1
|
Bekfelavi EY, Yılmaz Ö, Şahin E, Şimşek Kuş N. Novel halo-molecules; synthesis, structure elucidation, mechanism, and antioxidant activity. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
2
|
Production and bioprocess optimization of antitumor Epothilone B analogue from Aspergillus fumigatus, endophyte of Catharanthus roseus, with response surface methodology. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109718. [PMID: 33375978 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epothilones are secondary metabolites produced by Sorangium cellulosum with powerful antiproliferative activity against tumor cells by stabilizing their microtubule arrays, arresting their cellular division at G2-M phase. Unfortunately, the lower yield of epothilone is the challenge for its higher accessibility, thus, searching for alternative sources with promising epothilone producing potency is the prospective. Endophytic fungi are the potential repertoire for bioactive metabolites, thus exploring the epothilone producing potency of endophytic fungi of medicinal plants was objective. Thirty-two fungal isolates were recovered from the tested medicinal plants and their potency to produced epothilone have been assessed using the TLC, HPLC and molecular markers epoA, epoC and epoK. Aspergillus fumigatus EFBL, an endophyte of Catharanthus roseus, was the potent epothilone producer (21.5 μg/g biomass) as revealed from the chromatographic analyses and PCR of molecular markers. The chemical identity of extracted epothilone was verified from the HPLC, NMR, FTIR and LC-MS analyses as epothilone B analogue. The putative epoA gene from A. fumigatus was amplified using RT-PCR with the conservative corresponding primers to the active-sites of S. cellulosum. The amplicons of epoA was 517 bp displayed 98 % similarity with A. fumigatus PKS-NRPS domains, and 40 % similarity with epoA of S. cellulosum. From the in silico analyses, Val506, Ala605 and Ser630 are the conservative amino acids of epoA protein of A. fumigatus and S. cellulosum. Epothilone B from A. fumigatus displayed a strong antiproliferative activity against HepG-2, MCF-7 and LS174 T as revealed from the IC50 values 6.4, 8.7 and 10.21 μM, respectively. The productivity of epothilone B from A. fumigatus was optimized by surface response methodology with Plackett-Burman and Faced Centered Central Composite. With the Plackett-Burman design, the yield of epothilone (54.4-60.1 μg/g biomass) by A. fumigatus was increased by about 2.8-3.0 folds comparing to non-optimized cultures (21.5 μg/ g biomass). From the FCCD design, sucrose, tryptone and incubation time being the highest significant variables medium components affecting the epothilone yield of A. fumigatus. This is the first report exploring the feasibility of endophytic fungi for epothilone producing potency, that could be a novel platform for industrial production of epothilone.
Collapse
|
3
|
Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Perspectives from nearly five decades of total synthesis of natural products and their analogues for biology and medicine. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1404-1435. [PMID: 32319494 PMCID: PMC7578074 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1970 to 2020By definition total synthesis is the art and science of making the molecules of living Nature in the laboratory, and by extension, their analogues. Although obvious, its application to the synthesis of molecules for biology and medicine was not always the purpose of total synthesis. In recent years, however, the field has acquired momentum as its power to reach higher molecular complexity and diversity is increasing, and as the demand for rare bioactive natural products and their analogues is expanding due to their recognised potential to facilitate biology and drug discovery and development. Today this component of total synthesis endeavors is considered highly desirable, and could be part of interdisciplinary academic and/or industrial partnerships, providing further inspiration and momentum to the field. In this review we provide a brief historical background of the emergence of the field of total synthesis as it relates to making molecules for biology and medicine. We then discuss specific examples of this practice from our laboratories as they developed over the years. The review ends with a conclusion and future perspectives for natural products chemistry and its applications to biology and medicine and other added-value contributions to science and society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nicolaou KC, Rhoades D, Wang Y, Bai R, Hamel E, Aujay M, Sandoval J, Gavrilyuk J. 12,13-Aziridinyl Epothilones. Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Olefinic Bonds from Methyl Ketones and Heteroaromatic Phosphonates and Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potent Antitumor Agents. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7318-7334. [PMID: 28513142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 12,13-aziridinyl epothilone B analogues is described. These compounds were accessed by a practical, general process that involved a 12,13-olefinic methyl ketone as a starting material obtained by ozonolytic cleavage of epothilone B followed by tungsten-induced deoxygenation of the epoxide moiety. The attachment of the aziridine structural motif was achieved by application of the Ess-Kürti-Falck aziridination, while the heterocyclic side chains were introduced via stereoselective phosphonate-based olefinations. In order to ensure high (E) selectivities for the latter reaction for electron-rich heterocycles, it became necessary to develop and apply an unprecedented modification of the venerable Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, employing 2-fluoroethoxyphosphonates that may prove to be of general value in organic synthesis. These studies resulted in the discovery of some of the most potent epothilones reported to date. Equipped with functional groups to accommodate modern drug delivery technologies, some of these compounds exhibited picomolar potencies that qualify them as payloads for antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), while a number of them revealed impressive activities against drug resistant human cancer cells, making them desirable for potential medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Derek Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Monette Aujay
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC , 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC , 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- Abbvie Stemcentrx, LLC , 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu X, Lei C, Yue G, Zhou JS. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Cyclopropylation of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9601-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Wu X, Lei C, Yue G, Zhou JS. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Cyclopropylation of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
7
|
Abro A, Kulsoom S, Riaz N. Pharmacophore model generation for microtubule-stabilizing anti-mitotic agents (MSAAs) against ovarian cancer. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
This article provides an overview on the chemistry and structure-activity relationships of macrolide-based microtubule-stabilizing agents. The primary focus will be on the total synthesis or examples thereof, but a brief summary of the current state of knowledge on the structure-activity relationships of epothilones, laulimalide, dictyostatin, and peloruside A will also be given. This macrolide class of compounds, over the last decade, has become the subject of growing interest due to their ability to inhibit human cancer cell proliferation through a taxol-like mechanism of action.
Collapse
|
9
|
Altmann KH. Preclinical pharmacology and structure-activity studies of epothilones. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2009; 90:157-220. [PMID: 19209843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-78207-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Altmann KH, Memmert K. Epothilones as lead structures for new anticancer drugs--pharmacology, fermentation, and structure-activity-relationships. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2008; 66:273, 275-334. [PMID: 18416309 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8595-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epothilones (Epo's) A and B are naturally occurring microtubule-stabilizers, which inhibit the growth of human cancer cells in vitro at low nM or sub-nM concentrations. In contrast to taxol (paclitaxel, Taxol) epothilones are also active against different types of multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines in vitro and against multidrug-resistant tumors in vivo. Their attractive preclinical profile has made epothilones important lead structures in the search for improved cytotoxic anticancer drugs and Epo B (EPO906, patupilone) is currently undergoing Phase III clinical trials. Numerous synthetic and semisynthetic analogs have been prepared since the absolute stereochemistry of epothilones was first disclosed in mid-1996 and their in vitro biological activity has been determined. Apart from generating a wealth of SAR information, these efforts have led to the identification of at least six compounds (in addition to Epo B), which are currently at various stages of clinical evaluation in humans. The most advanced of these compounds, Epo B lactam BMS-247550 (ixabepilone), has recently obtained FDA approval for the treatment of metastatic and advanced breast cancer. This chapter will first provide a summary of the basic features of the biological profile of Epo B in vitro and in vivo. This will be followed by a review of the processes that have been developed for the fermentative production of Epo B. The main part of the chapter will focus on the most relevant aspects of the epothilone SAR with regard to effects on tubulin polymerization, in vitro antiproliferative activity, and in vivo antitumor activity. Particular emphasis will be placed on work conducted in the authors' own laboratories, but data from other groups will also be included. In a final section, the current status of those epothilone analogs undergoing clinical development will be briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Altmann KH, Pfeiffer B, Arseniyadis S, Pratt BA, Nicolaou KC. The chemistry and biology of epothilones--the wheel keeps turning. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:396-423. [PMID: 17340668 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HCI H 405, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuan W, Luan LB, Li YN. CoMFA 3D-QSAR Analysis of Epothilones Based on Docking Conformation and Alignment. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
