, 80% of one MVC) in 10 subjects. The maximal H reflex (Hmax), was evoked at rest in the other 10 subjects. These subjects then performed 10 MVC and the Hsup (superimposed H, evoked by means of stimulus at Hmax intensity) was recorded. The results show that the amplitude of maximal M wave increased during MVC (gain 44.52 +/- 10.71%). No significant difference between Hmax/Mmax at rest and the Hsup/Msup ratios during MVC was observed, while an effect of force level on the V/Msup ratio was found. V/Msup and Hmax/Mmax were linearly correlated (r2 = 0.81), but V/Msup was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than Hmax/Mmax. In conclusion, the present study shows that maximal voluntary contractions potentiate some reflex responses. The V wave, which reflects motoneuron excitability presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents and the magnitude of descending central motor drive to spinal motoneurons, may be a relatively simple method to analyse the modulation adaptive neural alterations at spinal and supraspinal level during voluntary contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pensini
- INSERM/ERIT, M 0207, Motricité-Plasticité UFR STAPS, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, BP 27 877, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
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