1
|
Jackson PJM, Kay S, Pysz I, Thurston DE. Use of pyrrolobenzodiazepines and related covalent-binding DNA-interactive molecules as ADC payloads: Is mechanism related to systemic toxicity? DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:71-83. [PMID: 30553523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) consist of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or antibody fragments conjugated to biologically active molecules (usually highly cytotoxic small molecules) through chemical linkers. Although no ADCs containing covalent-binding DNA-interactive payloads have yet been approved (although two containing the DNA-cleaving payload calicheamicin have), of those in clinical trials systemic toxicities are beginning to emerge. This article discusses the observed toxicities in relation to the structures and mechanisms of action of payload type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J M Jackson
- Femtogenix Ltd., Biopark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Syafiq Kay
- Femtogenix Ltd., Biopark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX, United Kingdom; Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Pysz
- Femtogenix Ltd., Biopark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX, United Kingdom; Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David E Thurston
- Femtogenix Ltd., Biopark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX, United Kingdom; Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Comparative analysis of DNA alkylation by conjugates between pyrrole–imidazole hairpin polyamides and chlorambucil or seco-CBI. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
3
|
Wilson WR, Stribbling SM, Pruijn FB, Syddall SP, Patterson AV, Liyanage HS, Smith E, Botting KJ, Tercel M. Nitro-chloromethylbenzindolines: hypoxia-activated prodrugs of potent adenine N3 DNA minor groove alkylators. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2903-13. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Kiakos K, Sato A, Asao T, McHugh PJ, Lee M, Hartley JA. DNA sequence selective adenine alkylation, mechanism of adduct repair, and in vivo antitumor activity of the novel achiral seco-amino-cyclopropylbenz[e]indolone analogue of duocarmycin AS-I-145. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 6:2708-18. [PMID: 17938264 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AS-I-145 is a novel achiral seco-amino-cyclopropylbenz[e]indolone (seco-amino-CBI) analogue of duocarmycin that has evolved from an alternative strategy of designing CC-1065/duocarmycin agents lacking the characteristic chiral center of the natural agents. The sequence specificity of this compound was assessed by a Taq polymerase stop assay, identifying the sites of covalent modification on plasmid DNA. The adenine-N3 adducts were confirmed at AT-rich sequences using a thermally induced strand cleavage assay. These studies reveal that this compound retains the inherent sequence selectivity of the related natural compounds. The AS-I-145 sensitivity of yeast mutants deficient in excision and post-replication repair (PRR) pathways was assessed. The sensitivity profile suggests that the sequence-specific adenine-N3 adducts are substrates for nucleotide excision repair (NER) but not base excision repair (BER). Single-strand ligation PCR was employed to follow the induction and repair of the lesions at nucleotide resolution in yeast cells. Sequence specificity was preserved in intact cells, and adduct elimination occurred in a transcription-coupled manner and was dependent on a functional NER pathway and Rad18. The involvement of NER as the predominant excision pathway was confirmed in mammalian DNA repair mutant cells. AS-I-145 showed good in vivo antitumor activity in the National Cancer Institute standard hollow fiber assay and was active against the human breast MDA-MD-435 xenograft when administered i.v. or p.o. Its novel structure and in vivo activity renders AS-I-145 a new paradigm in the design of novel achiral analogues of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, Department of Oncology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Methylating agents modify DNA at many different sites, thereby producing lethal and mutagenic lesions. To remove all the main harmful base lesions, at least three types of DNA-repair activities can be used, each of which involves a different reaction mechanism. These activities include DNA-glycosylases, DNA-methyltransferases and the recently characterized DNA-dioxygenases. The Escherichia coli AlkB dioxygenase and the two human homologues, ABH2 and ABH3, represent a novel mechanism of DNA repair. They use iron-oxo intermediates to oxidize stable methylated bases in DNA and directly revert them to the unmodified form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sedgwick
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bando T, Narita A, Iwai A, Kihara K, Sugiyama H. C−H to N Substitution Dramatically Alters the Sequence-Specific DNA Alkylation, Cytotoxicity, and Expression of Human Cancer Cell Lines. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:3406-7. [PMID: 15025451 DOI: 10.1021/ja0387103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized sequence-specific alkylating conjugates 1 and 2, which selectively alkylate matched sequences at nanomolar concentrations. Conjugates 1 and 2 differ only in that the C-H is substituted by an N in the second ring, which precisely recognizes and effectively alkylates DNA according to the recognition rule of Py-Im polyamides. We investigated sequence-specific DNA alkylation, cytotoxicity in 39 human cancer cell lines, and the effect on expression levels in cancer cell lines by Py-Im conjugates 1 and 2. The COMPARE analysis of the mean graphs showed that conjugates 1 and 2 did not correlate well with each other (r = 0.65) despite having a common DNA alkylating mechanism (purine N3 alkylation). Array-based gene expression analysis demonstrated that there are several oppositely regulated genes. The results suggest the intriguing possibility that DNA alkylating agents recognizing longer base-pair sequences may provide a promising approach for developing new types of antigene agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Bando
- School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Surugadai, Kanda, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jaspers NGJ, Raams A, Kelner MJ, Ng JMY, Yamashita YM, Takeda S, McMorris TC, Hoeijmakers JHJ. Anti-tumour compounds illudin S and Irofulven induce DNA lesions ignored by global repair and exclusively processed by transcription- and replication-coupled repair pathways. DNA Repair (Amst) 2002; 1:1027-38. [PMID: 12531012 DOI: 10.1016/s1568-7864(02)00166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Illudin S is a natural sesquiterpene drug with strong anti-tumour activity. Inside cells, unstable active metabolites of illudin cause the formation of as yet poorly characterised DNA lesions. In order to identify factors involved in their repair, we have performed a detailed genetic survey of repair-defective mutants for responses to the drug. We show that 90% of illudin's lethal effects in human fibroblasts can be prevented by an active nucleotide excision repair (NER) system. Core NER enzymes XPA, XPF, XPG, and TFIIH are essential for recovery. However, the presence of global NER initiators XPC, HR23A/HR23B and XPE is not required, whereas survival, repair and recovery from transcription inhibition critically depend on CSA, CSB and UVS, the factors specific for transcription-coupled NER. Base excision repair and non-homologous end-joining of DNA breaks do not play a major role in the processing of illudin lesions. However, active RAD18 is required for optimal cell survival, indicating that the lesions also block replication forks, eliciting post-replication-repair-like responses. However, the translesion-polymerase DNA pol eta is not involved. We conclude that illudin-induced lesions are exceptional in that they appear to be ignored by all of the known global repair systems, and can only be repaired when trapped in stalled replication or transcription complexes. We show that the semisynthetic illudin derivative hydroxymethylacylfulvene (HMAF, Irofulven), currently under clinical trial for anti-tumour therapy, acts via the same mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas G J Jaspers
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kiakos K, Howard TT, Lee M, Hartley JA, McHugh PJ. Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD5 influences the excision repair of DNA minor groove adducts. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:44576-81. [PMID: 12226100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208169200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the primary pathway for the removal of DNA adducts that distort the double helix. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the RAD6 epistasis group defines a more poorly characterized set of DNA damage response pathways, believed to be distinct from NER. Here we show that the elimination of the DNA minor groove adducts formed by an important class of anticancer antibiotic (CC-1065 family) requires NER factors in S. cerevisiae. We also demonstrate that the elimination of this class of minor groove adduct from the active MFA2 gene depends upon functional Rad18 and Rad6. This is most clear for the repair of adducts on the transcribed strand, where an absolute requirement for Rad6 and Rad18 was seen. Further experiments revealed that a specific RAD6-RAD18-controlled subpathway, the RAD5 branch, mediates these events. Cells disrupted for rad5 are highly sensitive to this minor groove binding agent, and rad5 cells exhibit an in vivo adduct elimination defect indistinguishable from that seen in rad6 and rad18 cells as well as in NER-defective cells. Our results indicate that the RAD5 subpathway may interact with NER factors during the repair of certain DNA adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, 91 Riding House Street, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Toth JL, Price CA, Madsen EC, Handl HL, Hudson SJ, Hubbard RB, Bowen JP, Kiakos K, Hartley JA, Lee M. Sequence selective recognition of DNA by hairpin conjugates of a racemic seco-cyclopropaneindoline-2-benzofurancarboxamide and polyamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2245-8. [PMID: 12127548 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugates of racemic seco-cyclopropaneindoline-2-benzofurancarboxamide (CI-Bf) and four diamides (ImIm 1, ImPy 2, PyIm 3, and PyPy 4, where Py is pyrrole, and Im is imidazole), linked by a gamma-aminobutyrate group were synthesized. In addition to alkylating at adenine-N3 positions within an A(5) sequence, the imidazole-containing compounds 1 and 2 were found to also alkylate purine-N3 positions within a sequence 3'-GGGGGGA(888)CTGCTC(894)-5'. A model for the binding of hairpin conjugates 1 and 2 with the 3'-GACT-5' sequence is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Toth
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Plowright AT, Schaus SE, Myers AG. Transcriptional response pathways in a yeast strain sensitive to saframycin a and a more potent analog: evidence for a common basis of activity. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:607-18. [PMID: 12031667 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Saframycin A (SafA) is a natural product that inhibits human cancer cell proliferation. Its synthetic analog, QAD, is a more potent inhibitor of these cells. SafA does not affect wild-type yeast, but it does inhibit growth of the strain CCY333 (DeltaPDR1/PDR3/ERG6) (IC50 = 0.9 microM). QAD is also a more effective inhibitor of CCY333 growth (IC50 = 0.4 microM). Transcription profiling of SafA- and QAD-treated CCY333 cultures showed that both drugs generated nearly identical profiles, with altered expression levels (> or =2-fold) of more than 240 genes. Both agents induced the overexpression of genes involved in glycolysis, oxidative stress, and protein degradation and repressed genes encoding histones, biosynthetic enzymes, and the cellular import machinery. Significantly, neither drug affected the expression of known DNA-damage repair genes, as might have been expected if their primary mechanism of action involved the covalent modification of DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alleyn T Plowright
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
DNA-alkylating events associated with nitrogen mustard based anticancer drugs and the metabolic byproduct Acrolein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1067-568x(02)80004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|