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Solis-Leal A, Boby N, Mallick S, Cheng Y, Wu F, De La Torre G, Dufour J, Alvarez X, Shivanna V, Liu Y, Fennessey CM, Lifson JD, Li Q, Keele BF, Ling B. Lymphoid tissues contribute to viral clonotypes present in plasma at early post-ATI in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542512. [PMID: 37398418 PMCID: PMC10312542 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The rebound-competent viral reservoir (RCVR), comprised of virus that is able to persist during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and mediate reactivation of systemic viral replication and rebound viremia after antiretroviral therapy interruption (ATI), remains the biggest obstacle to the eradication of HIV infection. A better understanding of the cellular and tissue origins and the dynamics of viral populations that initiate rebound upon ATI could help develop targeted therapeutic strategies for reducing the RCVR. In this study, barcoded SIVmac239M was used to infect rhesus macaques to enable monitoring of viral barcode clonotypes contributing to virus detectable in plasma after ATI. Blood, lymphoid tissues (LTs, spleen, mesenteric and inguinal lymph nodes), and non-lymphoid tissues (NLTs, colon, ileum, lung, liver, and brain) were analyzed using viral barcode sequencing, intact proviral DNA assay, single-cell RNA sequencing, and combined CODEX/RNAscope/ in situ hybridization. Four of seven animals had viral barcodes detectable by deep sequencing of plasma at necropsy although plasma viral RNA remained < 22 copies/mL. Among the tissues studied, mesenteric and inguinal lymph nodes, and spleen contained viral barcodes detected in plasma, and trended to have higher cell-associated viral loads, higher intact provirus levels, and greater diversity of viral barcodes. CD4+ T cells were the main cell type harboring viral RNA (vRNA) after ATI. Further, T cell zones in LTs showed higher vRNA levels than B cell zones for most animals. These findings are consistent with LTs contributing to virus present in plasma early after ATI. One Sentence Summary The reemerging of SIV clonotypes at early post-ATI are likely from the secondary lymphoid tissues.
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2
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Pereira CS, Pérez-Cabezas B, Ribeiro H, Maia ML, Cardoso MT, Dias AF, Azevedo O, Ferreira MF, Garcia P, Rodrigues E, Castro-Chaves P, Martins E, Aguiar P, Pineda M, Amraoui Y, Fecarotta S, Leão-Teles E, Deng S, Savage PB, Macedo MF. Lipid Antigen Presentation by CD1b and CD1d in Lysosomal Storage Disease Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1264. [PMID: 31214199 PMCID: PMC6558002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosome has a key role in the presentation of lipid antigens by CD1 molecules. While defects in lipid antigen presentation and in invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cell response were detected in several mouse models of lysosomal storage diseases (LSD), the impact of lysosomal engorgement in human lipid antigen presentation is poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed the capacity of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) from Fabry, Gaucher, Niemann Pick type C and Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI disease patients to present exogenous antigens to lipid-specific T cells. The CD1b- and CD1d-restricted presentation of lipid antigens by Mo-DCs revealed an ability of LSD patients to induce CD1-restricted T cell responses within the control range. Similarly, freshly isolated monocytes from Fabry and Gaucher disease patients had a normal ability to present α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) antigen by CD1d. Gaucher disease patients' monocytes had an increased capacity to present α-Gal-(1-2)-αGalCer, an antigen that needs internalization and processing to become antigenic. In summary, our results show that Fabry, Gaucher, Niemann Pick type C, and Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI disease patients do not present a decreased capacity to present CD1d-restricted lipid antigens. These observations are in contrast to what was observed in mouse models of LSD. The percentage of total iNKT cells in the peripheral blood of these patients is also similar to control individuals. In addition, we show that the presentation of exogenous lipids that directly bind CD1b, the human CD1 isoform with an intracellular trafficking to the lysosome, is normal in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia S Pereira
- CAGE, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- CAGE, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- CAGE, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Luz Maia
- UniLipe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Teresa Cardoso
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar de São João, Medicina Interna, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Dias
- UniLipe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Azevedo
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Lisossomais de Sobrecarga, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M Fatima Ferreira
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Hematologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Garcia
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Rodrigues
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Pediatria, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Castro-Chaves
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar de São João, Medicina Interna, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Martins
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Pediatria, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricio Aguiar
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Medicina, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHLN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mercè Pineda
- Centre de Recerca e Investigació, Fundacio Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yasmina Amraoui
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simona Fecarotta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Leão-Teles
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Pediatria, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shenglou Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - M Fatima Macedo
- CAGE, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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3
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Reinink P, Souter MNT, Cheng TY, van Gorkom T, Lenz S, Kubler-Kielb J, Strle K, Kremer K, Thijsen SFT, Steere AC, Godfrey DI, Pellicci DG, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. CD1b presents self and Borrelia burgdorferi diacylglycerols to human T cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:737-746. [PMID: 30854633 PMCID: PMC6594241 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease is a common multisystem disease caused by infection with a tick‐transmitted spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi and related Borrelia species. The monoglycosylated diacylglycerol known as B. burgdorferi glycolipid II (BbGL‐II) is a major target of antibodies in sera from infected individuals. Here, we show that CD1b presents BbGL‐II to human T cells and that the TCR mediates the recognition. However, we did not detect increased frequency of CD1b‐BbGL‐II binding T cells in the peripheral blood of Lyme disease patients compared to controls. Unexpectedly, mapping the T cell specificity for BbGL‐II‐like molecules using tetramers and activation assays revealed a concomitant response to CD1b‐expressing APCs in absence of BbGL‐II. Further, among all major classes of self‐lipid tested, BbGL‐II responsive TCRs show strong cross‐reactivity to diacylglycerol, a self‐lipid antigen with structural similarities to BbGL‐II. Extending prior work on MHC and CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d proteins, this study provides evidence for cross‐reactive CD1b‐restricted T cell responses to bacterial and self‐antigens, and identifies chemically defined targets for future discovery of self and foreign antigen cross‐reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reinink
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael N T Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamara van Gorkom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Kubler-Kielb
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Klemen Strle
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Kremer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven F T Thijsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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A T-cell receptor escape channel allows broad T-cell response to CD1b and membrane phospholipids. Nat Commun 2019; 10:56. [PMID: 30610190 PMCID: PMC6320368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1 proteins are expressed on dendritic cells, where they display lipid antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs). Here we describe T-cell autoreactivity towards ubiquitous human membrane phospholipids presented by CD1b. These T-cells discriminate between two major types of lipids, sphingolipids and phospholipids, but were broadly cross-reactive towards diverse phospholipids including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The crystal structure of a representative TCR bound to CD1b-phosphatidylcholine provides a molecular mechanism for this promiscuous recognition. We observe a lateral escape channel in the TCR, which shunted phospholipid head groups sideways along the CD1b-TCR interface, without contacting the TCR. Instead the TCR recognition site involved the neck region phosphate that is common to all major self-phospholipids but absent in sphingolipids. Whereas prior studies have focused on foreign lipids or rare self-lipids, we define a new molecular mechanism of promiscuous recognition of common self-phospholipids including those that are known targets in human autoimmune disease.
