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Peng W, Chen Q, Zheng F, Xu L, Fang X, Wu Z. The emerging role of the semaphorin family in cartilage and osteoarthritis. Histochem Cell Biol 2024:10.1007/s00418-024-02303-y. [PMID: 38849589 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, various signaling pathways may influence the bone joint through a common terminal pathway, thereby contributing to the pathological remodeling of the joint. Semaphorins (SEMAs) are cell-surface proteins actively involved in and primarily responsible for regulating chondrocyte function in the pathophysiological process of osteoarthritis (OA). The significance of the SEMA family in OA is increasingly acknowledged as pivotal. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms through which different members of the SEMA family impact various structures within joints. The findings indicate that SEMA3A and SEMA4D are particularly relevant to OA, as they participate in cartilage injury, subchondral bone remodeling, or synovitis. Additionally, other elements such as SEMA4A and SEMA5A may also contribute to the onset and progression of OA by affecting different components of the bone and joint. The mentioned mechanisms demonstrate the indispensable role of SEMA family members in OA, although the detailed mechanisms still require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Stomatology HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Stomatology HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Fengjuan Zheng
- The Department of Orthodontics, Hangzhou Stomatology Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Stomatology HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xinyi Fang
- School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Stomatology HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Zuping Wu
- School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Stomatology HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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Goode D, Dhaliwal R, Mohammadi H. Valve interstitial cells under impact load, a mechanobiology study. J Med Eng Technol 2023; 47:54-66. [PMID: 35856893 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2022.2097328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between mechanobiology and the biosynthetic activities of the valve interstitial cells (VICs) in health and disease under severe dynamic loading conditions is of particular interest. The purpose of this study is to further understand the mechanobiology of heart valve leaflet tissue and the VICs under impact forces. Two novel computational and experimental platforms were developed to study the effect of impact load on the VICs to monitor for apoptosis. The first objective was to design and develop an apparatus to experimentally study viability (apoptosis) of the porcine heart valve leaflet tissue VICs in the aortic position under controlled impact forces. Apoptosis was assessed based on terminal transferase dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay. The second objective was to develop a computational platform to estimate the stress and strain fields in the vicinity of VICs when the tissue experiences impact forces. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model with an anisotropic, hyperelastic and heterogeneous material model for the matrix and cells was developed. Preliminary results confirm that interstitial cells are successfully resistant to impact loads up to 30 times more than normal physiological conditions. Additionally, the structure and composition of heart valve leaflet tissue provides a mechanical shield for VICs protecting them from excessive mechanical forces such as impact loads. Although, the entire tissue may experience excessive stresses, which may lead to structural damage, the stresses around and near VICs remain consistency low. Results of this study may be used for heart valve leaflet tissue-engineering, as well as further understanding the mechanobiology of the VICs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Goode
- Heart Valve Performance Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Ruby Dhaliwal
- Heart Valve Performance Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Hadi Mohammadi
- Heart Valve Performance Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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Volz M, Wyse-Sookoo KR, Travascio F, Huang CY, Best TM. MECHANOBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR STIMULATING CHONDROGENESIS OF STEM CELLS. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:460-487. [PMID: 35615879 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is the process of differentiation of stem cells into mature chondrocytes. Such a process consists of chemical, functional, and structural changes which are initiated and mediated by the host environment of the cells. To date, the mechanobiology of chondrogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Hence, experimental activity is focused on recreating specific environmental conditions for stimulating chondrogenesis, and to look for a mechanistic interpretation of the mechanobiological response of cells in the cartilaginous tissues. There are a large number of studies on the topic that vary considerably in their experimental protocols used for providing environmental cues to cells for differentiation, making generalizable conclusions difficult to ascertain. The main objective of this contribution is to review the mechanobiological stimulation of stem cell chondrogenesis and methodological approaches utilized to date to promote chondrogenesis of stem cells in-vitro. In-vivo models will also be explored, but this area is currently limited. An overview of the experimental approaches used by different research groups may help the development of unified testing methods that could be used to overcome existing knowledge gaps, leading to an accelerated translation of experimental findings to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Volz
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | | | - Francesco Travascio
- University of Miami, 5452, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 1251 Memorial Drive, MEB 217B, Coral Gables, Florida, United States, 33146;
| | - Chun-Yuh Huang
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | - Thomas M Best
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States;
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Otoo B, Li L, Hart DA, Herzog W. Development of a Porcine Model to Assess the Effect of In-Situ Knee Joint Loading On Site-Specific Cartilage Gene Expression. J Biomech Eng 2021; 144:1115048. [PMID: 34318319 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic mechanical loading of cartilage induces stresses and fluid flow which are thought to modulate chondrocyte metabolism. The uneven surface, plus the heterogeneity of cartilage within a joint, makes stress and fluid pressure distribution in the tissue non-uniform, and gene expression may vary at different sites as a function of load magnitude, frequency and time. In previous studies, cartilage explants were used for loading tests to investigate biological responses of the cartilage to mechanical loading. In contrast, we used loading tests on intact knee joints, to better reflect the loading conditions in a joint, and thus provide a more physiologically relevant mechanical environment. Gene expression levels in loaded samples for a selection of relevant genes were compared with those of the corresponding unloaded control samples to characterize potential differences. Furthermore, the effect of load magnitude and duration on gene expression levels were investigated. We observed differences in gene expression levels between samples from different sites in the same joint and between corresponding samples from the same site in loaded and unloaded joints. Consistent with previous findings, our results indicate that there is a critical upper and lower threshold of loading for triggering the expression of certain genes. Variations in gene expression levels may reflect the effect of local loading, topography and structure of the cartilage in an intact joint on the metabolic activity of the associated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baaba Otoo
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - LePing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Truhn D, Zwingenberger KT, Schock J, Abrar DB, Radke KL, Post M, Linka K, Knobe M, Kuhl C, Nebelung S. No pressure, no diamonds? - Static vs. dynamic compressive in-situ loading to evaluate human articular cartilage functionality by functional MRI. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 120:104558. [PMID: 33957568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of articular cartilage, i.e. its imaging under loading, is a promising diagnostic tool to assess the tissue's functionality in health and disease. This study aimed to assess the response to static and dynamic loading of histologically intact cartilage samples by functional MRI and pressure-controlled in-situ loading. To this end, 47 cartilage samples were obtained from the medial femoral condyles of total knee arthroplasties (from 24 patients), prepared to standard thickness, and placed in a standard knee joint in a pressure-controlled whole knee-joint compressive loading device. Cartilage samples' responses to static (i.e. constant), dynamic (i.e. alternating), and no loading, i.e. free-swelling conditions, were assessed before (δ0), and after 30 min (δ1) and 60 min (δ2) of loading using serial T1ρ maps acquired on a 3.0T clinical MRI scanner (Achieva, Philips). Alongside texture features, relative changes in T1ρ (Δ1, Δ2) were determined for the upper and lower sample halves and the entire sample, analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, and referenced to histological (Mankin scoring) and biomechanical reference measures (tangent stiffness). Histological, biomechanical, and T1ρ sample characteristics at δ0 were relatively homogenous in all samples. In response to loading, relative increases in T1ρ were strong and significant after dynamic loading (Δ1 = 10.3 ± 17.0%, Δ2 = 21.6 ± 21.8%, p = 0.002), while relative increases in T1ρ after static loading and in controls were moderate and not significant. Generally, texture features did not demonstrate clear loading-related associations underlying the spatial relationships of T1ρ. When realizing the clinical translation, this in-situ study suggests that serial T1ρ mapping is best combined with dynamic loading to assess cartilage functionality in humans based on advanced MRI techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Truhn
