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Donnenberg VS, Wagner PL, Luketich JD, Bartlett DL, Donnenberg AD. Localized Intra-Cavitary Therapy to Drive Systemic Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846235. [PMID: 35222439 PMCID: PMC8873820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis to the pleural and peritoneal cavities is a common terminal pathway for a wide variety of cancers. This article explores how these unique environments both promote aggressive tumor behavior and suppresses anti-tumor immunity, and ways in which local delivery of protein therapeutics can leverage the contained nature of these spaces to a therapeutic advantage, achieving high intra-cavital concentrations while minimizing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera S. Donnenberg
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Centers, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patrick L. Wagner
- Surgical Oncology, Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James D. Luketich
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Centers, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David L. Bartlett
- Surgical Oncology, Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Albert D. Donnenberg
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Centers, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Laparoscopic Heated Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Carcinomatosis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma Origin. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204757. [PMID: 34682880 PMCID: PMC8539356 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in conjunction with cytoreductive surgery has been gaining increasing traction in treating gastric adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the peritoneum in recent years. The addition of laparoscopic HIPEC (LS-HIPEC) to these treatment algorithms has increased the flexibility and adaptability of HIPEC integrating into treatment sequencing, allowing for iterative protocols of LS-HIPEC prior to cytoreduction as neoadjuvant treatment, as well as in the palliation of patients with unresectable disease and uncontrolled ascites. As the use of HIPEC in gastric adenocarcinoma continues to be refined, LS-HIPEC algorithms should continue to be considered and utilized both in curative treatment algorithms as well as in patients in the palliative setting. Given that LS-HIPEC remains a relatively nascent treatment modality, we advocate for its use in the setting of a clinical trial when feasible.
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Jose J, Kumar R, Harilal S, Mathew GE, Parambi DGT, Prabhu A, Uddin MS, Aleya L, Kim H, Mathew B. Magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia in cancer treatment: an emerging tool. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19214-19225. [PMID: 31884543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains as the major cause of death worldwide. The main reason why available therapies fail is that a vicious cycle in established which initiates multiple pathways and recurrence after metastasis. Hyperthermic treatment, which involves heating tumor tissues to a moderate temperature of 40-43 °C, has emerged as an effective strategy for treating tumors. This method is highly efficient at destroying tumor cells and does not induce the side effects of conventional cancer treatments. On the other hand, hyperthermic treatment method can be co-administered with conventional treatments. Nanotechnology had created huge opportunities in almost all areas of research, including the field of hyperthermic treatment. The utilization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offers functionalities not possible using conventional magnetic materials. In this review, we detail recent developments and applications of MNPs for hyperthermic treatment and discuss future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Jose
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, 680596, India
| | - Seetha Harilal
- Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, 680596, India
| | | | | | - Ankitha Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, CNRS-6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comte University, Besancon, France
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India.
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Pletcher E, Gleeson E, Labow D. Peritoneal Cancers and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy. Surg Clin North Am 2020; 100:589-613. [PMID: 32402303 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is an aggressive, potentially curative approach used to treat locoregional disease associated with primary and secondary malignancies of the peritoneum. It involves resection of all macroscopic disease larger than 2.5 mm, followed by instillation of hyperthermic chemotherapy directly into the peritoneum for higher drug exposure to microscopic disease. In select patients with primary peritoneal mesothelioma, pseudomyxoma peritonei, colorectal adenocarcinoma, appendiceal adenocarcinoma, or ovarian cancer, with no extra-abdominal metastasis and limited involvement of the peritoneum, the procedure can be performed to increase overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pletcher
- Surgery Department, Mount Sinai West and Morningside, 425 West 59th Street, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gleeson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, 19 East 98th Street, Suite 7A, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel Labow
- Surgery Department, Mount Sinai Hospital, Mount Sinai West and Morningside, 425 West 59th Street, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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Mitxelena-Iribarren O, Campisi J, Martínez de Apellániz I, Lizarbe-Sancha S, Arana S, Zhukova V, Mujika M, Zhukov A. Glass-coated ferromagnetic microwire-induced magnetic hyperthermia for in vitro cancer cell treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is an evolving strategy in the locoregional management of peritoneal surface malignancies, and the role of laparoscopy is expanding. Staging laparoscopy is routinely used to obtain tissue for diagnosis and assess extent of tumor burden. Laparoscopic CRS and HIPEC with curative intent is safe and effective in patients with a low disease burden. In patients with refractory malignant ascites, complete resolution of ascites and improvement in quality of life have been demonstrated with palliative laparoscopic HIPEC. Laparoscopic CRS and HIPEC has an expanding role in the treatment of peritoneal surface disease.