13
|
Mohanraj S, Doble M. 3-D QSAR Studies of Microtubule Stabilizing Antimitotic Agents Towards Six Cancer Cell Lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200630029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
14
|
Nicolaou KC. Joys of Molecules. 2. Endeavors in Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5613-38. [PMID: 16134928 DOI: 10.1021/jm050524f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Flörsheimer A, Altmann KH. Epothilones and their analogues - a new class of promising microtubule inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.6.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
16
|
Buey RM, Díaz JF, Andreu JM, O'Brate A, Giannakakou P, Nicolaou KC, Sasmal PK, Ritzén A, Namoto K. Interaction of epothilone analogs with the paclitaxel binding site: relationship between binding affinity, microtubule stabilization, and cytotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:225-36. [PMID: 15123284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of epothilone analogs with the paclitaxel binding site of microtubules were studied. The influence of chemical modifications in the C15 side chain and in C12 on binding affinity and microtubule elongation was characterized. Modifications favorable for binding affinity are (1). a thiomethyl group at C21 of the thiazole side chain, (2). a methyl group at C12 in S configuration, (3). a pyridine side chain with C15 in S configuration, and (4). a cyclopropyl moiety between C12 and C13. The same modification in different ligands has similar effect on affinity, allowing good structure-affinity characterization. The correlation between binding, microtubule stabilization, and cytotoxicity of the compounds has been determined, showing differential effects of the modifications. The binding constants correlate well with IC(50) values, demonstrating that affinity measurements are a useful tool for drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén M Buey
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Haustedt LO, Panicker SB, Kleinert M, Hartung IV, Eggert U, Niess B, Hoffmann H. Synthetic studies toward the disorazoles: synthesis of a masked northern half of disorazole D1 and a cyclopropane analog of the masked northern half of disorazole A1. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Simon GR, Bunn PA. Taxanes in the treatment of advanced (stage III and IV) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): recent developments. Cancer Invest 2003; 21:87-104. [PMID: 12643013 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120005919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Taxanes, paclitaxel, and docetaxel have become the cornerstone of both first-line and second-line chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently, several pivotal phase III randomized trials have been published. These studies and phase II trials will be discussed. Additionally, studies utilizing a taxane and radiation therapy for resectable and locally advanced NSCLC will be outlined. The article will end with a discussion on newer strategies being currently explored to improve survival in advanced NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R Simon
- Thoracic Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12002 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chappell MD, Harris CR, Kuduk SD, Balog A, Wu Z, Zhang F, Lee CB, Stachel SJ, Danishefsky SJ, Chou TC, Guan Y. Probing the SAR of dEpoB via chemical synthesis: a total synthesis evaluation of C26-(1,3-dioxolanyl)-12,13-desoxyepothilone B. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7730-6. [PMID: 12398496 DOI: 10.1021/jo020180q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A practical total synthesis of 26-(1,3-dioxolanyl)-12,13-desoxyepothilone B (26-dioxolanyl dEpoB) was accomplished in a highly convergent manner. A novel sequence was developed to produce the vinyl iodide segment 17 in high enantiomeric excess, which was used in a key B-alkyl Suzuki merger. Subsequently, a Yamaguchi macrocyclization formed the core lactone, while a selective oxidation and a late stage Noyori acetalization incorporated the dioxolane functionality. Sufficient amounts of synthetic 26-dioxolane dEpoB were produced using this sequence for an in vivo analysis in mice containing xenograft CCRF-CEM tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Chappell