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ken Tonio Zwingenberger
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justus Schock
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Benjamin Abrar
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Ludger Radke
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Post
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kevin Linka
- Hamburg University of Technology, Department of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, D-21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Knobe
- Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, CH-6000, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Kuhl
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Nebelung
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Semaphorin 3A Inhibits Inflammation in Chondrocytes under Excessive Mechanical Stress. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5703651. [PMID: 29849491 PMCID: PMC5911320 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5703651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive mechanical stress causes inflammation and destruction of cartilage and is considered one of the cause of osteoarthritis (OA). Expression of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), which is an axon guidance molecule, has been confirmed in chondrocytes. However, there are few reports about Sema3A in chondrocytes, and the effects of Sema3A on inflammation in the cartilage are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the role of Sema3A in inflammation caused by high magnitude cyclic tensile strain (CTS). Methods Expression of Sema3A and its receptors neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) and plexin-A1 (PLXA1) in ATDC5 cells was examined by Western blot analysis. ATDC5 cells were subjected to CTS of 0.5 Hz, 10% elongation with added Sema3A for 3 h. Gene expression of IL-1β, TNF-ɑ, COX-2, MMP-3, and MMP-13 was examined by qPCR analysis. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK, and NF-κB was detected by Western blot analysis. Results Added Sema3A inhibited the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines upregulated by CTS in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of Sema3A suppressed the activation of AKT, ERK, and NF-κB in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Sema3A reduces the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the activation of AKT, ERK, and NF-κB pathways in ATDC5 cells under CTS.
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Lin YC, Hall AC, Simpson AHRW. A novel organ culture model of a joint for the evaluation of static and dynamic load on articular cartilage. Bone Joint Res 2018; 7:205-212. [PMID: 29922437 PMCID: PMC5987700 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.73.bjr-2017-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to create a novel ex vivo organ culture model for evaluating the effects of static and dynamic load on cartilage. METHODS The metatarsophalangeal joints of 12 fresh cadaveric bovine feet were skinned and dissected aseptically, and cultured for up to four weeks. Dynamic movement was applied using a custom-made machine on six joints, with the others cultured under static conditions. Chondrocyte viability and matrix glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content were evaluated by the cell viability probes, 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) and propidium iodide (PI), and dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay, respectively. RESULTS Chondrocyte viability in the static model decreased significantly from 89.9% (sd 2.5%) (Day 0) to 66.5% (sd 13.1%) (Day 28), 94.7% (sd 1.1%) to 80. 9% (sd 5.8%) and 80.1% (sd 3.0%) to 46.9% (sd 8.5%) in the superficial quarter, central half and deep quarter of cartilage, respectively (p < 0.001 in each zone; one-way analysis of variance). The GAG content decreased significantly from 6.01 μg/mg (sd 0.06) (Day 0) to 4.71 μg/mg (sd 0.06) (Day 28) (p < 0.001; one-way analysis of variance). However, with dynamic movement, chondrocyte viability and GAG content were maintained at the Day 0 level over the four-week period without a significant change (chondrocyte viability: 92.0% (sd 4.0%) (Day 0) to 89.9% (sd 0.2%) (Day 28), 93.1% (sd 1.5%) to 93.8% (sd 0.9%) and 85.6% (sd 0.8%) to 84.0% (sd 2.9%) in the three corresponding zones; GAG content: 6.18 μg/mg (sd 0.15) (Day 0) to 6.06 μg/mg (sd 0.09) (Day 28)). CONCLUSION Dynamic joint movement maintained chondrocyte viability and cartilage GAG content. This long-term whole joint culture model could be of value in providing a more natural and controlled platform for investigating the influence of joint movement on articular cartilage, and for evaluating novel therapies for cartilage repair.Cite this article: Y-C. Lin, A. C. Hall, A. H. R. W. Simpson. A novel organ culture model of a joint for the evaluation of static and dynamic load on articular cartilage. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:205-212. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.73.BJR-2017-0320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C. Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK and Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - A. C. Hall
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - A. H. R. W. Simpson
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
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van Haaften EE, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. The initial repair response of articular cartilage after mechanically induced damage. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1265-1273. [PMID: 27500885 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative potential of articular cartilage (AC) defects is limited and depends on defect size, biomechanical conditions, and age. Early events after overloading might be predictive for cartilage degeneration in the long term. Therefore, the present aim is to investigate the temporal response of cartilage to overloading at cell, matrix, and tissue level during the first period after mechanical overloading. In the present study, the effect of high loading (∼8 MPa) at a high rate (∼14 MPa/s) at day 0 during a 9 day period on collagen damage, gene expression, cell death, and biochemical composition in AC was investigated. A model system was developed which enabled culturing osteochondral explants after loading. Proteoglycan content was repeatedly monitored over time using μCT, whereas other evaluations required destructive measurements. Changes in matrix related gene expressions indicated a degenerative response during the first 6 h after loading. After 24 h, this was restored and data suggested an initial repair response. Cell death and microscopic damage increased after 24 h following loading. These degradative changes were not restored within the 9 day culture period, and were accompanied by a slight loss of proteoglycans at the articular surface that extended into the middle zones. The combined findings indicate that high magnitude loading of articular cartilage at a high rate induces an initial damage that later initiates a healing response that can probably not be retained due to loss of cell viability. Consequently, the matrix cannot be restored in the short term. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1265-1273, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline E van Haaften
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Jeuken RM, Roth AK, Peters RJRW, Van Donkelaar CC, Thies JC, Van Rhijn LW, Emans PJ. Polymers in Cartilage Defect Repair of the Knee: Current Status and Future Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E219. [PMID: 30979313 PMCID: PMC6432241 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage defects in the knee are often seen in young and active patients. There is a need for effective joint preserving treatments in patients suffering from cartilage defects, as untreated defects often lead to osteoarthritis. Within the last two decades, tissue engineering based techniques using a wide variety of polymers, cell sources, and signaling molecules have been evaluated. We start this review with basic background information on cartilage structure, its intrinsic repair, and an overview of the cartilage repair treatments from a historical perspective. Next, we thoroughly discuss polymer construct components and their current use in commercially available constructs. Finally, we provide an in-depth discussion about construct considerations such as degradation rates, cell sources, mechanical properties, joint homeostasis, and non-degradable/hybrid resurfacing techniques. As future prospects in cartilage repair, we foresee developments in three areas: first, further optimization of degradable scaffolds towards more biomimetic grafts and improved joint environment. Second, we predict that patient-specific non-degradable resurfacing implants will become increasingly applied and will provide a feasible treatment for older patients or failed regenerative treatments. Third, we foresee an increase of interest in hybrid construct, which combines degradable with non-degradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph M Jeuken
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
| | - Alex K Roth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Corrinus C Van Donkelaar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
| | - Jens C Thies
- DSM Biomedical, Koestraat 1, Geleen 6167 RA, The Netherlands.