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Prieto C, Linares I. Nanoparticles and nanothermia for malignant brain tumors, a suggestion of treatment for further investigations. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2018; 23:474-480. [PMID: 30263017 PMCID: PMC6158037 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment for brain tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), has not been developed enough yet in order to fully heal them. The main causes are the lack of specificity of the treatments, the difficulty of passage of drugs through the blood-brain barrier, heterogeneity and tumor aggressiveness, and widespread dissemination in the brain. The application of nanoparticles (Nps) have been a breakthrough for both diagnostic imaging and targeted therapies. There have been numerous studies with different types of Nps in brain tumors, but we have focused on thermosensitive liposomes, which are characterized by releasing the chemotherapeutic agent included within its lipophilic membranes through heat. Furthermore, increasing the temperature in brain tumors through hyperthermia has been proven therapeutically beneficial. Nanothermia or modulated-electro-hyperthermia (MEHT) is an improved technique that allows to create hot spots in nanorange at the membrane rafts, specifically in tumor cells, theoretically increasing the selectivity of the damage. In scientific records, experiments that combine both techniques (thermosensitive liposomes and nanothermia) have never been conducted. We propose a hypothesis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Prieto
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital San Cecilio, Av. Dr. Olóriz 16, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Linares
- Radiation Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Avinguda Granvia, 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Amit K. Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
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Sánchez-García S, Padilla-Valverde D, Villarejo-Campos P, García-Santos EP, Martín-Fernández J. Hyperthermic chemotherapy intra-abdominal laparoscopic approach: development of a laparoscopic model using CO 2 recirculation system and clinical translation in peritoneal carcinomatosis. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 33:684-689. [PMID: 28540790 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1302100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is an effective treatment for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Laparoscopic surgery is performed in the treatment of colorectal and appendiceal cancer, and PC from diverse origin in selected patients. HIPEC management by laparoscopic approach after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) completed locoregional treatment of PC, and may be feasible and safe after appropriate patient selection. OBJECTIVE Development of an experimental model of HIPEC by laparoscopic approach, with CO2 recirculation. Clinical translation in two patients with PC and low peritoneal cancer index. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed CRS in a porcine model of 5 pigs (35-38 kg) by laparoscopic approach. Laparoscopic HIPEC by CO2 recirculation system was performed; laparoscopic access was used for catheter input and output placement (Paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 for 60 min at 42 °C). The experimental variables were: blood gases, haemodynamic and intra-abdominal and central temperature. Clinical model application was performed in three cases with PC from colorectal origin. RESULTS No statistically significant differences was found in blood gases, haemodynamic or temperature in the experimental study. In clinical study, there were no technical complications during laparoscopic-HIPEC approach, and we observed no changes in haemodynamic variables during the procedure. CONCLUSIONS CRS and HIPEC laparoscopic model by CO2 recirculation system is safe and feasible technique in selected patients, that include low PC index, local and accessible tumour recurrences or high-risk of PC tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Sánchez-García
- a Department of General Surgery , University General Hospital, Medicine School, University of Castilla la Mancha , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - David Padilla-Valverde
- a Department of General Surgery , University General Hospital, Medicine School, University of Castilla la Mancha , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Pedro Villarejo-Campos
- a Department of General Surgery , University General Hospital, Medicine School, University of Castilla la Mancha , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Esther P García-Santos
- a Department of General Surgery , University General Hospital, Medicine School, University of Castilla la Mancha , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Jesús Martín-Fernández
- a Department of General Surgery , University General Hospital, Medicine School, University of Castilla la Mancha , Ciudad Real , Spain
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Jha S, Sharma PK, Malviya R. Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.als.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Two 27 MHz Simple Inductive Loops, as Hyperthermia Treatment Applicators: Theoretical Analysis and Development. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2015; 2015:751035. [PMID: 26649070 PMCID: PMC4663302 DOI: 10.1155/2015/751035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep heating is still the main subject for research in hyperthermia treatment. AIM The purpose of this study was to develop and analyze a simple loop as a heating applicator. METHODS The performance of two 27 MHz inductive loop antennas as potential applicators in hyperthermia treatment was studied theoretically as well as experimentally in phantoms. Two inductive loop antennas with radii 7 cm and 9 cm were designed, simulated, and constructed. The theoretical analysis was performed by using Green's function and Bessel's function technique. Experiments were performed with phantoms radiated by the aforementioned loop antennas. RESULTS The specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions were estimated from the respective local phantom temperature measurements. Comparisons of the theoretical, simulation, and experimental studies showed satisfying agreement. The penetration depth was measured theoretically and experimentally in the range of 2-3.5 cm. CONCLUSION The theoretical and experimental analysis showed that current loops are efficient in the case where the peripheral heating of spherical tumor formation located at 2-3.5 cm depth is required.