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5
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Shahine A. The intricacies of self-lipid antigen presentation by CD1b. Mol Immunol 2018; 104:27-36. [PMID: 30399491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 family of glycoproteins are MHC class I-like molecules that present a wide array of self and foreign lipid antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs) on T-cells. Humans express three classes of CD1 molecules, denoted as Group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c), Group 2 (CD1d), and Group 3 (CD1e). Of the CD1 family of molecules, CD1b exhibits the largest and most complex antigen binding groove; allowing it the capabilities to present a broad spectrum of lipid antigens. While its role in foreign-lipid presentation in the context of mycobacterial infection are well characterized, understanding the roles of CD1b in autoreactivity are recently being elucidated. While the mechanisms governing proliferation of CD1b-restricted autoreactive T cells, regulation of CD1 gene expression, and the processes controlling CD1+ antigen presenting cell maturation are widely undercharacterized, the exploration of self-lipid antigens in the context of disease have recently come into focus. Furthermore, the recently expanded pool of CD1b crystal structures allow the opportunity to further analyze the molecular mechanisms of T-cell recognition and self-lipid presentation; where the intricacies of the two-compartment system, that accommodate both the presented self-lipid antigen and scaffold lipids, are scrutinized. This review delves into the immunological and molecular mechanisms governing presentation and T-cell recognition of the broad self-lipid repertoire of CD1b; with evidence mounting pointing towards a role in diseases such as microbial infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia.
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6
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Bagchi S, Genardi S, Wang CR. Linking CD1-Restricted T Cells With Autoimmunity and Dyslipidemia: Lipid Levels Matter. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1616. [PMID: 30061888 PMCID: PMC6055000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, or altered blood lipid content, is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, are correlated highly with dyslipidemia. One common thread between both autoimmune diseases and altered lipid levels is the presence of inflammation, suggesting that the immune system might act as the link between these related pathologies. Deciphering the role of innate and adaptive immune responses in autoimmune diseases and, more recently, obesity-related inflammation, have been active areas of research. The broad picture suggests that antigen-presenting molecules, which present self-peptides to autoreactive T cells, can result in either aggravation or amelioration of inflammation. However, very little is known about the role of self-lipid reactive T cells in dyslipidemia-associated autoimmune events. Given that a range of autoimmune diseases are linked to aberrant lipid profiles and a majority of lipid-specific T cells are reactive to self-antigens, it is important to examine the role of these T cells in dyslipidemia-related autoimmune ailments and determine if dysregulation of these T cells can be drivers of autoimmune conditions. CD1 molecules present lipids to T cells and are divided into two groups based on sequence homology. To date, most of the information available on lipid-reactive T cells comes from the study of group 2 CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells while T cells reactive to group 1 CD1 molecules remain understudied, despite their higher abundance in humans compared to NKT cells. This review evaluates the mechanisms by which CD1-reactive, self-lipid specific T cells contribute to dyslipidemia-associated autoimmune disease progression or amelioration by examining available literature on NKT cells and highlighting recent progress made on the study of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Lepore M, Mori L, De Libero G. The Conventional Nature of Non-MHC-Restricted T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1365. [PMID: 29963057 PMCID: PMC6010553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition “unconventional T cells” identifies T lymphocytes that recognize non-peptide antigens presented by monomorphic antigen-presenting molecules. Two cell populations recognize lipid antigens and small metabolites presented by CD1 and MR1 molecules, respectively. A third cell population expressing the TCR Vγ9Vδ2 is stimulated by small phosphorylated metabolites. In the recent past, we have learnt a lot about the selection, tissue distribution, gene transcription programs, mode of expansion after antigen recognition, and persistence of these cells. These studies depict their functions in immune homeostasis and diseases. Current investigations are revealing that unconventional T cells include distinct sub-populations, which display unexpected similarities to classical MHC-restricted T cells in terms of TCR repertoire diversity, antigen specificity variety, functional heterogeneity, and naïve-to-memory differentiation dynamic. This review discusses the latest findings with a particular emphasis on these T cells, which appear to be more conventional than previously appreciated, and with the perspective of using CD1 and MR1-restricted T cells in vaccination and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepore
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Gras S, Van Rhijn I, Shahine A, Le Nours J. Molecular recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1623-1639. [PMID: 29340708 PMCID: PMC6328055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect hosts from pathogens. T cells represent a critical component of the immune system by their engagement in host defence mechanisms against microbial infections. Our knowledge of the molecular recognition by T cells of pathogen-derived peptidic antigens that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins is now well established. However, lipids represent an additional, distinct chemical class of molecules that when presented by the family of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can serve as antigens, and be recognized by specialized subsets of T cells leading to antigen-specific activation. Over the past decades, numerous CD1-presented self- and bacterial lipid-based antigens have been isolated and characterized. However, our understanding at the molecular level of T cell immunity to CD1 molecules presenting microbial lipid-based antigens is still largely unexplored. Here, we review the insights and the molecular basis underpinning the recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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9
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Harnessing the CD1 restricted T cell response for leukemia adoptive immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 36:117-123. [PMID: 28712863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Disease recurrence following chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is the major unmet clinical need of acute leukemia. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with allogeneic T lymphocytes can control recurrences at the cost of inducing detrimental GVHD. Targeting T cell recognition on leukemia cells is therefore needed to overcome the problem and ensure safe and durable disease remission. In this review, we discuss adoptive cells therapy based on CD1-restricted T cells specific for tumor associated self-lipid antigens. CD1 molecules are identical in every individual and expressed essentially on mature hematopoietic cells and leukemia blasts, but not by parenchymatous cells, while lipid antigens are enriched in malignant cells and unlike to mutate upon immune-mediated selective pressure. Redirecting T cells against self-lipids presented by CD1 molecules can thus provide an appealing cell therapy strategy for acute leukemia that is patient-unrestricted and can minimize risks for GVHD, implying potential prognostic improvement for this cancer.