| | - Lodewijk W Van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter J Emans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
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Hayashi S, Fujishiro T, Hashimoto S, Kanzaki N, Chinzei N, Kihara S, Takayama K, Matsumoto T, Nishida K, Kurosaka M, Kuroda R. p21 deficiency is susceptible to osteoarthritis through STAT3 phosphorylation. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:314. [PMID: 26546411 PMCID: PMC4636813 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease, and recent studies have suggested that cell cycle–related proteins play a role in OA pathology. p21 was initially identified as a potent inhibitor of cell cycle progression. However, it has been proposed that p21 is a regulator of transcription factor activity. In this study, we evaluated the role of p21 in response to biomechanical stress. Methods Human chondrocytes were treated with p21-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), and cyclic tensile strain was introduced in the presence or absence of a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-specific inhibitor. Further, we developed an in vivo OA model in a p21-knockout background for in vivo experiments. Results The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP13) mRNA increased in response to cyclic tensile strain following transfection with p21 siRNA, whereas the expression of aggrecan was decreased. Phospho-STAT3 and MMP-13 protein levels increased following downregulation of p21, and this was reversed by treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor. p21-deficient mice were susceptible to OA, and this was associated with increased STAT3 phosphorylation, elevated MMP-13 expression, and elevation of synovial inflammation. The expression of p21 mRNA was decreased and phosphorylation of STAT3 was elevated in human OA chondrocytes. Conclusions The lack of p21 has catabolic effects by regulation of aggrecan and MMP-13 expression through STAT3 phosphorylation in the cartilage tissue. p21 may function as a regulator of transcriptional factors other than the inhibitor of cell cycle progression in the cartilage tissue. Thus, the regulation of p21 may be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of OA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0828-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Fujishiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Kanzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Chinzei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Kihara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Koji Takayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kurosaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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Pedersen ME, DaCambra MP, Jibri Z, Dhillon S, Jen H, Jomha NM. Acute Osteochondral Fractures in the Lower Extremities - Approach to Identification and Treatment. Open Orthop J 2015; 9:463-74. [PMID: 26587063 PMCID: PMC4645968 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001509010463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondral and osteochondral fractures of the lower extremities are important injuries because they can cause pain and dysfunction and often lead to osteoarthritis. These injuries can be misdiagnosed initially which may impact on the healing potential and result in poor long-term outcome. This comprehensive review focuses on current pitfalls in diagnosing acute osteochondral lesions, potential investigative techniques to minimize diagnostic errors as well as surgical treatment options. Acute osteochondral fractures are frequently missed and can be identified more accurately with specific imaging techniques. A number of different methods can be used to fix these fractures but attention to early diagnosis is required to limit progression to osteoarthritis. These fractures are common with joint injuries and early diagnosis and treatment should lead to improved long term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Pedersen
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Z Jibri
- Department of Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - S Dhillon
- Department of Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - H Jen
- Department of Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - N M Jomha
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Khoshgoftar M, Wilson W, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. The Effects of Matrix Inhomogeneities on the Cellular Mechanical Environment in Tissue-Engineered Cartilage: An In Silico Investigation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:104-15. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khoshgoftar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Wilson
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C. van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Kawakita K, Nishiyama T, Fujishiro T, Hayashi S, Kanzaki N, Hashimoto S, Takebe K, Iwasa K, Sakata S, Nishida K, Kuroda R, Kurosaka M. Akt phosphorylation in human chondrocytes is regulated by p53R2 in response to mechanical stress. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1603-9. [PMID: 22954457 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The p53 tumor-suppressor protein p53R2 is activated in response to various stressors that act on cell signaling. When DNA is damaged, phosphorylation of p53 at its Ser 15 residue induces p53R2 production. The role of p53R2 in chondrocytes remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated in chondrocytes, p53R2 expression and its regulation in response to mechanical stress. Furthermore, we investigated the function of p53R2 in relation to mechanotransduction. METHODS Osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage obtained from total knee replacements and normal cartilage obtained from femoral neck fractures was used to measure p53R2 expression by using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The OA chondrocytes were subjected to a high magnitude of cyclical tensile strain by using an FX-2000 Flexercell system. Next, sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) production was quantified in these cells. Protein expression of p53R2, and phosphorylation of Akt, p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK was also detected using western blotting. Moreover, Akt phosphorylation was detected after transfecting the cells with p53R2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS Expression of p53R2 was significantly increased in OA chondrocytes and in chondrocytes after applying 5% tensile strain to the cells. However, Akt phosphorylation was down-regulated in OA chondrocytes after the strain, and was up-regulated after transfection of p53R2. sGAG protein as well as collagen type II and aggrecan mRNA was increased following transfection of p53R2-specific siRNA after 5% tensile strain. CONCLUSIONS p53R2 could regulate matrix synthesis via Akt phosphorylation during chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Down-regulation of p53R2 may be a new therapeutic approach in OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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14
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CHEN JYHPING, LIAO HANTSUNG, CHENG TAIHONG. CULTIVATION OF CHONDROCYTES AND MENISCUS CELLS IN THERMO-RESPONSIVE HYDROGELS CONTAINING CHITOSAN AND HYALURONIC ACID UNDER MECHANICAL TENSILE STIMULATION. J MECH MED BIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951941100485x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive hydrogel scaffold containing chitosan and hyaluronic acid was used to entrap primary chondrocytes and meniscus cells. The effect of dynamic tensile strain on the cells/hydrogel constructs was evaluated by measuring cell proliferation, biosynthetic activity, and viability. The results demonstrated that mechanical deformation applied at 15% tensile strain, 0.5 Hz, and 10 min per day for 43 days resulted in substantial increases in glycosaminoglycan (36% for chondrocytes and 31% for meniscus cells) and collagen productions (37% for chondrocytes and 52% for meniscus cells) over static controls while not significantly affecting cell proliferation and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- JYH-PING CHEN
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 259 Wen Hwa 1st Rd., Kwei-San, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - HAN-TSUNG LIAO
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 259 Wen Hwa 1st Rd., Kwei-San, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - TAI-HONG CHENG
- Department of Products, Taiwan Textile Research Institute, 6 Cheng-Tian Rd, Tucheng, Taipei 236, Taiwan, R. O. C
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15
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Balakrishnan B, Banerjee R. Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4453-74. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100123h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biji Balakrishnan
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - R. Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai-400076, Maharashtra, India
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Wu M, Fannin J, Rice KM, Wang B, Blough ER. Effect of aging on cellular mechanotransduction. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:1-15. [PMID: 19932197 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging is becoming a critical heath care issue and a burgeoning economic burden on society. Mechanotransduction is the ability of the cell to sense, process, and respond to mechanical stimuli and is an important regulator of physiologic function that has been found to play a role in regulating gene expression, protein synthesis, cell differentiation, tissue growth, and most recently, the pathophysiology of disease. Here we will review some of the recent findings of this field and attempt, where possible, to present changes in mechanotransduction that are associated with the aging process in several selected physiological systems, including musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neuronal, respiratory systems and skin.