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Valle SJ, Alzahrani NA, Alzahrani SE, Liauw W, Morris DL. Laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for refractory malignant ascites in patients unsuitable for cytoreductive surgery. Int J Surg 2015; 23:176-80. [PMID: 26475090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant ascites (MA) is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity of patients with intraperitoneal dissemination of their disease and is associated with a short life expectancy. The most common clinical feature is a progressive increase of abdominal distention resulting in pain, discomfort, anorexia and dyspnoea. Currently, no treatment is established standard of care due to limited efficacy or considerable toxicity. The objective was to examine the efficacy of laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in the palliation of refractory MA in patients who were unsuitable for cytoreductive surgery. METHODS From May 2009 to June 2015, 12 patients with MA due to their peritoneal malignancy were treated with laparoscopic HIPEC. The time between operation and repeat paracentesis, in-hospital data, and the proportion of patients that did not require repeat paracentesis was analyzed. RESULTS One patient (8%) was admitted to ICU for 1 day. The mean operating time and hospital stay was 149.3 min (range 79-185) and 4.6 days (range 2-11) respectively. Neither high-grade morbidity nor mortality was observed. The median OS was 57 days. In our experience, a complete and definitive disappearance of MA was observed in 83% of patients. Two patients (17%) developed recurrent MA 124 days and 283 days post-HIPEC. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic HIPEC is a beneficial treatment for the management and palliation of refractory MA and results in an excellent clinical and radiological resolution in patients with a complete resolution observed in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Valle
- University of New South Wales Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
| | - N A Alzahrani
- University of New South Wales Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia; College of Medicine, Al-Iman Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S E Alzahrani
- University of New South Wales Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
| | - W Liauw
- University of New South Wales Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
| | - D L Morris
- University of New South Wales Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
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Gkigkitzis I, Austerlitz C, Haranas I, Campos D. The effect of the shape and size of gold seeds irradiated with ultrasound on the bio-heat transfer in tissue. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 820:103-24. [PMID: 25417020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09012-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to propose a new methodology to treat prostate cancer with macro-rod-shaped gold seeds irradiated with ultrasound and develop a new computational method for temperature and thermal dose control of hyperthermia therapy induced by the proposed procedure. A computer code representation, based on the bio-heat diffusion equation, was developed to calculate the heat deposition and temperature elevation patterns in a gold rod and in the tissue surrounding it as a result of different therapy durations and ultrasound power simulations. The numerical results computed provide quantitative information on the interaction between high-energy ultrasound, gold seeds and biological tissues and can replicate the pattern observed in experimental studies. The effect of differences in shapes and sizes of gold rod targets irradiated with ultrasound is calculated and the heat enhancement and the bio-heat transfer in tissue are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Gkigkitzis
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA,
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Security and efficiency of a closed-system, turbulent-flow circuit for hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy after cytoreductive ovarian surgery: perioperative outputs. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290:121-9. [PMID: 24488579 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present physiologic intraoperative data and immediate postoperative outcomes of patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer submitted to cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic peritoneal intraoperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) with a closed-circuit, turbulent-flow system. MATERIALS AND METHODS A closed-circuit system with CO2 turbulent flow was used for paclitaxel HIPEC during 60 min for patients diagnosed with stage II or higher and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Perioperative hemodynamic and metabolic statuses were followed, as well as physiologic recovery during the first 12 postoperative hours. A non-parametric statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS At the end of the hyperthermia phase, temperature was 37.7 ± 0.6 °C, heart rate 88 ± 19 bpm, cardiac index 2.8 ± 0.5 L min(-1) m(-2), stroke volume variation 14.6 ± 3.6 % and extravascular lung water 8.7 ± 1.9 mL kg(-1). No hyperdynamic status was recorded. The length of stay in the ICU was 2½ days, and 12.7 ± 7 days in hospital. Average postoperative intubation time was 11.7 ± 17.4 h. At the ICU admission time, glucose, lactic acid and hemoglobin were the only values out of range, but close to normal. SOFA median was 3 at admission and 0 the following day. CONCLUSION A turbulent-flow, closed-circuit use for hyperthermic peritoneal intraoperative chemotherapy resulted in no hyperdynamic response or coagulopathy, had good tolerance and promoted early physiologic recovery.