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10
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Betts RJ, Perkovic A, Mahapatra S, Del Bufalo A, Camara K, Howell AR, Martinozzi Teissier S, De Libero G, Mori L. Contact sensitizers trigger human CD1-autoreactive T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1171-1180. [PMID: 28440548 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a primarily T-cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease induced by exposure to small molecular-weight haptens, which covalently bind to proteins. The abundance of cutaneous T cells that recognize CD1a antigen-presenting molecules raises the possibility that MHC-independent antigen presentation may be relevant in some hapten-driven immune responses. Here we examine the ability of contact sensitizers to influence CD1-restricted immunity. Exposure of human antigen-presenting cells such as monocyte-derived dendritic cells and THP-1 cells to the prototypical contact sensitizer dinitrochlorobenzene potentiated the response of CD1a- and CD1d-autoreactive T cells, which released a vast array of cytokines in a CD1- and TCR-dependent manner. The potentiating effects of dinitrochlorobenzene depended upon newly synthesized CD1 molecules and the presence of endogenous stimulatory lipids. Further examination of a broad panel of contact sensitizers revealed 1,4-benzoquinone, resorcinol, isoeugenol, and cinnamaldehyde to activate the same type of CD1-restricted responses. These findings provide a basis for the antigen-specific activation of skin-associated CD1-restricted T cells by small molecules and may have implications for contact sensitizer-induced inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Betts
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,L'Oréal Research & Innovation Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrijana Perkovic
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kaddy Camara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Gennaro De Libero
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Bagchi S, He Y, Zhang H, Cao L, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB, Gudjonsson JE, Wang CR. CD1b-autoreactive T cells contribute to hyperlipidemia-induced skin inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2339-2352. [PMID: 28463230 DOI: 10.1172/jci92217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of human T cells are autoreactive to group 1 CD1 proteins, which include CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c. However, the physiological role of the CD1 proteins remains poorly defined. Here, we have generated a double-transgenic mouse model that expresses human CD1b and CD1c molecules (hCD1Tg) as well as a CD1b-autoreactive TCR (HJ1Tg) in the ApoE-deficient background (hCD1Tg HJ1Tg Apoe-/- mice) to determine the role of CD1-autoreactive T cells in hyperlipidemia-associated inflammatory diseases. We found that hCD1Tg HJ1Tg Apoe-/- mice spontaneously developed psoriasiform skin inflammation characterized by T cell and neutrophil infiltration and a Th17-biased cytokine response. Anti-IL-17A treatment ameliorated skin inflammation in vivo. Additionally, phospholipids and cholesterol preferentially accumulated in diseased skin and these autoantigens directly activated CD1b-autoreactive HJ1 T cells. Furthermore, hyperlipidemic serum enhanced IL-6 secretion by CD1b+ DCs and increased IL-17A production by HJ1 T cells. In psoriatic patients, the frequency of CD1b-autoreactive T cells was increased compared with that in healthy controls. Thus, this study has demonstrated the pathogenic role of CD1b-autoreactive T cells under hyperlipidemic conditions in a mouse model of spontaneous skin inflammation. As a large proportion of psoriatic patients are dyslipidemic, this finding is of clinical significance and indicates that self-lipid-reactive T cells might serve as a possible link between hyperlipidemia and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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Kaczmarek R, Pasciak M, Szymczak-Kulus K, Czerwinski M. CD1: A Singed Cat of the Three Antigen Presentation Systems. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:201-214. [PMID: 28386696 PMCID: PMC5434122 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to general view that the MHC Class I and II are the kapellmeisters of recognition and response to antigens, there is another big player in that part of immunity, represented by CD1 glycoproteins. In contrast to MHC Class I or II, which present peptides, CD1 molecules present lipids. Humans express five CD1 proteins (CD1a-e), four of which (CD1a-d) are trafficked to the cell surface, where they may display lipid antigens to T-cell receptors. This interaction may lead to both non-cognate and cognate T cell help to B cells, the latter eliciting anti-lipid antibody response. All CD1 proteins can bind a broad range of structurally different exogenous and endogenous lipids, but each shows a preference to one or more lipid classes. This unorthodox binding behavior is the result of elaborate architectures of CD1 binding clefts and distinct intracellular trafficking routes. Together, these features make CD1 system a versatile player in immune response, sitting at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. While CD1 system may be involved in numerous infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, its involvement may lead to opposite outcomes depending on different pathologies. Despite these ambiguities and complexity, CD1 system draws growing attention and continues to show glimmers of therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about CD1 proteins, their structures, lipid-binding profiles, and roles in immunity, and evaluate the role of CD1 proteins in eliciting humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariola Pasciak
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szymczak-Kulus
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland. .,Faculty of Physiotherapy and Physical Education, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland.
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13
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Abstract
Peptide-specific conventional T cells have been major targets for designing most antimycobacterial vaccines. Immune responses mediated by conventional T cells exhibit a delayed onset upon primary infection and are highly variable in different human populations. In contrast, innate-like T cells quickly respond to pathogens and display effector functions without undergoing extensive clonal expansion. Specifically, the activation of innate-like T cells depends on the promiscuous interaction of highly conserved antigen-presenting molecules, non-peptidic antigens, and likely semi-invariant T cell receptors. In antimicrobial immune responses, mucosal-associated invariant T cells are activated by riboflavin precursor metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex-related protein I, while lipid-specific T cells including natural killer T cells are activated by lipid metabolites presented by CD1 proteins. Multiple innate-like T cell subsets have been shown to be protective or responsive in mycobacterial infections. Through rapid cytokine secretion, innate-like T cells function in early defense and memory response, offering novel advantages over conventional T cells in the design of anti-tuberculosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH , USA
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14
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CD1-Restricted T Cells at the Crossroad of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2876275. [PMID: 28070524 PMCID: PMC5192300 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2876275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-specific T cells comprise a group of T cells that recognize lipids bound to the MHC class I-like CD1 molecules. There are four isoforms of CD1 that are expressed at the surface of antigen presenting cells and therefore capable of presenting lipid antigens: CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d. Each one of these isoforms has distinct structural features and cellular localizations, which promotes binding to a broad range of different types of lipids. Lipid antigens originate from either self-tissues or foreign sources, such as bacteria, fungus, or plants and their recognition by CD1-restricted T cells has important implications in infection but also in cancer and autoimmunity. In this review, we describe the characteristics of CD1 molecules and CD1-restricted lipid-specific T cells, highlighting the innate-like and adaptive-like features of different CD1-restricted T cell subtypes.
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15
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Bagchi S, Li S, Wang CR. CD1b-autoreactive T cells recognize phospholipid antigens and contribute to antitumor immunity against a CD1b + T cell lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1213932. [PMID: 27757307 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1213932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer treatment is an emerging field of study. Till now, several tumor-derived, peptide-specific T cell responses have been harnessed for treating cancers. However, the contribution of lipid-specific T cells in tumor immunity has been understudied. CD1 molecules, which present self- and foreign lipid antigens to T cells, are divided into group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c) and group 2 (CD1d). Although the role of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells (NKT) in several tumor models has been well established, the contribution of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells in tumor immunity remains obscure due to the lack of group 1 CD1 expression in mice. In this study, we used a double transgenic mouse model expressing human group 1 CD1 molecules (hCD1Tg) and a CD1b-restricted, self-lipid reactive T cell receptor (HJ1Tg) to study the potential role of group 1 CD1-restricted autoreactive T cells in antitumor response. We found that HJ1 T cells recognized phospholipids and responded more potently to lipid extracted from tumor cells than the equivalent amount of lipids extracted from normal cells. Additionally, the autoreactivity of HJ1 T cells was enhanced upon treatment with various intracellular toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, including CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), R848, and poly (I:C). Interestingly, the adoptive transfer of HJ1 T cells conferred protection against the CD1b-transfected murine T cell lymphoma (RMA-S/CD1b) and CpG ODN enhanced the antitumor effect. Thus, this study, for the first time, demonstrates the antitumor potential of CD1b-autoreactive T cells and their potential use in adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Camacho F, Sarmiento ME, Reyes F, Kim L, Huggett J, Lepore M, Otero O, Gilleron M, Puzo G, Norazmi MN, Rook G, Mori L, De Libero G, Acosta A. Selection of phage-displayed human antibody fragments specific for CD1b presenting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycolipid Ac2SGL. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
CD1- and MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1)-restricted T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens, such as lipids and small metabolites, and account for a major fraction of circulating and tissue-resident T cells. They represent a readily activated, long-lasting population of effector cells and contribute to the early phases of immune response, orchestrating the function of other cells. This review addresses the main aspects of their immunological functions, including antigen and T cell receptor repertoires, mechanisms of nonpeptidic antigen presentation, and the current evidence for their participation in human and experimental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
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18
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Dellabona P, Consonni M, de Lalla C, Casorati G. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells and the pathophysiological implications of self-lipid antigen recognition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 86:393-405. [PMID: 26514448 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses are generally regarded as specific for protein-derived peptide antigens. This is based on the molecular paradigm dictated by the T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of peptide-major histocompatibility complexs, which provides the molecular bases of the specificity and restriction of the T cell responses. An increasing number of findings in the last 20 years have challenged this paradigm, by showing the existence of T cells specific for lipid antigens presented by CD1 molecules. CD1-restricted T cells have been proven to be frequent components of the immune system and to recognize exogenous lipids, derived from pathogenic bacteria, as well as cell-endogenous self-lipids. This represents a young and exciting area of research in immunology with intriguing biological bases and a potential direct impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - M Consonni
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - C de Lalla
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - G Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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19
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Glucose monomycolates based on single synthetic mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 190:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Over two decades ago, it was discovered that the human T-cell repertoire contains T cells that do not recognize peptide antigens in the context of MHC molecules but instead respond to lipid antigens presented by CD1 antigen-presenting molecules. The ability of T cells to 'see' lipid antigens bound to CD1 enables these lymphocytes to sense changes in the lipid composition of cells and tissues as a result of infections, inflammation, or malignancies. Although foreign lipid antigens have been shown to function as antigens for CD1-restricted T cells, many CD1-restricted T cells do not require foreign antigens for activation but instead can be activated by self-lipids presented by CD1. This review highlights recent developments in the field, including the identification of common mammalian lipids that function as autoantigens for αβ and γδ T cells, a novel mode of T-cell activation whereby CD1a itself rather than lipids serves as the autoantigen, and various mechanisms by which the activation of CD1-autoreactive T cells is regulated. As CD1 can induce T-cell effector functions in the absence of foreign antigens, multiple mechanisms are in place to regulate this self-reactivity, and stimulatory CD1-lipid complexes appear to be tightly controlled in space and time.