- Laboratories for Bioorganic Chemistry and Laboratories for Preclinical Pharmacology, The Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kavallaris M, Verrills NM, Hill BT. Anticancer therapy with novel tubulin-interacting drugs. Drug Resist Updat 2001; 4:392-401. [PMID: 12030786 DOI: 10.1054/drup.2002.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimitotic agents that target tubulin, including the taxanes and vinca alkaloids, are important components of current anticancer therapy. Whilst these antimitotic drugs are highly effective in the treatment of a number of cancers, both acquired and intrinsic resistance to these agents is a major clinical problem. Furthermore, the systemic toxicity, and in some cases lack of oral availability, make these agents less than ideal. Recently much effort has been directed on the isolation and synthesis of new antimitotic drugs that target the tubulin/microtubule system and display efficacy against drug-refractory carcinomas. Newly described compounds include structurally diverse natural products, such as dolastatin, epothilones and discodermolide, derivatives and structural analogues of traditional antimitotics, and novel synthetic molecules. Additionally, new developments in drug targeting are improving efficacy and therapeutic indices of traditional agents. A number of promising 'new generation' antimitotics are now undergoing clinical testing. These new agents are reviewed here in terms of their mechanism(s) of action on microtubules, effectiveness against drug-resistant tumour cells and clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kavallaris
- Children's Cancer Institute for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Microtubule-stabilizing agents continue to play an important role in anticancer drug discovery and development. New agents were again discovered in the past year, including small synthetic molecules. At least three new taxanes and two compounds of the epothilone class of natural products underwent clinical trials in 2000. Unexpected new findings about synergistic effects between different microtubule-stabilizing agents in vitro raise new prospects for combination chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K H Altmann
- Novartis Pharma AG, Corporate Research, WKL-136.5.22, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Martin HJ, Pojarliev P, Kählig H, Mulzer J. The 12,13-diol cyclization approach for a truly stereocontrolled total synthesis of epothilone B and the synthesis of a conformationally restrained analogue. Chemistry 2001; 7:2261-71. [PMID: 11411998 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010518)7:10<2261::aid-chem2261>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A highly convergent and stereocontrolled synthesis of epothilone B (1) has been developed. The epoxide moiety in 1 was generated by regioselective mesylation and base treatment of the 12,13-diol 30 which was formed by a chelate Cram controlled Grignard addition of 14 and methyl ketone 13. Both fragments were synthesized from the chiral carbon pool precursors (S)-citronellol and (S)-lactic acid, respectively. A highly diastereoselective aldol addition of epoxy-aldehyde 7 and the known Southern hemisphere ketone 8 delivered the full carbon skeleton, containing all the stereogenic centers of 1. Functional group manipulation, macrolactonization and removal of two protecting groups then yielded 1. The spatial closeness of the C4-beta-methyl and C6-methyl group in the crystal structure of 1 inspired us to connect them through a methylene bridge to give a cyclohexanone derivative. Thus, the Northern hemisphere aldehyde 7 was added to the enolate of the cyclohexanone 47. Further manipulations and macrolactonization delivered the conformationally restrained epothilone derivative 42.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Martin
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Wien, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sinha SC, Sun J, Miller GP, Wartmann M, Lerner RA. Catalytic Antibody Route to the Naturally Occurring Epothilones: Total Synthesis of Epothilones A-F. Chemistry 2001; 7:1691-702. [PMID: 11349910 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010417)7:8<1691::aid-chem16910>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring epothilones have been synthesized starting from enantiomerically pure aldol compounds 9-11, which were obtained by antibody catalysis. Aldolase antibody 38C2 catalyzed the resolution of (+/-)-9 by enantioselective retro-aldol reaction to afford 9 in 90% ee at 50 % conversion. Compounds 10 and 11 were obtained in more than 99% ee at 50% conversion by resolution of their racemic mixtures using newly developed aldolase antibodies 84G3, 85H6 or 93F3. Compounds 9, 10 and 11 were resolved in multigram quantities and then converted to the epothilones by metathesis processes, which were catalyzed by Grubbs' catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Sinha