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Randle RW, Swett KR, Swords DS, Shen P, Stewart JH, Levine EA, Votanopoulos KI. Efficacy of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the management of malignant ascites. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:1474-9. [PMID: 23982251 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In peritoneal surface disease, accumulation of malignant ascites represents a difficult problem to treat, with adverse impact on quality of life. The role of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in controlling malignant ascites is not well defined. METHODS A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of 1,000 procedures was performed. Type of malignancy, resolution of ascites, duration and agent of chemoperfusion, performance status, resection status, morbidity, mortality, and survival were reviewed. RESULTS Ascites was found in 299 patients (310 procedures) either before or during exploration. A total of 142 (46 %) procedures were performed for appendiceal primary disease, 53 (17 %) colorectal, 20 (6 %) gastric, 45 (15 %) mesothelioma, and 26 (8 %) ovarian. A total of 288 (93 %) patients had resolution of ascites by 3 months' follow-up. In patients with ascites, complete cytoreduction was obtained in 15 versus 59 % when ascites was not present (p < 0.001). In the group of patients who had their ascites controlled, 243 of 288 (84 %) had resection with residual macroscopic disease (R2 status). Twenty-two patients (7 %) had persistent ascites at 3 months' follow-up, 19 (86 %) of whom had an R2 resection. Univariate analysis revealed that type of primary disease, resection status, duration or agent of chemoperfusion, and performance status did not predict failure. CONCLUSIONS CRS-HIPEC is effective in controlling ascites in 93 % of patients with malignant ascites, even when a complete cytoreduction is not feasible. Ascites is predictive of incomplete cytoreduction and worse overall survival. Although complete cytoreduction remains the goal of this procedure, HIPEC can provide palliative value in selected patients with malignant ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reese W Randle
- Surgical Oncology Service in the Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Abstract
A small rise in tumor temperature (hyperthermia) makes cancer cells more susceptible to radiation and chemotherapy. The means of achieving this is not trivial, and traditional methods have certain drawbacks. Loading tumors with systematically asministered energy-transducing nanoparticles can circumvent several of the obstacles to achieve tumor hyperthermia. However, nanoparticles also face unique challenges prior to clinical implementation. This article summarizes the state-of-the-art current technology and discusses the advantages and challenges of the three major nanoparticle formulations in focus: gold nanoshells and nanorods, superparamagnetic iron oxide particles and carbon nanotubes.
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Sommariva A, Zagonel V, Rossi CR. The role of laparoscopy in peritoneal surface malignancies selected for hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:3737-44. [PMID: 22805859 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytoreductive surgery (CS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) was developed as locoregional treatment for primary or secondary peritoneal tumors. The role of laparoscopy over several stages of diagnosis and the treatment of the patients affected by peritoneal carcinomatosis and selected for CS + HIPEC shows some peculiarities, and their potential application in this field is not fully known. Our aim was to review and summarize the applications, the results, and the future directions of laparoscopy in the management of the patients affected by carcinomatosis and scheduled for CS + HIPEC. METHODS Appropriate keywords were adopted to identify the relevant studies on this topic in PubMed/Medline electronic databases. RESULTS The role of laparoscopy in diagnosis and staging of patients selected for CS + HIPEC seems to have a great but probably underestimated potential. Laparoscopic CS + HIPEC is technically feasible with an acceptable morbidity profile, especially in patients with low tumor load. In selected patients with malignant ascites, laparoscopic HIPEC achieves a good palliative effect, with a low morbidity profile. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopy plays a partially explored role in diagnosis and staging of patients selected for CS + HIPEC. The use of laparoscopic HIPEC with an adjuvant, curative, or palliative intent seems feasible, but further studies are required in order to explore and validate all potential indications. For all these reasons, it would be advisable to provide every HIPEC center with specific laparoscopic skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sommariva
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.