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21
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Siddiqui S, Visvabharathy L, Wang CR. Role of Group 1 CD1-Restricted T Cells in Infectious Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:337. [PMID: 26175733 PMCID: PMC4484338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules presents lipid antigens rather than peptide antigens to T cells. CD1 molecules, unlike classical MHC molecules, display limited polymorphism, making CD1-restricted lipid antigens attractive vaccine targets that could be recognized in a genetically diverse human population. Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells have been implicated to play critical roles in a variety of autoimmune and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and recent discoveries on the development of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells and their function in different infection models. In particular, we focus on (1) newly identified microbial and self-lipid antigens, (2) kinetics, phenotype, and unique properties of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells during infection, and (3) the similarities of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells to the closely related group 2 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
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22
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Shin JH, Park SH. The effect of intracellular trafficking of CD1d on the formation of TCR repertoire of NKT cells. BMB Rep 2014; 47:241-8. [PMID: 24755556 PMCID: PMC4163858 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.5.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 molecules belong to non-polymorphic MHC class I-like proteins and present lipid antigens to T cells. Five different CD1 genes (CD1a-e) have been identified and classified into two groups. Group 1 include CD1a-c and present pathogenic lipid antigens to αβ T cells reminiscence of peptide antigen presentation by MHC-I molecules. CD1d is the only member of Group 2 and presents foreign and self lipid antigens to a specialized subset of αβ T cells, NKT cells. NKT cells are involved in diverse immune responses through prompt and massive production of cytokines. CD1d-dependent NKT cells are categorized upon the usage of their T cell receptors. A major subtype of NKT cells (type I) is invariant NKT cells which utilize invariant Vα14-Jα18 TCR alpha chain in mouse. The remaining NKT cells (type II) utilize diverse TCR alpha chains. Engineered CD1d molecules with modified intracellular trafficking produce either type I or type II NKT cell-defects suggesting the lipid antigens for each subtypes of NKT cells are processed/generated in different intracellular compartments. Since the usage of TCR by a T cell is the result of antigen-driven selection, the intracellular metabolic pathways of lipid antigen are a key in forming the functional NKT cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Se-Ho Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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23
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Maricic I, Halder R, Bischof F, Kumar V. Dendritic cells and anergic type I NKT cells play a crucial role in sulfatide-mediated immune regulation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1035-46. [PMID: 24973441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted NKT cells can be divided into two groups: type I NKT cells use a semi-invariant TCR, whereas type II express a relatively diverse set of TCRs. A major subset of type II NKT cells recognizes myelin-derived sulfatides and is selectively enriched in the CNS tissue during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have shown that activation of sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells by sulfatide prevents induction of EAE. In this article, we have addressed the mechanism of regulation, as well as whether a single immunodominant form of synthetic sulfatide can treat ongoing chronic and relapsing EAE in SJL/J mice. We have shown that the activation of sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells leads to a significant reduction in the frequency and effector function of myelin proteolipid proteins 139-151/I-A(s)-tetramer(+) cells in lymphoid and CNS tissues. In addition, type I NKT cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in the periphery, as well as CNS-resident microglia, are inactivated after sulfatide administration, and mice deficient in type I NKT cells are not protected from disease. Moreover, tolerized DCs from sulfatide-treated animals can adoptively transfer protection into naive mice. Treatment of SJL/J mice with a synthetic cis-tetracosenoyl sulfatide, but not α-galactosylceramide, reverses ongoing chronic and relapsing EAE. Our data highlight a novel immune-regulatory pathway involving NKT subset interactions leading to inactivation of type I NKT cells, DCs, and microglial cells in suppression of autoimmunity. Because CD1 molecules are nonpolymorphic, the sulfatide-mediated immune-regulatory pathway can be targeted for development of non-HLA-dependent therapeutic approaches to T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maricic
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Ramesh Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Felix Bischof
- Department of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
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24
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Lepore M, de Lalla C, Gundimeda SR, Gsellinger H, Consonni M, Garavaglia C, Sansano S, Piccolo F, Scelfo A, Häussinger D, Montagna D, Locatelli F, Bonini C, Bondanza A, Forcina A, Li Z, Ni G, Ciceri F, Jenö P, Xia C, Mori L, Dellabona P, Casorati G, De Libero G. A novel self-lipid antigen targets human T cells against CD1c(+) leukemias. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1363-77. [PMID: 24935257 PMCID: PMC4076585 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cells that recognize self-lipids presented by CD1c are frequent in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals and kill transformed hematopoietic cells, but little is known about their antigen specificity and potential antileukemia effects. We report that CD1c self-reactive T cells recognize a novel class of self-lipids, identified as methyl-lysophosphatidic acids (mLPAs), which are accumulated in leukemia cells. Primary acute myeloid and B cell acute leukemia blasts express CD1 molecules. mLPA-specific T cells efficiently kill CD1c(+) acute leukemia cells, poorly recognize nontransformed CD1c-expressing cells, and protect immunodeficient mice against CD1c(+) human leukemia cells. The identification of immunogenic self-lipid antigens accumulated in leukemia cells and the observed leukemia control by lipid-specific T cells in vivo provide a new conceptual framework for leukemia immune surveillance and possible immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepore
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; and Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia de Lalla
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - S Ramanjaneyulu Gundimeda
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; and Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Gsellinger
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; and Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michela Consonni
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Garavaglia
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sansano
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; and Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Piccolo
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Scelfo
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; and Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Montagna
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università di Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Attilio Bondanza
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Forcina
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guanghui Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Jenö
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; and Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; and Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 138648
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; and Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 138648
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25
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Viale R, Ware R, Maricic I, Chaturvedi V, Kumar V. NKT Cell Subsets Can Exert Opposing Effects in Autoimmunity, Tumor Surveillance and Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:287-296. [PMID: 25288922 DOI: 10.2174/157339512804806224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The innate-like natural killer T (NKT) cells are essential regulators of immunity. These cells comprise at least two distinct subsets and recognize different lipid antigens presented by the MHC class I like molecules CD1d. The CD1d-dependent recognition pathway of NKT cells is highly conserved from mouse to humans. While most type I NKT cells can recognize αGalCer and express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), a major population of type II NKT cells reactive to sulfatide utilizes an oligoclonal TCR. Furthermore TCR recognition features of NKT subsets are also distinctive with almost parallel as opposed to perpendicular footprints on the CD1d molecules for the type I and type II NKT cells respectively. Here we present a view based upon the recent studies in different clinical and experimental settings that while type I NKT cells are more often pathogenic, they may also be regulatory. On the other hand, sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells mostly play an inhibitory role in the control of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since the activity and cytokine secretion profiles of NKT cell subsets can be modulated differently by lipid ligands or their analogs, novel immunotherapeutic strategies are being developed for their differential activation for potential intervention in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Viale