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The effects of hammer pressure on cellular response in a porcine heart valve tissue. CARDIOVASCULAR ENGINEERING (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 10:157-62. [PMID: 20730491 DOI: 10.1007/s10558-010-9101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to design, develop, characterize and validate a prototype device for testing the response of aortic valve tissue to impact forces. With each cardiac cycle, the aortic valve, on closure, is subjected to a substantial impact force and the ability of valvular interstitial cells to withstand such forces without apoptosis has not been examined. Our aim was to correlate impact force with apoptosis, identifying the latter using a terminal transferase dUTP nick end-labelling (Tunel) assay. With our drop tower design, we created reproducible impact forces on heart valve tissue resulting in cellular trauma. The reliability of the impact tester design were verified and results showed that normal tissue can withstand impact forces more than 30× greater than the physiological forces to which the tissue is normally exposed. This provides a wide safety margin and indicates that bioengineered aortic valve tissue should have similar properties if it is to withstand physiologic forces long term.
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Wei F, Golenberg N, Kepich ET, Haut RC. Effect of intermittent cyclic preloads on the response of articular cartilage explants to an excessive level of unconfined compression. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1636-42. [PMID: 18524003 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading of articular cartilage can influence chondrocyte metabolism and lead to alterations in cartilage matrix composition. Most previous studies have focused on the effect of cyclic loading on cartilage mechanical properties and proteoglycan synthesis. However, the role of proteoglycans synthesized from cyclically loaded cartilage in response to an acute overload has not been elucidated. Therefore, we conducted studies where low intensity, intermittent cyclic loading was applied to chondral explants prior to an acute unconfined compression on the tissue. The chondral explants were randomly assigned to three groups: 7, 14, and 21 days of 10 cycles of 0.2 Hz sinusoidal loading at 0.5 MPa followed by an unloaded interval of 3,600 s. All explants were then taken to 25 MPa of unconfined compression. Biochemical assays were conducted to determine the tissue proteoglycan and hydroxyproline contents. The results showed cyclic preloading increased the proteoglycan content and mechanically stiffened the explants, making them more resistant to matrix damage and cell death under 25 MPa of unconfined compression up to 14 days. After 21 days of cyclic loading, however, the explants lost compressive stiffness and suffered more extensive damage in the unconfined compression test. This study investigated the role of cyclic loading in response of chondral explants to a potentially damaging, acute overload. In the long term, these types of studies may help understand the role of preconditioning of articular cartilage for in vitro or even in vivo studies of blunt force trauma to a joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, A407 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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19
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Niehoff A, Offermann M, Dargel J, Schmidt A, Brüggemann GP, Bloch W. Dynamic and static mechanical compression affects Akt phosphorylation in porcine patellofemoral joint cartilage. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:616-23. [PMID: 18050339 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase B (Akt)-dependent signaling pathways induced by mechanical loading have been identified in a variety of tissue. However, there is no evidence for a potential regulation of Akt in cartilage mechanotransduction. This study was conducted in order to determine whether or not the Akt in chondrocytes is regulated by mechanical loading. Porcine patellofemoral joints were loaded in compression at 500 N for 150 s either dynamically at 12 Hz or 1 Hz or statically using a custom-designed loading frame. Left-sided knees served as intervention, right-sided as unloaded control. Cartilage samples were harvested at different time points after mechanical loading and the phosphorylation of Akt was analyzed immunohistochemically. A downregulation of Akt phosphorylation was seen in cartilage 300 s after mechanical loading whereas Akt phosphorylation remained unchanged in unloaded specimens. In addition, regulation of Akt appeared to change with the frequency of loading, presenting different patterns in Akt phosphorylation with static and dynamic loading. Variations in Akt phosphorylation were detected through different zones of cartilage. Overall, our findings indicate that Akt signaling in porcine patellofemoral joint cartilage is dependent upon frequency of loading, cartilage zone, and the time interval between loading and cartilage harvest. It may be concluded that Akt plays a role in cartilage mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Niehoff
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Marques MR, Hajjar D, Franchini KG, Moriscot AS, Santos MF. Mandibular appliance modulates condylar growth through integrins. J Dent Res 2008; 87:153-8. [PMID: 18218842 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional orthopedic therapy corrects growth discrepancies between the maxilla and mandible, possibly through postural changes in the musculature and modulation of the mandibular condylar cartilage growth. Using Wistar rats, we tested the hypothesis that chondrocytes respond to forces generated by a mandibular propulsor appliance by changes in gene expression, and that integrins are important mediators in this response. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that the use of the appliance for different periods of time modulated the expression of fibronectin, alpha5 and alphav integrin subunits, as well as cell proliferation in the cartilage. In vitro, cyclic distension of condylar cartilage-derived cells increased fibronectin mRNA, as well as Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and II mRNA and cell proliferation. A peptide containing the Arginine-Glycine-Asparagine sequence (RGD), the main cell-binding sequence in fibronectin, blocked almost all these effects, confirming that force itself modulates the growth of the rat condylar cartilage, and that RGD-binding integrins participate in mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rubia Marques
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Fitzgerald JB, Jin M, Chai DH, Siparsky P, Fanning P, Grodzinsky AJ. Shear- and Compression-induced Chondrocyte Transcription Requires MAPK Activation in Cartilage Explants. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6735-43. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708670200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Sauerland K, Steinmeyer J. Intermittent mechanical loading of articular cartilage explants modulates chondroitin sulfate fine structure. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:1403-9. [PMID: 17574451 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in the sulfation pattern of chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains of proteoglycans have been associated with aging and degeneration of articular cartilage. The purpose of the present study was to investigate systematically the effect of load amplitudes, frequencies and load durations of intermittently applied mechanical pressure on the sulfation of CS chains of cultured bovine articular cartilage explants. METHODS Using a sinusoidal waveform of 0.5 Hz frequency, cyclic compressive pressure of 0.1-1.0 MPa was applied for 10s followed by a period of unloading lasting 10-1000 s. These intermittent loading protocols were repeated for a total duration of 1-6 days. Newly synthesized as well as endogenous CS chains were isolated, depolymerized and subsequently quantitated after fractionation by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. RESULTS Increasing the mechanical demands on cartilage explants by elevating either the duration or the frequency of loading can significantly alter the fine structure of newly synthesized CS in that less chains terminate on galNAc4,6S and, in that simultaneously the ratio of the internal disaccharides DeltaDi6S to DeltaDi4S is increased. Similar results were obtained with explants being slightly mechanically challenged by low magnitudes of loads. CONCLUSION Our data show for the first time that intermittent loading of articular cartilage explants can significantly alter the sulfation pattern of the terminal CS residues as well as of the internal disaccharides. Furthermore, our results indicate that explants possess a physiological window of stress in which they are able to produce also a normal extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sauerland