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Facchiano E, Risio D, Kianmanesh R, Msika S. Laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: indications, aims, and results: a systematic review of the literature. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:2946-50. [PMID: 22526907 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or palliative purpose in order to discuss potential clinical implications. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed's Medline through August 2011 using the keywords laparoscopic, hyperthermic, and chemotherapy. RESULTS Eight studies encompassing a total of 183 patients were considered. The indications for laparoscopic HIPEC was neoadjuvant in 5 patients, adjuvant in 102 patients, and palliative in 76 patients. There were 13 minor complications not requiring repeat operation, and no deaths related to procedure were recorded. When performed to treat refractory malignant ascites, the procedure was effective in 95 % of cases. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic HIPEC appears to be a safe and effective procedure when performed to treat malignant ascites refractory to less aggressive treatments. The effectiveness of laparoscopy to perform HIPEC with neoadjuvant or adjuvant purpose needs to be confirmed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Facchiano
- Department of Surgery, Louis Mourier Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Colombes, France
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Van der Speeten K, Stuart OA, Chang D, Mahteme H, Sugarbaker PH. Changes induced by surgical and clinical factors in the pharmacology of intraperitoneal mitomycin C in 145 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 68:147-56. [PMID: 20857115 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy are a combined treatment modality considered for selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal and appendiceal cancer. Mitomycin C is a drug often used in this clinical setting. The surgical and clinical factors that may influence the pharmacokinetics of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy should be further elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patients included were 145 who had colorectal or appendiceal carcinomatosis resected using cytoreductive surgery prior to treatment with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mitomycin C as part of a multidrug regimen. The effect of clinical and surgical factors on drug distribution after single intraperitoneal bolus administration with mitomycin C was determined. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of 145 patients treated with intraperitoneal mitomycin C showed a 27 times greater exposure to peritoneal surfaces when compared to plasma. At 90 min, 29% of the drug remained in the chemotherapy solution, 62% was retained in the body, and 9% was excreted in the urine. The extent of peritonectomy increased the clearance of mitomycin C from the peritoneal space (p = 0.051). A major resection of visceral peritoneal surface and a contracted peritoneal space reduced drug clearance. A contracted peritoneal space significantly reduced (p = 0.0001) drug concentrations in the plasma. CONCLUSIONS Surgical and clinical factors may require modifications of drug dose or timing of chemotherapy administration. A large visceral resection and a contracted peritoneal space caused a reduced mitomycin C clearance. Total diffusion surface is an important determinant of mitomycin C pharmacokinetics.
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Valle M, Van der Speeten K, Garofalo A. Laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal peroperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) in the management of refractory malignant ascites: A multi-institutional retrospective analysis in 52 patients. J Surg Oncol 2009; 100:331-4. [PMID: 19697441 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant ascites is a debilitating condition affecting cancer patients in their terminal stage of disease. Recently, laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal peroperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) was introduced as a new approach. From September 2001 to August 2008, 52 patients were treated with this new modality. No treatment-related mortality was observed. Median survival was 98 days. One patient developed a clinical recurrence. Laparoscopic HIPEC is a safe and effective method for palliating malignant ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valle
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Branch, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Overall outcomes for women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remain relatively poor, and superior methods of treatment are needed. EOC is a peritoneal surface malignancy that is relatively sensitive to chemotherapy agents, making it a good target for i.p. chemotherapy. Because there is strong laboratory data demonstrating the ability of hyperthermia to increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, the addition of hyperthermia to i.p. chemotherapy, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), makes theoretical sense. This article reviews the current literature and discusses the possible role for HIPEC in EOC at significant natural history time points: front line, at the time of interval debulking, in consolidation, and for recurrent disease. The conclusion is that much further research is needed but that HIPEC could sensibly be researched at all the natural history time points in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C William Helm
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Helm CW, Bristow RE, Kusamura S, Baratti D, Deraco M. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with and without cytoreductive surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer. J Surg Oncol 2008; 98:283-90. [PMID: 18726895 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) usually present with advanced disease and overall only just over half survive 5 years. Even following a complete response to front-line treatment two-thirds will recur, with a resultant dismal prognosis. We review and discuss the role of surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in EOC and present the results of the ovary consensus panel (OCP) convened for the 5th International Workshop on Peritoneal Surface Malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C William Helm
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40207, USA.