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Randle Ware
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Igor Maricic
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Varun Chaturvedi
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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26
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Bai L, Picard D, Anderson B, Chaudhary V, Luoma A, Jabri B, Adams EJ, Savage PB, Bendelac A. The majority of CD1d-sulfatide-specific T cells in human blood use a semiinvariant Vδ1 TCR. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2505-10. [PMID: 22829134 PMCID: PMC3743557 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
αβ T-cell lines specific for sulfatide, an abundant myelin glycosphingolipid presented by various CD1 molecules, have been previously derived from PBMCs of patients with demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) but also from healthy subjects. Using an unbiased tetramer-based MACS enrichment method to enrich for rare antigen-specific cells, we confirmed the presence of CD1d-sulfatide-specific T cells in all healthy individuals examined. Surprisingly, the great majority of fresh sulfatide-specific T cells belonged to the γδ lineage. Furthermore, these cells used the Vδ1 TCR variable segment, which is uncommon in the blood but predominates in tissues such as the gut and specifically accumulates in MS lesions. Recombinant Vδ1 TCRs from different individuals were shown to bind recombinant CD1d-sulfatide complexes in a sulfatide-specific manner. These results provide the first direct demonstration of MHC-like-restricted, antigen-specific recognition by γδ TCRs. Together with previous reports, they support the notion that human Vδ1 T cells are enriched in CD1-specific T cells and suggest that the Vδ1 T-cell population that accumulates in MS lesions might be enriched in CD1-sulfatide-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bai
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Damien Picard
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Brian Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Vinod Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Adrienne Luoma
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Erin J. Adams
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637 USA
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A flexible approach to construct three contiguous chiral centers of sphingolipids, and asymmetric synthesis of d-ribo-phytosphingosine and its derivatives. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Structural reorganization of the antigen-binding groove of human CD1b for presentation of mycobacterial sulfoglycolipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17755-60. [PMID: 22006319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms permitting nonpolymorphic CD1 molecules to present lipid antigens that differ considerably in polar head and aliphatic tails remain elusive. It is also unclear why hydrophobic motifs in the aliphatic tails of some antigens, which presumably embed inside CD1 pockets, contribute to determinants for T-cell recognition. The 1.9-Å crystal structure of an active complex of CD1b and a mycobacterial diacylsulfoglycolipid presented here provides some clues. Upon antigen binding, endogenous spacers of CD1b, which consist of a mixture of diradylglycerols, moved considerably within the lipid-binding groove. Spacer displacement was accompanied by F' pocket closure and an extensive rearrangement of residues exposed to T-cell receptors. Such structural reorganization resulted in reduction of the A' pocket capacity and led to incomplete embedding of the methyl-ramified portion of the phthioceranoyl chain of the antigen, explaining why such hydrophobic motifs are critical for T-cell receptor recognition. Mutagenesis experiments supported the functional importance of the observed structural alterations for T-cell stimulation. Overall, our data delineate a complex molecular mechanism combining spacer repositioning and ligand-induced conformational changes that, together with pocket intricacy, endows CD1b with the required molecular plasticity to present a broad range of structurally diverse antigens.
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Autoreactive CD1b-restricted T cells: a new innate-like T-cell population that contributes to immunity against infection. Blood 2011; 118:3870-8. [PMID: 21860021 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-341941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, -b, and -c) presents self and foreign lipid antigens to multiple T-cell subsets in humans. However, in the absence of a suitable animal model, the specific functions and developmental requirements of these T cells remain unknown. To study group 1 CD1-restricted T cells in vivo, we generated double transgenic mice (HJ1Tg/hCD1Tg) that express group 1 CD1 molecules in a similar pattern to that observed in humans (hCD1Tg) as well as a TCR derived from a CD1b-autoreactive T-cell line (HJ1Tg). Using this model, we found that similar to CD1d-restricted NKT cells, HJ1 T cells exhibit an activated phenotype (CD44(hi)CD69(+)CD122(+)) and a subset of HJ1 T cells expresses NK1.1 and is selected by CD1b-expressing hematopoietic cells. HJ1 T cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with CD1b-expressing dendritic cells derived from humans as well as hCD1Tg mice, suggesting that they recognize species conserved self-lipid antigen(s). Importantly, this basal autoreactivity is enhanced by TLR-mediated signaling and HJ1 T cells can be activated and confer protection against Listeria infection. Taken together, our data indicate that CD1b-autoreactive T cells, unlike mycobacterial lipid antigen-specific T cells, are innate-like T cells that may contribute to early anti-microbial host defense.
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31
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Hardy TA, Blum S, McCombe PA, Reddel SW. Guillain-barré syndrome: modern theories of etiology. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2011; 11:197-204. [PMID: 21451970 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-011-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a classic failure of the immune system with a life-threatening attack upon a critical self-component. The active phase of the disease is short, concordant with the latency of a primary adaptive immune response. Triggers for GBS include infection and (rarely) vaccination; cross-reactivity between infectious and neural epitopes has been well demonstrated, particularly for Campylobacter jejuni and motor axonal forms of GBS in which non-protein gangliosides are antigenic. Most people are probably exposed to a GBS trigger, but only rarely does the disease develop. We propose that GBS illustrates competing determinants of the immune system's decision about whether to mount a response, and that in unlucky affected individuals, co-presentation of cross-reactive antigens with danger signals activating pattern-recognition receptors overcomes normal self-recognition such that a primary response is initiated that attacks the nerve. Then, in most cases of GBS, the response rapidly turns off, and second attacks rarely occur. This suggests active restoration of tolerance, and specific privileged site attributes of nerve and declining danger signals as the trigger wanes may contribute to this restoration. Standard immunosuppression has not been effective in GBS. We suggest this is because immune tolerance is already being restored by the time such therapies are initiated. This in turn suggests that improvements in GBS outcomes are likely to come from better protection of the nerve cells under attack while normal resumption of tolerance is permitted to proceed rather than exploring more aggressive immunosuppressive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Hardy
- Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
In the same way that peptide antigens are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, glycolipid antigens can also activate the immune response via binding to CD1 proteins on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and stimulate CD1-restricted T cells. In humans, there are five members of the CD1 family, termed CD1a–e, of which CD1a–d are involved in glycolipid presentation at the cell surface, while CD1e is involved in the intracellular trafficking of glycolipid antigens. Both endogenous (self-derived) and exogenous (non-self-derived) glycolipids have been shown to bind to members of the CD1 family with varying degrees of specificity. In this paper we focus on the key glycolipids that bind to the different members of the CD1 family.
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Podbielska M, Levery SB, Hogan EL. The structural and functional role of myelin fast-migrating cerebrosides: pathological importance in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:159-179. [PMID: 22701512 DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A family of neutral glycosphingolipids containing a 3-O-acetyl-sphingosine galactosylceramide (3-SAG) has been characterized. Seven new derivatives of galactosylceramide (GalCer), designated as fast-migrating cerebrosides (FMCs) by TLC retention factor, have been identified. The simplest compounds - FMC-1 and FMC-2 - of this series have been characterized as the 3-SAG containing nonhydroxy and hydroxy fatty acyl, respectively. The next two - FMC-3 and FMC-4 - add 6-O-acetyl-galactose and the most complex glycosphingolipids, FMC-5, -6 and -7, are 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-SAG. These hydrophobic myelin lipid biomarkers coappear with GalCer during myelinogenesis and disappear along with GalCer in de- or dys-myelinating disorders. Myelin lipid antigens, including FMCs, are keys to myelin biology, opening the possibility of new and novel immune modulatory tools for treatment of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Department of Neurology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, Building CB2803, Augusta, GA 30912-2620, USA
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Exogenous control of the expression of Group I CD1 molecules competent for presentation of microbial nonpeptide antigens to human T lymphocytes. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:790460. [PMID: 21603161 PMCID: PMC3095450 DOI: 10.1155/2011/790460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Group I CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c) glycoproteins expressed on immature and mature dendritic cells present nonpeptide antigens (i.e., lipid or glycolipid molecules mainly of microbial origin) to T cells. Cytotoxic CD1-restricted T lymphocytes recognizing mycobacterial lipid antigens were found in tuberculosis patients. However, thanks to a complex interplay between mycobacteria and CD1 system, M. tuberculosis possesses a successful tactic based, at least in part, on CD1 downregulation to evade CD1-dependent immunity. On the ground of these findings, it is reasonable to hypothesize that modulation of CD1 protein expression by chemical, biological, or infectious agents could influence host's immune reactivity against M. tuberculosis-associated lipids, possibly affecting antitubercular resistance. This scenario prompted us to perform a detailed analysis of the literature concerning the effect of external agents on Group I CD1 expression in order to obtain valuable information on the possible strategies to be adopted for driving properly CD1-dependent immune functions in human pathology and in particular, in human tuberculosis.
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35
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Liu W, Huber SA. Cross-talk between cd1d-restricted nkt cells and γδ cells in t regulatory cell response. Virol J 2011; 8:32. [PMID: 21255407 PMCID: PMC3033358 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1d is a non-classical major histocompatibility class 1-like molecule which primarily presents either microbial or endogenous glycolipid antigens to T cells involved in innate immunity. Natural killer T (NKT) cells and a subpopulation of γδ T cells expressing the Vγ4 T cell receptor (TCR) recognize CD1d. NKT and Vγ4 T cells function in the innate immune response via rapid activation subsequent to infection and secrete large quantities of cytokines that both help control infection and modulate the developing adaptive immune response. T regulatory cells represent one cell population impacted by both NKT and Vγ4 T cells. This review discusses the evidence that NKT cells promote T regulatory cell activation both through direct interaction of NKT cell and dendritic cells and through NKT cell secretion of large amounts of TGFβ, IL-10 and IL-2. Recent studies have shown that CD1d-restricted Vγ4 T cells, in contrast to NKT cells, selectively kill T regulatory cells through a caspase-dependent mechanism. Vγ4 T cell elimination of the T regulatory cell population allows activation of autoimmune CD8+ effector cells leading to severe cardiac injury in a coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis model in mice. CD1d-restricted immunity can therefore lead to either immunosuppression or autoimmunity depending upon the type of innate effector dominating during the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
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36
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de Lalla C, Lepore M, Piccolo FM, Rinaldi A, Scelfo A, Garavaglia C, Mori L, De Libero G, Dellabona P, Casorati G. High-frequency and adaptive-like dynamics of human CD1 self-reactive T cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:602-10. [PMID: 21246542 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD1 molecules present lipid antigens to T cells. An intriguing subset of human T cells recognize CD1-expressing cells without deliberately added lipids. Frequency, subset distribution, clonal composition, naïve-to-memory dynamic transition of these CD1 self-reactive T cells remain largely unknown. By screening libraries of T-cell clones, generated from CD4(+) or CD4(-) CD8(-) double negative (DN) T cells sorted from the same donors, and by limiting dilution analysis, we find that the frequency of CD1 self-reactive T cells is unexpectedly high in both T-cell subsets, in the range of 1/10-1/300 circulating T cells. These T cells predominantly recognize CD1a and CD1c and express diverse TCRs. Frequency comparisons of T-cell clones from sorted naïve and memory compartments of umbilical cord and adult blood show that CD1 self-reactive T cells are naïve at birth and undergo an age-dependent increase in the memory compartment, suggesting a naïve/memory adaptive-like population dynamics. CD1 self-reactive clones exhibit mostly Th1 and Th0 functional activities, depending on the subset and on the CD1 isotype restriction. These findings unveil the unanticipated relevance of self-lipid T-cell response in humans and clarify the basic parameters of the lipid-specific T-cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia de Lalla
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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37
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Caporale C, Notturno F, Pace M, Aureli A, Di Tommaso V, De Luca G, Farina D, Giovannini A, Uncini A. CD1A and CD1E Gene Polymorphisms are Associated with Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:175-83. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune T-cell-mediated disease directed at myelin antigens of the central nervous system. Besides myelin proteins, lipid components of CNS are supposed to play a role as antigens for T cells in MS. CD1 is a family of MHC-like glycoproteins specialized in capturing and presenting a variety of microbial and self lipids and glycolipids to antigen-specific T cells. CD1-restricted T cells specific for gangliosides and sulfatide have been isolated from subjects with MS and in mice with experimental allergic encephalopathy. We genotyped exon 2 of CD1A and CD1E in 205 MS patients and 223 unrelated healthy controls and determined their association with the presence of anti-ganglioside and anti-sulfatide antibodies. CD1E 01-01 is associated with a reduced risk of MS (OR 0.54, p=0.001); CD1A 02-02 (OR 1.99, p=0.012) or CD1E 02-02 (OR 2.45, p=0.000) with an increased risk. The combination of the genotypes CD1A 02-02 and CD1E 02-02 is present in 90.7% of patients but in only 9.4% controls (OR 94.16, p= 0.000). CD1A and CD1E polymorphisms contribute to the polygenic susceptibility to MS. The functional effects of CD1 polymorphisms are unknown, however changes in CD1 alleles may affect numerous immunological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Caporale
- Neurocenter (EOC) of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - F. Notturno
- Neurocenter (EOC) of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - M. Pace
- Neurocenter (EOC) of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A. Aureli
- Regional Center of Immunohaematology and Tissue Typing ASL n°4, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V. Di Tommaso
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - G. De Luca
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - D. Farina
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A. Giovannini
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Abruzzo and Molise “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
| | - A. Uncini