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Clinics Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Paul-Meimberg-Strasse 3, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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Wolf A, Ackermann B, Steinmeyer J. Collagen synthesis of articular cartilage explants in response to frequency of cyclic mechanical loading. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 327:155-66. [PMID: 16941123 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage in vivo experiences the effects of both cell-regulatory proteins and mechanical forces. This study has addressed the hypothesis that the frequency of intermittently or continuously applied mechanical loads is a critical parameter in the regulation of chondrocyte collagen biosynthesis. Cyclic compressive pressure was applied intermittently to bovine articular cartilage explants by using a sinusoidal waveform of 0.1-1.0 Hz frequency with a peak stress of 0.5 MPa for a period of 5-20 s followed by a load-free period of 10-1,000 s. These loading protocols were repeated for a total duration of 6 days. In separate experiments, cyclic loading was continuously applied by using a sinusoidal waveform of 0.001-0.5 Hz frequency and a peak stress of 1.0 MPa for a period of 3 days. Unloaded cartilage discs of the same condyle were cultured in identically constructed loading chambers and served as controls. We report quantitative data showing that (1) no correlation exists between the relative rate of collagen synthesis expressed as the proportion of newly synthesized collagen among newly made proteins and either the frequency of intermittently or continuously applied loads or the overall time cartilage is actively loaded, and (2) individual protocols of intermittently applied loads can reduce the relative rate of collagen synthesis and increase the water content, whereas (3) continuously applied cyclic loads always suppress the relative rate of collagen synthesis compared with that of unloaded control specimens. The results provide further experimental evidence that collagen metabolism is difficult to manipulate by mechanical stimuli. This is physiologically important for the maintainance of the material properties of collagen in view of the heavy mechanical demands made upon it. Moreover, the unaltered or reduced collagen synthesis of cartilage explants might reflect more closely the metabolism of normal or early human osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amela Wolf
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Clinics Giessen and Marburg, Paul-Meimberg-Strasse 3, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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Chowdhury TT, Appleby RN, Salter DM, Bader DA, Lee DA. Integrin-mediated mechanotransduction in IL-1 beta stimulated chondrocytes. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2006; 5:192-201. [PMID: 16544161 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-006-0032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) influence the release of nitric oxide (*NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from articular chondrocytes via distinct signalling mechanisms. The exact nature of the interplay between the respective signalling pathways remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that integrins act as mechanoreceptors and may transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular signals, thereby influencing cellular response. The current study demonstrates that the application of dynamic compression induced an inhibition of *NO and an upregulation of cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis in the presence and absence of IL-1 beta. PGE2 release was not affected by dynamic compression in the absence of IL-1 beta but was inhibited in the presence of the cytokine. The integrin binding peptide, GRGDSP, abolished or reversed the compression-induced alterations in all four parameters assessed in the presence and absence of IL-1 beta. The non-binding control peptide, GRADSP, had no effect. These data clearly demonstrate that the metabolic response of the chondrocytes to dynamic compression in the presence and absence of IL-1 beta, are integrin mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Chowdhury
- Medical Engineering Division and IRC in Biomedical Materials, Department of Engineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Ackermann B, Steinmeyer J. Collagen biosynthesis of mechanically loaded articular cartilage explants. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:906-14. [PMID: 16129631 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate systematically the effect of load amplitudes, frequencies and load durations of intermittently applied mechanical pressure on the biosynthesis of collagen and non-collagenous proteins (NCP) as well as on the water content of cultured bovine articular cartilage explants. METHODS Cyclic compressive pressure was applied using a sinusoidal waveform of 0.5 Hz frequency with a peak stress of 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 MPa for a period of 10s followed by a load-free period of 10, 100 or 1000s. These intermittent loading protocols were repeated for a total duration of 1, 3 or 6 days. During the final 18 h of experiments, the incorporation of [(3)H]-proline into collagen and NCP, the content of water as well as the deformation of loaded explants were determined. RESULTS Intermittently applied, cyclic mechanical loading of articular cartilage explants consistently reduced the relative rate of collagen synthesis compared to load-free conditions. This reduced proportion of newly synthesized collagen among newly made proteins was independent of the mechanical stimuli applied. The release of newly synthesized collagen and NCP from loaded explants into the nutrient media was unaffected by any of the loading protocols applied. In addition, quantitative data are provided showing that only high amplitudes of loads and frequencies enhanced the water content of the explants. CONCLUSIONS Previous studies reporting that osteoarthritic cartilage in vivo can synthesize elevated amounts of collagen imply that the loading protocols chosen were inadequate for simulating in vitro osteoarthritic-like alterations of collagen synthesis. In our experiments the collagen biosynthesis of chondrocytes was only minor responsive to alterations in mechanical stimuli, applied over a wide range. Thus, our results imply that the synthesis of these structural macromolecules is under the strict control of normal chondrocytes enabling them to maintain the shape of this physical demanded tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ackermann
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Paul-Meimberg-Strasse 3, D-35385 Giessen, Germany
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Lahiji K, Polotsky A, Hungerford DS, Frondoza CG. Cyclic strain stimulates proliferative capacity, alpha2 and alpha5 integrin, gene marker expression by human articular chondrocytes propagated on flexible silicone membranes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2004; 40:138-42. [PMID: 15479117 DOI: 10.1290/1543-706x(2004)40<138:csspca>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocytes comprise less than 10% of cartilage tissue but are responsible for sensing and responding to mechanical stimuli imposed on the joint. However, the effect of mechanical signals at the cellular level is not yet fully defined. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that mechanical stimulation in the form of cyclic strain modulates proliferative capacity and integrin expression of chondrocytes from osteoarthritic knee joints. Chondrocytes isolated from articular cartilage during total knee arthroplasty were propagated on flexible silicone membranes. The cells were subjected to cyclic strain for 24 h using a computer-controlled vacuum device, with replicate samples maintained under static conditions. Our results demonstrated increase in proliferative capacity of the cells subjected to cyclic strain compared with cells maintained under static conditions. The flexed cells also exhibited upregulation of the chondrocytic gene markers type II collagen and aggrecan. In addition, cyclic strain resulted in increased expression of the alpha2 and alpha5 integrin subunits, as well as an increased expression of vimentin. There was also intracellular reconfiguration of the enzyme protein kinase C. Our findings suggest that these molecules may play a role in the signal transduction pathway, eliciting cellular response to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Lahiji
- Division of Arthritis Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, The Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21239, USA
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Wolf A, Raiss RX, Steinmeyer J. Fibronectin metabolism of cartilage explants in response to the frequency of intermittent loading. J Orthop Res 2003; 21:1081-9. [PMID: 14554222 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(03)00064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocytes within articular cartilage experience complete unloading between loading cycles and in so doing utilize mechanical signals to regulate their own metabolic activities. A strongly elevated fibronectin content is an early feature in osteoarthritis and appears to be related to increases in both the synthesis and retention of this glycoprotein. The objectives of this study were to investigate systematically whether the frequency of intermittently applied cyclic mechanical loading of cartilage explants alters the biosynthesis and retention of fibronectin, and to assess whether it is possible to induce in vitro osteoarthritic-like changes of this metabolic parameter by mechanical means over a period of 6 days. Cartilage plugs consisting of viability-checked chondrocytes were exposed to sinusoidal cyclic compressive pressure alterations of 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 Hz frequency with a peak stress of 0.5 MPa for a period of 5, 10 or 20 s, followed by an unloading period of 10, 100 or 1000 s, and compared to unloaded reference plugs from the same joint and topographic origin. The incorporation of radioactive precursor into fibronectin during the last 18 h, the content of fibronectin, and the viability of chondrocytes were determined. Our data revealed that (a) the fibronectin synthesis was selectively, but non-linearly affected by the frequency of intermittent loads applied (as defined by the frequency of the applied force, the duration of the loading cycle and the duration of the force-free period between each loading cycle), and that (b) the retention of endogenous fibronectin and proteins within loaded cartilage explants is strongly elevated. These data support our hypothesis that the mechanical factor "frequency of intermittent loading" seems to be the crucial mechanical parameter controlling the metabolism of chondrocytes. The effect of the frequency of intermittent loading cannot be described by a simple statistical correlation, so that no specific predictions are possible. However, our results imply that distinct loading protocols have been established that can induce alterations of the fibronectin metabolism similar to those observed in human and animal osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amela Wolf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Reuterstrasse 2b, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
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Sauerland K, Plaas AHK, Raiss RX, Steinmeyer J. The sulfation pattern of chondroitin sulfate from articular cartilage explants in response to mechanical loading. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1638:241-8. [PMID: 12878325 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(03)00089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes within articular cartilage experience complete unloading between loading cycles thereby utilizing mechanical signals to regulate their own anabolic and catabolic activities. Structural alterations of proteoglycans (PGs) during aging and the development of osteoarthritis (OA) have been reported; whether these can be attributed to altered load or compression is largely unknown. We report here on experiments in which the effect of intermittent loading on the fine structure of newly synthesized chondroitin sulfate (CS) in bovine articular cartilage explants was examined. Tissues were subjected for 6 days to cyclic compressive pressure using a sinusoidal waveform of 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 Hz frequency with a peak stress of 0.5 MPa for a period of 5, 10 or 20 s, followed by an unloading period lasting 10, 100 or 1000 s. During the final 18 h of the culture, cartilage explants were radiolabeled with 50 microCi/ml D-6-[3H]glucosamine, and newly synthesized as well as endogenous CS chains were isolated after proteinase solubilization of the tissue. CS chains were depolymerized with chondroitinase ABC and ACII, and the 3H-digestion products were quantified after fractionation by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography using a CarboPac PA1 column. Intermittently applied cyclic mechanical loading did not affect the proportion of 4- and 6-sulfated disaccharide repeats, but caused a significant decrease in the abundance of the 4,6-disulfated nonreducing terminal galNAc residues. In addition, loading induced elongation of CS chains. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the first time that long-term in vitro loading results in marked and reproducible changes in the fine structure of newly synthesized CS, and that accumulation of such chains may in turn modify the physicochemical and biological response of articular cartilage. Moreover, data presented here suggest that in vitro dynamic compression of cartilage tissue can induce some of the same alterations in CS sulfation that have previously been shown to occur during the development of degenerative joint diseases such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sauerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Reuterstrasse 2b, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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Sauerland K, Raiss RX, Steinmeyer J. Proteoglycan metabolism and viability of articular cartilage explants as modulated by the frequency of intermittent loading. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:343-50. [PMID: 12744940 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to systematically determine whether and to what extent the frequency of intermittent loading modulates the biosynthesis and release of proteoglycans (PGs), and to assess chondrocyte viability within mature bovine articular cartilage explants exposed to different loading patterns. METHODS Cultured full-thickness cartilage explants from the weight-bearing area of healthy bovine fetlock joints were exposed to intermittently applied, uniaxial cyclic loads by introducing a sinusoidal waveform of 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0Hz, frequency and a peak stress of 0.5MPa for a period of 6 days. The cyclic loads were applied for 5, 10 or 20s followed by a period of unloading lasting 10, 100 or 1000s. The incorporation of radiolabeled sulfate into glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during the final 18h, the content of GAGs and DNA, the deformation of loaded explants as well as the viability of chondrocytes within the different zones of explants were determined. RESULTS PG synthesis and loss of endogenous PGs were non-linearly and independently regulated by the frequency of the chosen intermittent load, whereas the release of newly synthesized PGs remained unaffected. The viability of chondrocytes within the superficial zone decreased drastically under intermittent loading in a manner independent of the frequency applied. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the hypothesis that the frequency of intermittent loading is an important mechanical factor controlling the metabolic activities of chondrocytes. They also implicate that an initially healthy cartilage explant can be mechanically manipulated to generate an in vitro model of degenerative, osteoarthritic-like cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sauerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Reuterstrasse 2b, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
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Homandberg GA, Costa V, Ummadi V, Pichika R. Antisense oligonucleotides to the integrin receptor subunit alpha(5) decrease fibronectin fragment mediated cartilage chondrolysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10:381-93. [PMID: 12027539 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate involvement of the integrin alpha(5) subunit of the classical fibronectin receptor in cartilage chondrolytic activities of fibronectin fragments (Fn-f). DESIGN Bovine chondrocytes and cartilage explants were cultured in the presence of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), or sense (SO) or scrambled sequence oligonucleotide (SCO) corresponding to the bovine alpha(5) subunit. The effects of the oligonucleotides on mRNA and protein expression of the alpha(5) subunit were analysed by rtPCR and Western blotting, respectively. To test effects on Fn-f activities, three different Fn-f were first added to serum or serum-free cultures, followed by addition of oligonucleotides and the effects on Fn-f mediated proteoglycan (PG) degradation, cartilage PG depletion and PG and general protein synthesis suppression were tested. RESULTS The ASO decreased alpha(5) mRNA and protein expression to 69% and 55%, respectively, in monolayer cultures and decreased protein expression 67% in cartilage explants, while SO and SCO were ineffective. The ASO partially reversed the ability of the Fn-fs to suppress PG and general protein synthesis in cartilage explant and high density chondrocyte cultures. Concentrations of ASO from 1 nM to 5 microM effectively suppressed Fn-f activities in particular assays and the effects were reversible, while SO and SCO were not significantly effective. ASO also suppressed, in a dose-dependent and reversible fashion, the ability of the Fn-fs to enhance degradation and release of PG from cartilage explants. The ASO were also effective in suppressing the ability of an antibody to the alpha(5) subunit to enhance PG degradation, but were ineffective in blocking endotoxin or IL-1beta enhanced degradation. CONCLUSIONS These data implicate the alpha(5) integrin subunit in Fn-f mediated activities, consistent with a role for the alpha(5)beta(1) integrin in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Homandberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College at Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois 60612-3864, USA.