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Chouillard E, Ata T, De Jonghe B, Maggiori L, Helmy N, Coscas Y, Outin H. Staged laparoscopic adjuvant intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia after complete resection for locally advanced colorectal or gastric cancer: a preliminary experience. Surg Endosc 2008; 23:363-9. [PMID: 18461388 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-008-9946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 02/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytoreductive surgery followed by intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia (IPCH) is a promising treatment for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis, a disease with dismal prognosis. METHODS We describe our preliminary experience with staged adjuvant laparoscopic IPCH after complete resection in patients with locally or regionally advanced colorectal or gastric cancer. RESULTS Twenty-one patients underwent resection for colorectal (N = 16) or gastric cancer (N = 5) followed by staged laparoscopic IPCH. No conversion to laparotomy was required. No major operative incident occurred. Mean duration of hospital stay was 12 days (range 9-23 days). No mortality occurred in the 30-day postoperative period. Four patients developed major complications (19%). One patient (5%) was reoperated. Mean follow-up period was 15.5 months (range 9-29 months). Three patients died, including two of cancer-related causes. No patient developed peritoneal carcinomatosis during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Staged laparoscopic adjuvant IPCH after open or laparoscopic resection in selected patients with colorectal or gastric cancer is feasible and reasonably safe. However, additional data are required to determine the effect on long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Chouillard
- Department of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal (Poissy Medical Center), 10, rue de Champ Gaillard, 78303 Poissy Cedex, France.
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Gusani NJ, Cho SW, Colovos C, Seo S, Franko J, Richard SD, Edwards RP, Brown CK, Holtzman MP, Zeh HJ, Bartlett DL. Aggressive surgical management of peritoneal carcinomatosis with low mortality in a high-volume tertiary cancer center. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 15:754-63. [PMID: 18080166 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 10/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytoreductive surgery (CS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) traditionally involves high perioperative morbidity and mortality. We report our experience performing CS-HIPEC in a high-volume regional perfusion program designed to limit morbidity and mortality. METHODS A total of 122 patients underwent 124 CS-HIPEC procedures. Common tumors treated with CS-HIPEC included appendiceal (38.5%), colorectal (24.6%), and ovarian cancers (13.1%), and peritoneal mesothelioma (12.3%). Complete cytoreduction was performed in all patients, with organ resections performed as necessary. RESULTS R0 resection was achieved in 28.7% of cases, R1 in 54.9%, and R2 in 16.4%. Median operative time was 460 minutes (range, 250-840 minutes), and median blood loss was 1150 mL (range, 10-14,000 mL). Median hospital and intensive care unit stays were 12 days (range, 6-50 days) and 3 days (range, 0-41 days), respectively. Grade 3 or 4 morbidity by National Cancer Institute criteria (major morbidity) was seen in 29.8% of cases, with overall morbidity 56.5%. Independent prognostic variables for major morbidity included number of anastomoses and degree of cytoreduction. In-hospital and 30-day mortality rates were 0% and 1.6%, respectively. The most favorable diagnosis was appendiceal cancer, for which 2-year survival was 66.7%, with lower-grade histologic subtypes of appendiceal cancer reaching 85.7% 2-year survival. Colorectal cancer had 2-year survival of 36.7%. CONCLUSIONS In a high-volume center with extensive experience treating peritoneal malignancies, perioperative mortality can be lowered to nearly zero, although morbidity remains high. CS-HIPEC procedures should be studied further in a controlled manner to help define their important role in the care of patients with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj J Gusani
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Facchiano E, Scaringi S, Kianmanesh R, Sabate JM, Castel B, Flamant Y, Coffin B, Msika S. Laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the treatment of malignant ascites secondary to unresectable peritoneal carcinomatosis from advanced gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 34:154-8. [PMID: 17640844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To review our experience of laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in the treatment of malignant ascites from advanced gastric cancer in order to discuss benefits, problems and possible indications. METHODS From June 2000 to May 2003 laparoscopic approach was used to perform HIPEC on five patients affected by malignant ascites secondary to unresectable peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric origin, in order to associate the benefits of a definitive palliation of ascites with a minimal invasiveness. All patients had ascites related symptoms requiring iterative paracenteses. Intraperitoneal perfusion of mitomycin-C and cisplatin was delivered for 60-90min with an inflow temperature of 45 degrees C. RESULTS Complete clinical regression of ascites and related symptoms was achieved in all the five patients treated. Intraoperative course was uneventful in all cases. Mean operative time was 181min. No postoperative deaths, related to the procedure, occurred. Only a case of delayed gastric empting was recorded as a minor postoperative complication. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic HIPEC appears to be a safe and effective procedure to treat debilitating malignant ascites from unresectable peritoneal carcinomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Facchiano
- Department of Surgery, Louis Mourier Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hopitaux de Paris, University Paris VII, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92701 Colombes Cedex, France
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de Bree E, Tsiftsis DD. Experimental and pharmacokinetic studies in intraperitoneal chemotherapy: from laboratory bench to bedside. RECENT RESULTS IN CANCER RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER KREBSFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DANS LES RECHERCHES SUR LE CANCER 2007; 169:53-73. [PMID: 17506249 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-30760-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eelco de Bree
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical School of Crete University Hospital, Herakleion, Greece
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Abstract
The surgeon's role in the treatment of malignant peritoneal disease has expanded over time, stemming from a better understanding of tumor biology. For the majority of patients, carcinomatosis is a terminal process with surgical intervention being reserved for palliation of bowel obstruction or symptomatic ascites. However, for select patients with favorable tumor biologies, aggressive surgical approaches may result in long-term survival. This review describes the patterns of peritoneal tumor dissemination, surgical palliation of malignant bowel obstruction or ascites, and the principles, indications, toxicities, and overall results of cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy. On the other hand, long-term survival is rarely expected for malignant pleural disease unless the causal tumor is highly responsive to systemic chemotherapy. There are controversies and considerable geographic variations in the management of malignant pleural effusions. However, less invasive ambulatory palliative treatments for patients so afflicted are gaining popularity.
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Yang X, Du J, Liu Y. Advances in hyperthermia technology. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2005:6766-9. [PMID: 17281827 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a type of cancer treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures. Research has shown that high temperatures can damage and kill cancer cells, usually with minimal injury to normal tissues. In the clinical application of hyperthermia, three methods can be distinguished: local, regional and whole-body hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is under study in clinical trials and is not widely available. So further technological improvements will need to contribute to an easier and better controlled adequate application of hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Yang
- Biomedical Engineering Center, Beijing, University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Knutsen A, Sielaff TD, Greeno E, Tuttle TM. Staged laparoscopic infusion of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy after cytoreductive surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2006; 10:1038-43. [PMID: 16843875 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPC) is a promising treatment for patients with peritoneal malignancies. Traditionally, HIPC is performed concurrently with cytoreductive surgery. However, this strategy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this report, we describe our initial experience with staged laparoscopic infusion of HIPC. Five patients underwent complete open cytoreductive surgery followed by staged laparoscopic HIPC several weeks later. Primary malignancies included adenocarcinoma of the ileum (one patient), adenocarcinoma of the appendix (three patients), and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder (one patient). At a subsequent operation, we performed laparoscopic HIPC. Quality of life was measured with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colon Subscale (FACT-C). Mean inflow and outflow cannula temperatures were 42.1 degrees C and 40.5 degrees C, respectively. Mean peritoneal perfusion flow rates were 689.8 ml/minute. The hospital stay for all patients was 1 to 2 days. One patient developed postoperative cellulitis, one patient died of progressive tumor, and four patients are alive without tumor progression. Quality-of-life measurements had returned to baseline 4 months after treatment. Staged laparoscopic HIPC after open cytoreductive surgery is safe, feasible, and can achieve uniform temperatures and perfusion flow rates. Although the results of this pilot study are encouraging, additional studies are required to determine long-term survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Knutsen
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA
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Garofalo A, Valle M, Garcia J, Sugarbaker PH. Laparoscopic intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy for palliation of debilitating malignant ascites. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:682-5. [PMID: 16631341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To report the use of laparoscopic Intraperitoneal Hyperthermic Chemotherapy (LIPHC) in the treatment of malignant ascites. METHODS From September 2001 to December 2003, 14 patients between the age of 56 and 78years were treated. Ascites was from gastric cancer (5 cases), colorectal cancer (3 cases), ovarian cancer (3 cases), breast cancer (2 cases) and peritoneal mesothelioma (1 case). The LIPHC was carried out at 42 degrees C for 90 min with 1.5% dextrose solution as a carrier. Chemotherapy was cisplatin and doxorubicin or mitomycin depending on the type of primary tumor. The drains were left in situ after surgery and removed when perfuse drainage ceased. RESULTS Ascites was controlled in all the treated cases. A CT scan performed in follow-up showed a small, clinically undetectable, fluid accumulation in the pelvis of one patient. CONCLUSIONS This method resulted in benefit for those peritoneal carcinomatosis patients with debilitating malignant ascites who were excluded from cytoreductive surgery. Proficiency in laparoscopic staging procedures and experience in the management of carcinomatosis and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy (IPHC) are required for the success of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garofalo
- General-Oncological Surgery, Department of Surgery, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Ferron G, Gesson-Paute A, Classe JM, Querleu D. Feasibility of laparoscopic peritonectomy followed by intra-peritoneal chemohyperthermia: an experimental study. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99:358-61. [PMID: 16112182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is being evaluated for patients with minimal residual or no residual disease after primary surgery and chemotherapy for stage III ovarian carcinoma. The use of operative laparoscopy to perform peritonectomy and HIPEC is reported. METHODS Five adult pigs were used. The placement of trocars in the four quadrants was planned in order to complete a total peritonectomy and then to place the HIPEC drains. The umbilical trocar was then replaced manually by the surgeon through a Lapdisc to manipulate the bowel loops. The abdominal cavity was filled with heated saline (43 degrees C), and the pumps were activated for 30 min. RESULTS The procedure was successfully completed with an adequate intraabdominal temperature and distribution. CONCLUSION These preliminary data suggest the technical feasibility of the laparoscopic approach for HIPEC, in an animal model without carcinomatosis. Our ongoing research is designed to gather pharmacokinetic data in an experimental controlled randomized fashion to compare a laparoscopic to a laparotomy approach on the same model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaël Ferron
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud Cancer Center, 20-24 Rue du Pont Street Pierre, 31052 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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Abstract
The favorable pharmacokinetics of MMC, used during intraperitoneal chemotherapy, has been reported in several studies [11-19]. A major safety issue in studies using intraperitoneal chemotherapy perfusion is the resulting systemic drug exposure. The AUCplasma is determined by the dose, the clearance, and the fraction absorbed from the peritoneal cavity. The reported mean plasma peak concentrations are about one-third of the systemic exposure following a therapeutic dose of MMC given by intravenous administration [30]. The best method to quantify the exposure to MMC are the time concentration profiles (AUC). Because MMC can still be found in plasma the day after intraperitoneal administration, the AUC0-90 is an underestimate of the real AUC; extrapolation to infinity gives the most reliable AUCplasma value. In our series the AUCplasma is about half the AUCplasma when given a therapeutic dose MMC intravenously [30]. What is the best dose in intraperitoneal chemotherapy perfusion? The ideal amount of MMC should include a high AUCperfusate, a high AUCplasma and an acceptable systemic toxicity. In our series grade III/IV leucopenia was observed in 28% patients. We find this rather high percentage acceptable as the problem has proved to be transient, and we have experienced no toxic deaths in recent years. In a phase I study it was estimated that a dose of 25 mg/m2 would result in approximately 10% of grade III/IV leucopenia [20]. Our data indicate that dosing based on body surface area is rational and reliable. The variation between individuals is low. Dosing based on a fixed concentration per liter perfusion fluid is probably more liable to have unforeseen variations, given the fact that we deal with linear pharmacokinetics of MMC [20]. As represented in Fig. 3, the dose of MMC can best be administered in three divided doses, resulting in the more equal exposure of peritoneal structures to MMC during the perfusion. It must be emphasized that our findings only hold true for the perfusion system as used in The Netherlands Cancer Institute. This involves a semi-open abdomen, basic perfusate volume of 3 L, perfusion rate of 1 L/min, abdominal temperature of 40 degrees C, 90 minutes of perfusion, and three drug additions (50% at t = 0, 25% at t = 30 and t = 60 minutes). The differences in perfusion techniques make comparisons of published pharmacokinetics data difficult. Cautions comparison suggest that most groups are dosing far below the maximal tolerated dose. We assume that there is a dose-effect relation for MMC. This means that obtaining a maximal safe dose is important to get maximal results. It seems that better dosing of intraperitoneal MMC can still improve results. The pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal MMC can, however, be influenced by many details. Open or closed perfusion for instance may make some essential differences. It is therefore important that each treatment group performs its own pharmacokinetics studies on intraperitoneal MMC to achieve the optimal dose method for their chemotherapy perfusion setting. In conclusion, the major advantage of intraperitoneal chemotherapy is the regional dose intensity provided. Following intraperitoneal MMC administration, the affected peritoneal surface is exposed to high concentrations while the systemic toxicity is limited. Comparative analyses on MMC pharmacokinetics are difficult to perform because the diversity of treatment techniques. We recommend administration of MMC, divided in three drug additions, based on BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van Ruth
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands.
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