- Neurocenter (EOC) of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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38
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Pei B, Speak AO, Shepherd D, Butters T, Cerundolo V, Platt FM, Kronenberg M. Diverse endogenous antigens for mouse NKT cells: self-antigens that are not glycosphingolipids. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1348-60. [PMID: 21191069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells with an invariant Ag receptor (iNKT cells) represent a highly conserved and unique subset of T lymphocytes having properties of innate and adaptive immune cells. They have been reported to regulate a variety of immune responses, including the response to cancers and the development of autoimmunity. The development and activation of iNKT cells is dependent on self-Ags presented by the CD1d Ag-presenting molecule. It is widely believed that these self-Ags are glycosphingolipids (GSLs), molecules that contain ceramide as the lipid backbone. In this study, we used a variety of methods to show that mammalian Ags for mouse iNKT cells need not be GSLs, including the use of cell lines deficient in GSL biosynthesis and an inhibitor of GSL biosynthesis. Presentation of these Ags required the expression of CD1d molecules that could traffic to late endosomes, the site where self-Ag is acquired. Extracts of APCs contain a self-Ag that could stimulate iNKT cells when added to plates coated with soluble, rCD1d molecules. The Ag(s) in these extracts are resistant to sphingolipid-specific hydrolase digestion, consistent with the results using live APCs. Lyosphosphatidylcholine, a potential self-Ag that activated human iNKT cell lines, did not activate mouse iNKT cell hybridomas. Our data indicate that there may be more than one type of self-Ag for iNKT cells, that the self-Ags comparing mouse and human may not be conserved, and that the search to identify these molecules should not be confined to GSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pei
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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39
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de Jong A, Peña-Cruz V, Cheng TY, Clark RA, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB. CD1a-autoreactive T cells are a normal component of the human αβ T cell repertoire. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:1102-9. [PMID: 21037579 PMCID: PMC3131223 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD1 activates T cells, but the function and size of the possible human T cell repertoires that recognize each of the CD1 antigen-presenting molecules remain unknown. Using an experimental system that bypasses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction and the requirement for defined antigens, we show that polyclonal T cells responded at higher rates to cells expressing CD1a than to those expressing CD1b, CD1c or CD1d. Unlike the repertoire of invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells, the CD1a-autoreactive repertoire contained diverse T cell antigen receptors (TCRs). Functionally, many CD1a-autoreactive T cells homed to skin, where they produced interleukin 22 (IL-22) in response to CD1a on Langerhans cells. The strong and frequent responses among genetically diverse donors define CD1a-autoreactive cells as a normal part of the human T cell repertoire and CD1a as a target of the T(H)22 subset of helper T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke de Jong
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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40
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Kyriakakis E, Cavallari M, Andert J, Philippova M, Koella C, Bochkov V, Erne P, Wilson SB, Mori L, Biedermann BC, Resink TJ, De Libero G. Invariant natural killer T cells: linking inflammation and neovascularization in human atherosclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3268-79. [PMID: 21061446 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory lipid storage disease of large arteries, is complicated by cardiovascular events usually precipitated by plaque rupture or erosion. Inflammation participates in lesion progression and plaque rupture. Identification of leukocyte populations involved in plaque destabilization is important for effective prevention of cardiovascular events. This study investigates CD1d-expressing cells and invariant NKT cells (iNKT) in human arterial tissue, their correlation with disease severity and symptoms, and potential mechanisms for their involvement in plaque formation and/or destabilization. CD1d-expressing cells were present in advanced plaques in patients who suffered from cardiovascular events in the past and were most abundant in plaques with ectopic neovascularization. Confocal microscopy detected iNKT cells in plaques, and plaque-derived iNKT cell lines promptly produced proinflammatory cytokines when stimulated by CD1d-expressing APC-presenting α-galactosylceramide lipid antigen. Furthermore, iNKT cells were diminished in the circulating blood of patients with symptomatic atherosclerosis. Activated iNKT cell-derived culture supernatants showed angiogenic activity in a human microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1-spheroid model of in vitro angiogenesis and strongly activated human microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1 migration. This functional activity was ascribed to IL-8 released by iNKT cells upon lipid recognition. These findings introduce iNKT cells as novel cellular candidates promoting plaque neovascularization and destabilization in human atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Kyriakakis
- Laboratory for Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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41
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Jamshidian A, Nikseresht AR, Vessal M, Kamali-Sarvestani E. Association of CD1A +622 T/C, +737 G/C and CD1E +6129 A/G Genes Polymorphisms with Multiple Sclerosis. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:874-89. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.503768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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42
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Meena A, Archana A, Reddy G, Ramakrishn D, Rao P. Antiganglioside Antibodies in Sub Types of Guillain-Barre Syndrome in an Indian Population. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2010.138.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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43
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De Libero G, Mori L. How the immune system detects lipid antigens. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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Activation state and intracellular trafficking contribute to the repertoire of endogenous glycosphingolipids presented by CD1d [corrected]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:3052-7. [PMID: 20133624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0915056107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APC) express CD1d molecules that present exogenous and endogenous lipid antigens that activate CD1d-restricted T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells. NKT cell activation has been shown to mediate the potent downstream activation of other immune cells through cell-cell interactions and rapid, prolific cytokine production. Foreign antigens are not required for NKT cell activation. The endogenous lipids bound to CD1d are sufficient for activation of NKT cells in the setting of Toll-like receptor-induced cytokines. The most potent NKT cell antigens identified are glycosphingolipids (GSL). The GSL repertoire of endogenous ligands bound to CD1d molecules that are expressed in myeloid APC at steady state and in the setting of activation has not been delineated. This report identifies the range of GSL bound to soluble murine CD1d (mCD1d) molecules that sample the endoplasmic reticulum/secretory routes and cell surface-cleaved mCD1d that also samples the endocytic system. Specific GSL species are preferentially bound by mCD1d and do not solely reflect cellular GSL. GM1a and GD1a are prominent CD1d ligands for molecules following both the ER/secretory and lysosomal trafficking routes, whereas GM2 was eluted from soluble CD1d but not lysosomal trafficking CD1d. Further, after LPS activation, the quantities of soluble CD1d-bound GM3 and GM1a markedly increased. A unique alpha-galactose-terminating GSL was also found to be preferentially bound to mCD1d at steady state, and it increased with APC activation. Together, these studies identify the range of GSL presented by CD1d and how presentation varies based on CD1d intracellular trafficking and microbial activation.
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45
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Abstract
Saposins or sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs) are small, nonenzymatic glycoproteins that are ubiquitously present in lysosomes. SAPs comprise the five molecules saposins A-D and the GM2 activator protein. Saposins are essential for sphingolipid degradation and membrane digestion. On the one hand, they bind the respective hydrolases required to catabolize sphingolipid molecules; on the other hand, saposins can interact with intralysosomal membrane structures to render lipids accessible to their degrading enzymes. Thus, saposins bridge the physicochemical gap between lipid substrate and hydrophilic hydrolases. Accordingly, defects in saposin function can lead to lysosomal lipid accumulation. In addition to their specific functions in sphingolipid metabolism, saposins have membrane-perturbing properties. At the low pH of lysosomes, saposins get protonated and exhibit a high binding affinity for anionic phospholipids. Based on their universal principle to interact with membrane bilayers, we present the immunological functions of saposins with regard to lipid antigen presentation to CD1-restricted T cells, processing of apoptotic bodies for antigen delivery and cross-priming, as well as their potential antimicrobial impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Darmoise
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital, Immune Disease Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Cernadas M, Cavallari M, Watts G, Mori L, De Libero G, Brenner MB. Early recycling compartment trafficking of CD1a is essential for its intersection and presentation of lipid antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1235-41. [PMID: 20026739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A major step in understanding differences in the nature of Ag presentation was the realization that MHC class I samples peptides transported to the endoplasmic reticulum from the cytosol, whereas MHC class II samples peptides from lysosomes. In contrast to MHC class I and II molecules that present protein Ags, CD1 molecules present lipid Ags for recognition by specific T cells. Each of the five members of the CD1 family (CD1a-e) localizes to a distinct subcompartment of endosomes. Accordingly, it has been widely assumed that the distinct trafficking of CD1 isoforms must also have evolved to enable them to sample lipid Ags that traffic via different routes. Among the CD1 isoforms, CD1a is unusual because it does not have a tyrosine-based cytoplasmic sorting motif and uniquely localizes to the early endocytic recycling compartment. This led us to predict that CD1a might have evolved to focus on lipids that localize to early endocytic/recycling compartments. Strikingly, we found that the glycolipid Ag sulfatide also localized almost exclusively to early endocytic and recycling compartments. Consistent with colocalization of CD1a and sulfatide, wild-type CD1a molecules efficiently presented sulfatide to CD1a-restricted, sulfatide-specific T cells. In contrast, CD1a:CD1b tail chimeras, that retain the same Ag-binding capacity as CD1a but traffic based on the cytoplasmic tail of CD1b to lysosomes, failed to present sulfatide efficiently. Thus, the intracellular trafficking route of CD1a is essential for efficient presentation of lipid Ags that traffic through the early endocytic and recycling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cernadas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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47
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Podbielska M, Hogan EL. Molecular and immunogenic features of myelin lipids: incitants or modulators of multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler 2009; 15:1011-29. [PMID: 19692432 DOI: 10.1177/1352458509106708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin lipids have long been thought to play intriguing roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review summarizes current understanding of the molecular basis of MS with emphasis on the: (i.) physico-chemical properties, organization and accessibility of the lipids and their distribution within the myelin multilayer; (ii.) characterization of myelin lipid structures, and structure-function relationships relevant to MS mechanisms, and; (iii.) immunogenic and other features of lipids in MS including molecular mimicry, lipid enzyme genetic knockouts, glycolipid-reactive NKT cells, and monoclonal antibody-induced remyelination. New findings associate anti-lipid antibodies with pathophysiological biomarkers and suggest clinical utility. The structure of CD1d-lipid complexed with the lipophilic invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) may be crucial to understanding MS pathogenesis, and design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics. Novel immuno-modulatory tools for treatment of autoimmune diseases including MS in which there is both constraint of inflammation and stimulation of remyelination are now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Podbielska
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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48
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Li Y, Thapa P, Hawke D, Kondo Y, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Hsu FF, Adlercreutz D, Weadge J, Palcic MM, Wang PG, Levery SB, Zhou D. Immunologic glycosphingolipidomics and NKT cell development in mouse thymus. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2740-51. [PMID: 19284783 DOI: 10.1021/pr801040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT cells are a hybrid cell type of Natural Killer cells and T cells, whose development is dependent on thymic positive selection mediated by double positive thymocytes through their recognition of natural ligands presented by CD1d, a nonpolymorphic, non-MHC, MHC-like antigen presenting molecule. Genetic evidence suggested that beta-glucosylceramide derived glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are natural ligands for NKT cells. N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NB-DGJ), a drug that specifically inhibits the glucosylceramide synthase, inhibits the endogenous ligands for NKT cells. Furthermore, we and others have found a beta-linked glycosphingolipid, isoglobotriaosylceramide (iGb3), is a stimulatory NKT ligand. The iGb3 synthase knockout mice have a normal NKT development and function, indicating that other ligands exist and remain to be identified. In this study, we have performed a glycosphingolipidomics study of mouse thymus, and studied mice mutants which are deficient in beta-hexosaminidase b or alpha-galactosidase A, two glycosidases that are up- and downstream agents of iGb3 turnover, respectively. Our mass spectrometry methods generated a first database for glycosphingolipids expressed in mouse thymus, which are specifically regulated by rate-limiting glycosidases. Among the identified thymic glycosphingolipids, only iGb3 is a stimulatory ligand for NKT cells, suggesting that large-scale fractionation, enrichment and characterization of minor species of glycosphingolipids are necessary for identifying additional ligands for NKT cells. Our results also provide early insights into cellular lipidomics studies, with a specific focus on the important immunological functions of glycosphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsen Li
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
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49
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Guiard J, Collmann A, Garcia-Alles LF, Mourey L, Brando T, Mori L, Gilleron M, Prandi J, De Libero G, Puzo G. Fatty acyl structures of mycobacterium tuberculosis sulfoglycolipid govern T cell response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7030-7. [PMID: 19454700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD1b-restricted T lymphocytes recognize a large diversity of mycobacterial lipids, which differ in their hydrophilic heads and the structure of their acyl appendages. Both moieties participate in the antigenicity of lipid Ags, but the structural constraints governing binding to CD1b and generation of antigenic CD1b:lipid Ag complexes are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the structural requirements conferring antigenicity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis sulfoglycolipid Ags using a combination of CD1b:lipid binding and T cell activation assays with both living dendritic cells and plate-bound recombinant soluble CD1b. Comparison of the antigenicity of a panel of synthetic analogs, sharing the same trehalose-sulfate polar head, but differing in the structure of their acyl tails, shows that the number of C-methyl substituents on the fatty acid, the configuration of the chiral centers, and the respective localization of the two different acyl chains on the sugar moiety govern TCR recognition and T lymphocyte activation. These studies have major implications for the design of sulfoglycolipid analogs with potential use as tuberculosis subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guiard
- Departement Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
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50
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Lysosomal recycling terminates CD1d-mediated presentation of short and polyunsaturated variants of the NKT cell lipid antigen alphaGalCer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:10254-9. [PMID: 19506241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901228106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Short or polyunsaturated lipid variants of the NKT cell antigen alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGC) exhibit decreased potency and a Th2 bias in vivo despite conserved TCR contact residues and stable binding to CD1d at neutral and acidic pH. Using reagents to directly visualize lipids in their free or CD1d-bound form, we determined that, contrary to predictions, these lipids reached the lysosome better than alphaGC. However, in contrast with alphaGC, they loaded CD1d at the cell surface and underwent immediate pH-dependent dissociation upon recycling to the lysosome. In cell-free assays, ultrafast dissociation of preformed complexes could be induced at acidic pH only when free competitor lipids were added, suggesting active lipid displacement. These findings provide a common cell biological explanation for the decreased stimulatory properties of short and polyunsaturated alphaGC variants. They also suggest that direct lipid displacement is a potent mechanism underlying highly dynamic lipid exchange reactions in the lysosomal compartment that shape the repertoire of lipids associated with CD1d.
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