1
|
Lanfermeijer J, van de Ven K, Hendriks M, van Dijken H, Lenz S, Vos M, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D, de Jonge J. The Memory-CD8+-T-Cell Response to Conserved Influenza Virus Epitopes in Mice Is Not Influenced by Time Since Previous Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:419. [PMID: 38675801 PMCID: PMC11054904 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To protect older adults against influenza A virus (IAV) infection, innovative strategies are imperative to overcome the decrease in protective immune response with age. One approach involves the boosting of CD8+ T cells at middle age that were previously induced by natural infection. At this stage, the immune system is still fit. Given the high conservation of T-cell epitopes within internal viral proteins, such a response may confer lasting protection against evolving influenza strains at older age, also reducing the high number of influenza immunizations currently required. However, at the time of vaccination, some individuals may have been more recently exposed to IAV than others, which could affect the T-cell response. We therefore investigated the fundamental principle of how the interval between the last infection and booster immunization during middle age influences the CD8+ T-cell response. To model this, female mice were infected at either 6 or 9 months of age and subsequently received a heterosubtypic infection booster at middle age (12 months). Before the booster infection, 6-month-primed mice displayed lower IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in the spleen and lung than 9-month-primed mice. Both groups were better protected against the subsequent heterosubtypic booster infection compared to naïve mice. Notably, despite the different CD8+ T-cell levels between the 6-month- and 9-month-primed mice, we observed comparable responses after booster infection, based on IFNγ responses, and IAV-specific T-cell frequencies and repertoire diversity. Lung-derived CD8+ T cells of 6- and 9-month-primed mice expressed similar levels of tissue-resident memory-T-cell markers 30 days post booster infection. These data suggest that the IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after boosting is not influenced by the time post priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- AstraZeneca, 2594 AV Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van de Ven
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- DICA (Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing), 2333 AA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Hendriks
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Deventer Ziekenhuis, 7416 SE Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Dijken
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- MSD Animal Health, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Virology & Immunology Research, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Turner SJ, Bennett TJ, Gruta NLL. CD8 + T-Cell Memory: The Why, the When, and the How. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a038661. [PMID: 33648987 PMCID: PMC8091951 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of effective adaptive T-cell memory is a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune system. The establishment of protective T-cell immunity requires the differentiation of CD8+ T cells from a naive state to one where pathogen-specific memory CD8+ T cells are capable of responding to a secondary infection more rapidly and robustly without the need for further differentiation. The study of factors that determine the fate of activated CD8+ T cells into either effector or memory subsets has a long history. The advent of new technologies is now providing new insights into how epigenetic regulation not only impacts acquisition and maintenance of effector function, but also the maintenance of the quiescent yet primed memory state. There is growing appreciation that rather than distinct subsets, memory T-cell populations may reflect different points on a spectrum between the starting naive T-cell population and a terminally differentiated effector CD8+ T-cell population. Interestingly, there is growing evidence that the molecular mechanisms that underpin the rapid effector function of memory T cells are also observed in innate immune cells such as macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. This raises an interesting hypothesis that the memory/effector T-cell state represents a default innate-like response to antigen recognition, and that it is the naive state that is the defining feature of adaptive immunity. These issues are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Taylah J Bennett
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gilfillan CB, Hebeisen M, Rufer N, Speiser DE. Constant regulation for stable CD8 T-cell functional avidity and its possible implications for cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1348-1360. [PMID: 33704770 PMCID: PMC8252569 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The functional avidity (FA) of cytotoxic CD8 T cells impacts strongly on their functional capabilities and correlates with protection from infection and cancer. FA depends on TCR affinity, downstream signaling strength, and TCR affinity-independent parameters of the immune synapse, such as costimulatory and inhibitory receptors. The functional impact of coreceptors on FA remains to be fully elucidated. Despite its importance, FA is infrequently assessed and incompletely understood. There is currently no consensus as to whether FA can be enhanced by optimized vaccine dose or boosting schedule. Recent findings suggest that FA is remarkably stable in vivo, possibly due to continued signaling modulation of critical receptors in the immune synapse. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and hypothesize that in vivo, codominant T cells constantly "equalize" their FA for similar function. We present a new model of constant FA regulation, and discuss practical implications for T-cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Gilfillan
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kedzierska K, Koutsakos M. The ABC of Major Histocompatibility Complexes and T Cell Receptors in Health and Disease. Viral Immunol 2021; 33:160-178. [PMID: 32286182 PMCID: PMC7185345 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A seminal discovery of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction in T cell recognition by Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel has led to 45 years of exciting research on the mechanisms governing peptide MHC (pMHC) recognition by T cell receptors (TCRs) and their importance in health and disease. T cells provide a significant level of protection against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, as well as tumors, hence, the generation of protective T cell responses is a primary goal for cell-mediated vaccines and immunotherapies. Understanding the mechanisms underlying generation of optimal high-avidity effector T cell responses, memory development, maintenance, and recall is of major importance for the rational design of preventative and therapeutic vaccines/immunotherapies. In this review, we summarize the lessons learned over the last four decades and outline our current understanding of the basis and consequences of pMHC/TCR interactions on T cell development and function, and TCR diversity and composition, driving better clinical outcomes and prevention of viral escape. We also discuss the current models of T cell memory formation and determinants of immunodominant T cell responses in animal models and humans. As TCR composition and diversity can affect both the protective capacity of T cells and protection against viral escape, defining the spectrum of TCR selection has implications for improving the functional efficacy of effector T cell responsiveness and memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lanfermeijer J, Borghans JAM, Baarle D. How age and infection history shape the antigen-specific CD8 + T-cell repertoire: Implications for vaccination strategies in older adults. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13262. [PMID: 33078890 PMCID: PMC7681067 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults often show signs of impaired CD8+ T‐cell immunity, reflected by weaker responses against new infections and vaccinations, and decreased protection against reinfection. This immune impairment is in part thought to be the consequence of a decrease in both T‐cell numbers and repertoire diversity. If this is indeed the case, a strategy to prevent infectious diseases in older adults could be the induction of protective memory responses through vaccination at a younger age. However, this requires that the induced immune responses are maintained until old age. It is therefore important to obtain insights into the long‐term maintenance of the antigen‐specific T‐cell repertoire. Here, we review the literature on the maintenance of antigen‐experienced CD8+ T‐cell repertoires against acute and chronic infections. We describe the complex interactions that play a role in shaping the memory T‐cell repertoire, and the effects of age, infection history, and T‐cell avidity. We discuss the implications of these findings for the development of new vaccination strategies to protect older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Debbie Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands
- Virology & Immunology Research Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention University Medical Center Groningen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Speranza E, Ruibal P, Port JR, Feng F, Burkhardt L, Grundhoff A, Günther S, Oestereich L, Hiscox JA, Connor JH, Muñoz-Fontela C. T-Cell Receptor Diversity and the Control of T-Cell Homeostasis Mark Ebola Virus Disease Survival in Humans. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S508-S518. [PMID: 29986035 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in T-cell phenotype, particularly the expression of markers of T-cell homeostasis, have been observed in fatal and nonfatal Ebola virus disease (EVD). However, the relationship between these markers with T-cell function and virus clearance during EVD is poorly understood. To gain biological insight into the role of T cells during EVD, combined transcriptomics and T-cell receptor sequencing was used to profile blood samples from fatal and nonfatal EVD patients from the recent West African EVD epidemic. Fatal EVD was characterized by strong T-cell activation and increased abundance of T-cell inhibitory molecules. However, the early T-cell response was oligoclonal and did not result in viral clearance. In contrast, survivors mounted highly diverse T-cell responses, maintained low levels of T-cell inhibitors, and cleared Ebola virus. Our findings highlight the importance of T-cell immunity in surviving EVD and strengthen the foundation for further research on targeting of the dendritic cell-T cell interface for postexposure immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Speranza
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA.,Department of Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston MA.,Department of National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston MA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston MA
| | - Paula Ruibal
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia R