The role of tube feeding and total parenteral nutrition in advanced illness

Lifestyle Medicine Interventions in Patients With Advanced Disease Receiving Palliative or Hospice Care

Background: Lifestyle medicine interventions have the potential to improve symptom management, daily function, and quality of life (QOL) in patients with advanced or terminal disease receiving palliative or hospice care. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of the literature on this subject. Methods: The authors used a broad search strategy to identify relevant studies, reviews, and expert opinions, followed by narrative summary of available information. Results: Four main categories of lifestyle interventions feature prominently in the palliative care literature: exercise, nutrition, stress management, and substance use. High-quality studies in this vulnerable population are relatively sparse. Some interventions show promise. However, most show mixed results or inadequate evidence. For some interventions, risks in this generally frail population outweigh the benefits. Clinical decision making involves balancing research findings, including the risks and benefits of interventions, with a clear understanding of patients' prognosis, goals of care, and current physical, emotional, and spiritual state. Achieving optimum QOL, safety, and ethical care are emphasized. Conclusions: The use of lifestyle interventions in patients receiving palliative or hospice care is a complex undertaking, requiring tailoring recommendations to individual patients. There is potential for considerable benefits; however, more research is needed.

Bridging the Continuum: Nutrition Support in Palliative and Hospice Care

Clinicians and patients in today's technically focused healthcare environment are often faced with decisions of what should be done vs what could be done. The decision to provide or not provide nutrition support during palliative care and hospice care requires an understanding of and respect for patient wishes, an appreciation for the expectations of the patient and family, and open and effective communication. There can be confusion and disagreement concerning what nutrition therapies should be continued and which ones stopped. These decisions can be facilitated by answering the question: When do the burdens of nutrition support outweigh the benefit to the patient? The patient, family members, and healthcare providers should openly discuss and agree upon the goals of nutrition support during palliative care and hospice care.

Nasogastric feeding at the end of life: A virtue ethics approach

The use of Nasogastric (NG) feeding in the provision of artificial nutrition and hydration at the end of life has, for the most part, been regarded as futile by the medical community. This position has been led chiefly by prevailing medical data. In Singapore, however, there has been an increase in its utilization supported primarily by social, religious and cultural factors expressly to prolong life of the terminally ill patient. Here this article will seek to review the ethical and clinical impact of this treatment and provide some understanding for such decisions in the light of the Duty of Palliative Care [DoPC]. Complemented by virtue ethics theory, the DoPC highlights and seeks to realize the individual case specific goals of care that maximize comfort and quality of life of the patient in the face of rapid attenuation of treatment options and the eminence of the final outcome by considering each of these factors individually in order to provide the best outcome for the patient and the family.

Surgical palliation of bowel obstruction

MBO is a common but difficult problem for surgeons caring for cancer patients. Nonsurgical interventions should be considered in all patients who have MBO, especially in those with limited expected survival time or for whom surgery will have little effect on disease control. Surgical options can be helpful in the setting of MBO, as long as reasonable goals and realistic out-comes are clear. There is no defined algorithm for all patients with MBO, and decision-making is based on reasonable estimates of survival and treatment-related success. Therefore, better prospective data need to be collected for this population of patients. In addition, a randomized prospective trial comparing treatments based on the clinical scenario could help practitioners who care for patients with this condition.

Parenteral Nutrition in Advanced Cancer: Indications and Clinical Practice Guidelines

Cachexia is a disturbing and disfiguring aspect of many advanced cancers. Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a controversial and expensive treatment for cancer cachexia. Guidelines for the use of PN for these patients have been suggested. These two case reports will highlight some of the issues around the etiology of cancer cachexia, the clinical dilemmas and the use of clinical practice guidelines.

The role of rehabilitation medicine and palliative care in the treatment of patients with end-stage disease

Rehabilitation medicine and palliative care share many common goals. They strive to maximize physical function and emotional well-being to the highest extent possible given the nature of the underlying disease process. Many patients with end-stage disease experience symptoms and functional losses that diminish their quality of life. This article outlines the benefits that active rehabilitation therapy can provide to patients in the terminal stages of their disease and some of the ethical and practical issues faced in the planning and provision of this care.

Ethical challenges of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a widely used procedure for patients who cannot swallow. Although it is mostly performed for valid indications, its use in terminally ill patients is questionable. In this study, more than 30% of patients died in hospital after PEG placement and 16% died less than 30 days after placement. Strict guidelines and oversight or PEG placement are recommended.

Surgical management of malignant bowel obstruction

MBO is a common but difficult problem for surgeons caring for cancer patients. Nonsurgical interventions should be considered in all patients with MBO, especially inpatients with limited survival or for whom surgery will have little effect on disease control. Although there is no algorithm for all patients with MBO, decision-making is based on reasonable expectations of survival and treatment-related success. Surgical options can be helpful in the setting of MBO as long as reasonable goals and realistic outcomes are clear.

Is there a role for TPN in terminally ill patients with bowel obstruction?

OBJECTIVE

There is controversy regarding the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in individuals with metastatic malignancies. The objective of this study was to determine whether a subgroup of patients with intestinal obstruction would benefit from support with TPN.

METHODS

A retrospective review of patients considered for home TPN by a regionalized home TPN program was conducted

RESULTS

Over a 6-y period, nine patients with primary gastrointestinal malignancy and metastatic intestinal obstruction were identified. There was a variable survival rate of 27 to 433 d. Survival rate longer than 60 d was noted in six of nine patients. Most patients had no direct TPN-related complications, but one patient had significant morbidity related to venous thrombosis and line sepsis. There were no nutritional predictors of prolonged survival rate with TPN. TPN was continued until death in six of nine patients.

CONCLUSION

Patients with small bowel obstruction and metastatic malignancy may benefit from TPN as demonstrated by prolonged survival rate longer than 60 d. There are no clear predictors of who will benefit from TPN, and each case should be considered individually, with the potential risks and benefits discussed with the family and primary caregivers. Future studies should address the effect of TPN on quality of life of the patient and their caregivers.