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nicolaou KC, Namoto K, Li J, Ritzén A, Ulven T, Shoji M, Zaharevitz D, Gussio R, Sackett DL, Ward RD, Hensler A, Fojo T, Giannakakou P. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 12,13-cyclopropyl and 12,13-cyclobutyl epothilones. Chembiochem 2001; 2:69-75. [PMID: 11828429 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20010105)2:1<69::aid-cbic69>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Johnson J, Kim SH, Bifano M, DiMarco J, Fairchild C, Gougoutas J, Lee F, Long B, Tokarski J, Vite G. Synthesis, structure proof, and biological activity of epothilone cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2000; 2:1537-40. [PMID: 10841473 DOI: 10.1021/ol0058240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure--see text] A semisynthetic route to epothilone cyclopropanes from epothilones A and B is described. Of significance, the deoxygenation of the 12, 13-epoxide to give the corresponding olefin was achieved with high efficiency. The title compounds (8, 9) were active in both tubulin polymerization and cytotoxicity assays, which is in direct contrast to a previously published report. These results provide further evidence that the role of the 12,13-epoxide of epothilones is largely conformational and argue against some of the current pharmacophore models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Johnson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Altmann KH, Wartmann M, O'Reilly T. Epothilones and related structures--a new class of microtubule inhibitors with potent in vivo antitumor activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1470:M79-91. [PMID: 10799747 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(00)00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K H Altmann
- Novartis Pharma AG, TA Oncology Research, WKL-136.4.21, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Giannakakou P, Gussio R, Nogales E, Downing KH, Zaharevitz D, Bollbuck B, Poy G, Sackett D, Nicolaou KC, Fojo T. A common pharmacophore for epothilone and taxanes: molecular basis for drug resistance conferred by tubulin mutations in human cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2904-9. [PMID: 10688884 PMCID: PMC16028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040546297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epothilones are naturally occurring antimitotic drugs that share with the taxanes a similar mechanism of action without apparent structural similarity. Although photoaffinity labeling and electron crystallographic studies have identified the taxane-binding site on beta-tubulin, similar data are not available for epothilones. To identify tubulin residues important for epothilone binding, we have isolated two epothilone-resistant human ovarian carcinoma sublines derived in a single-step selection with epothilone A or B. These epothilone-resistant sublines exhibit impaired epothilone- and taxane-driven tubulin polymerization caused by acquired beta-tubulin mutations (beta274(Thr-->Ile) and beta282(Arg-->Gln)) located in the atomic model of alphabeta-tubulin near the taxane-binding site. Using molecular modeling, we investigated the conformational behavior of epothilone, which led to the identification of a common pharmacophore shared by taxanes and epothilones. Although two binding modes for the epothilones were predicted, one mode was identified as the preferred epothilone conformation as indicated by the activity of a potent pyridine-epothilone analogue. In addition, the structure-activity relationships of multiple taxanes and epothilones in the tubulin mutant cells can be fully explained by the model presented here, verifying its predictive value. Finally, these pharmacophore and activity data from mutant cells were used to model the tubulin binding of sarcodictyins, a distinct class of microtubule stabilizers, which in contrast to taxanes and the epothilones interact preferentially with the mutant tubulins. The unification of taxane, epothilone, and sarcodictyin chemistries in a single pharmacophore provides a framework to study drug-tubulin interactions that should assist in the rational design of agents targeting tubulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Giannakakou
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670
| | - Jaroslav Zajicek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sinha SC, Barbas CF, Lerner RA. The antibody catalysis route to the total synthesis of epothilones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:14603-8. [PMID: 9843936 PMCID: PMC24496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient monoclonal aldolase antibody that proceeds by an enamine mechanism was generated by reactive immunization. Here, this catalyst has been used in the total synthesis of epothilones A (1) and C (3). The starting materials for the synthesis of these molecules have been obtained by using antibody-catalyzed aldol and retro-aldol reactions. These precursors were then converted to epothilones A (1) and C (3) to complete the total synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Sinha
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. or
| | | | | |
Collapse
|