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Lucchinetti E, Adams CS, Horton WE, Torzilli PA. Cartilage viability after repetitive loading: a preliminary report. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10:71-81. [PMID: 11795985 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2001.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess matrix changes and chondrocyte viability during static and continuous repetitive mechanical loading in mature bovine articular cartilage explants. METHODS Cartilage explants were continuously loaded either statically or cyclically (0.5 Hz) for 1-72 h (max. stress 1 megapascal). Cell death was assessed using fluorescent probes and detection of DNA strand breakage characteristic of apoptosis. Cell morphology and matrix integrity were evaluated using histology and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Repetitive loading of articular cartilage at physiological levels of stress (1 megapascal) was found to be harmful to only the chondrocytes in the superficial tangential zone (STZ) and depended on the characteristics (static vs cyclic) and duration (1-72 h) of the applied load. The chondrocytes in the middle and deep zone remained viable at all times. Static loads caused cell death at an early time (3 h) as compared with cyclic loads (sinusoidal, 0.5 cycles per s for 6 h). The amount and extent of cell death peaked at 6 h of cyclic loading, and did not change in subsequent experiments run for longer periods of time (up to 72 h). There was no indication of fragmented nuclear DNA but there was evidence of injurious cell death (necrosis) by electron microscopy. Morphological analysis of cartilage repetitively loaded for 24 h showed matrix damage only in the uppermost superficial layer at the articular surface, reminiscent of the early stages of osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS Cell death in mature cartilage explants occurred after 6 hours of continuous repetitive load or 3 h of static load. Cell death was directly related to the mechanical load, as control (free-swelling) explants remained viable at all times. The excessive, repetitive loading conditions imposed are not physiological, and demonstrate the deleterious effects of mechanical overload resulting in morphological and cellular damage similar to that seen in degenerative joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lucchinetti
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Duda GN, Eilers M, Loh L, Hoffman JE, Kääb M, Schaser K. Chondrocyte death precedes structural damage in blunt impact trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001:302-9. [PMID: 11764363 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200112000-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Joint impact trauma has been shown to cause fissures, fibrillation, and other structural damage of the cartilage or subchondral bone. Previous studies used impact energies sufficient to fracture the underlying bone. Under these circumstances, the initial influence of impact trauma on cellular components and cartilage structure is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine whether an impact trauma first causes cellular or structural damage to a cartilage layer. Such damage might be the starting point of degenerative changes found in osteoarthrosis. Porcine patellas (n = 12) were subjected to standardized low-impact loading of three magnitudes with a spherical impactor attached to a drop tower device (0.06, 0.1, and 0.2 J). India ink staining and scanning electron microscopic analysis were used for analysis and showed no evidence of gross structural disruption. Chondrocyte viability assessed with thiazole blue staining and propidium iodide counterstaining was reduced significantly in the tangential and middle zones with increasing impact energy. These results indicate that chondrocyte death may precede excessive structural damage reported in earlier studies and might be a crucial factor in posttraumatic osteoarthrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Duda
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
During skeletal development, growth, and maturation, gradual changes in the material properties and physical dimensions of cartilage occur under the influence of mechanical loading. The objective of the current study was to compare glycosaminoglyean biosynthesis and cell proliferation in fetal, calf, and adult bovine cartilage explants, isolated from defined depths from the articular surface, in response to controlled compressive loads. Mechanical testing confirmed that for all cartilage samples subjected to load, there was a marked time-averaged (static) compression, whereas the addition of dynamic load at a frequency of 0.01 Hz induced dynamic strain with amplitude and phase shift characteristics typical of stimuli that previously were found to be associated with stimulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis. In metabolic studies, the application of static loading (84 kPa) for 24 hours inhibited glycosaminoglycan and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in all cultured cartilage samples. The superposition of dynamic loading (200 kPa, 0.01 Hz) induced a 20% stimulation of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in calf cartilage from the middle-deep zones over statically-loaded samples and an additional approximate 50% suppression of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in fetal and calf cartilage from the articular surface. These results indicate that synthesis of glycosaminoglycan and deoxyribonucleic acid, two distinct indices of cartilage growth, are regulated independently by mechanical loading and that cartilage responds differently to static and dynamic loading at different stages of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0412, USA
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Abstract
Catabolic cytokines play a major role in cartilage degradation not only in rheumatoid arthritis but also in osteoarthritis. Although the major source in rheumatoid arthritis may be mononuclear cells and synovial tissue and the cause of release may be multifactorial, the source of cytokines in osteoarthritis would be mostly from chondrocytes. However, there are few explanations of how upregulation of the cytokines might occur in osteoarthritis. One possibility is that degradation products of the extracellular matrix arising from elevated protease levels, substrate, or both, might regulate cytokine activities. Fragments of the extracellular matrix protein, fibronectin, upregulate cytokine expression and induce the events of suppressed matrix synthesis and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases, characteristic of osteoarthritis. The catabolic aspects of this system are short term, subsequently serve to enhance anabolic processes above untreated levels, and condition the tissue against additional insult. It will be necessary to determine whether in vivo these degradation products precede cytokine expression and act early and are targets for intervention or instead are a consequence of cytokine damage. Whether they regulate anabolism and catabolism, blocking of their activities may not be ideal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Homandberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College at Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3864, USA
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Salter DM, Millward-Sadler SJ, Nuki G, Wright MO. Integrin-interleukin-4 mechanotransduction pathways in human chondrocytes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001:S49-60. [PMID: 11603724 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200110001-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli are known to have major influences on chondrocyte function. The molecular events that regulate chondrocyte responses to mechanical stimulation are beginning to be understood. In vitro analyses have allowed identification of mechanotransduction pathways that control molecular and biochemical responses of human articular chondrocytes to cyclical mechanical stimulation. These studies have shown that human articular chondrocytes use alpha5beta1 integrin as a mechanoreceptor. After stimulation of this integrin by mechanical stimulation, there is activation of a signal cascade, involving stretch-activated ion channels, the actin cytoskeleton and tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion complex molecules pp125 focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, and beta-catenin. Subsequently, there is secretion of interleukin-4, which acts in an autocrine manner via Type II receptors, to induce membrane hyperpolarization, increase levels of aggrecan messenger ribonucleic acid, and decrease levels of matrix metalloproteinase 3 messenger ribonucleic acid. Chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage also use alpha5beta1 integrin as a mechanoreceptor, but downstream signaling cascades and cell responses including changes in aggrecan messenger ribonucleic acid are different. Abnormalities of chondroprotective mechanotransduction pathways in osteoarthritis may contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Salter
- Department of Pathology, Edinburgh University Medical School, United Kingdom
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Millward-Sadler SJ, Wright MO, Lee H, Caldwell H, Nuki G, Salter DM. Altered electrophysiological responses to mechanical stimulation and abnormal signalling through alpha5beta1 integrin in chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2000; 8:272-8. [PMID: 10903881 DOI: 10.1053/joca.1999.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish whether chondrocytes from normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage recognize and respond to pressure induced mechanical strain in a similar manner. DESIGN Chondrocytes, extracted from macroscopically normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage obtained from knee joints at autopsy, were grown in monolayer culture and subjected to cyclical pressure-induced strain (PIS) in the absence or presence of anti-integrin antibodies, agents known to block ion channels and inhibitors of key molecules involved in the integrin-associated signalling pathways. The response of the cells to mechanical stimulation was assessed by measuring changes in membrane potential. RESULTS Unlike chondrocytes from normal articular cartilage, which showed a membrane hyperpolarization response to PIS, chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage responded by membrane depolarization. The mechanotransduction pathway involves alpha5beta1 integrins, stretch-activated ion channels, tyrosine kinases and phospholipase C but the actin cytoskeleton and protein kinase C, which are important in the membrane hyperpolarization response in normal chondrocytes, are not necessary for membrane depolarization in osteoarthritic chondrocytes in response to PIS. CONCLUSION Chondrocytes derived from osteoarthritic cartilage show a different signalling pathway via alpha5beta1 integrin in response to mechanical stimulation which may be of importance in the production of phenotypic changes recognized to be present in diseased cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Millward-Sadler
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, U.K
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Murray RC, Janicke HC, Henson FM, Goodship A. Equine carpal articular cartilage fibronectin distribution associated with training, joint location and cartilage deterioration. Equine Vet J 2000; 32:47-51. [PMID: 10661385 DOI: 10.2746/042516400777611982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Processes involved in equine carpal osteochondral injury have not been established. In other species, fibronectin appears important in chondrocyte-matrix interactions, and levels are increased in osteoarthritis. This investigation aimed to (a) describe fibronectin immunoreactivity in the middle carpal joint of 2-year-old Thoroughbreds, (b) determine topographical variations, (c) compare strenuously trained (Group 1) or gently exercised horses (Group 2) and (d) describe sites with early osteoarthritis. Group 1 (n = 6) underwent a 19 week high intensity treadmill training programme. Group 2 (n = 6) underwent 40 min walking until euthanasia. Dorsal and palmar sites on radial, intermediate and third carpal articular surfaces were prepared. Immunohistochemistry was performed using a biotin-streptavidin/peroxidase method. Cross-reactivity of rabbit antihuman fibronectin antiserum with equine fibronectin was confirmed using Western blotting. Results showed: (a) fibronectin was present primarily in pericellular and interterritorial matrix locations, (b) dorsal sites had zonal immunoreactivity compared to palmar sites, (c) Group 1 dorsal radial carpal cartilage had increased superficial staining compared to Group 2 and (d) fibrillated cartilage showed increased intracellular and local matrical immunoreactivity (superficial zone). These findings suggest topographical and exercise-related variations in fibronectin distribution, and indicate equine fibronectin is localised at sites of cartilage degeneration and released into the matrix by chondrocytes in the local area.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, UK
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Wong M, Siegrist M, Cao X. Cyclic compression of articular cartilage explants is associated with progressive consolidation and altered expression pattern of extracellular matrix proteins. Matrix Biol 1999; 18:391-9. [PMID: 10517186 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(99)00029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the biosynthetic response of full thickness, adult bovine articular cartilage explants to 45 h of static and cyclic unconfined compression. The cyclic compression of articular cartilage resulted in a progressive consolidation of the cartilage matrix. The oscillatory loading increased protein synthesis ([35S]methionine incorporation) by as much as 50% above free swelling control values, but had an inhibitory influence on proteoglycan synthesis ([35SO4] incorporation). As expected, static compression was associated with a dose-dependent decrease in biosynthetic activity. ECM oligomeric proteins which were most affected by mechanical loading were fibronectin and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). Static compression at all amplitudes caused a significant increase in fibronectin synthesis over free swelling control levels. Cyclic compression of articular cartilage at 0.1 Hz and higher was consistently associated with a dramatic increase in the synthesis of COMP as well as fibronectin. The biosynthetic activity of chondrocytes appears to be sensitive to both the frequency and amplitude of the applied load. The results of this study support the hypothesis that cartilage tissue can remodel its extracellular matrix in response to alterations in functional demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wong
- M.E. Müller Institute for Biomechanics, Bern, Switzerland.
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39
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Steinmeyer J, Ackermann B. The effect of continuously applied cyclic mechanical loading on the fibronectin metabolism of articular cartilage explants. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1999; 198:247-60. [PMID: 10209760 DOI: 10.1007/s004330050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage serves primarily as a load-bearing material able to regulate its own metabolic activity in response to the mechanical stimuli applied. Fibronectin plays a critical role in the organization and function of the cartilage extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to investigate systematically the effect of load magnitude, frequency and duration of loading on the synthesis, content and release of fibronectin and proteins by mature bovine articular cartilage explants using a novel mechanical loading system. Increasing the load magnitude, as well as the duration of loading, inhibited the synthesis and content of fibronectin and proteins; the fibronectin synthesis was more specifically affected than the overall protein synthesis indicating that fibronectin is more responsive to pressure than synthesis of other proteins. Reducing the load frequency did not modulate the inhibitory effect of a given cyclic stress on synthesis and content of fibronectin and proteins even though explants were more compressed. The release of endogenous fibronectin was significantly reduced independent of the applied loading protocols when compared with unloaded controls. This study demonstrates that the magnitude and the duration of loading influences the degree of inhibition of fibronectin and protein synthesis, while loaded explants possess an elevated but limited capacity to bind fibronectin. Compared with other studies, our present results show that the applied load function in particular has a profound effect on the metabolism of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steinmeyer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany
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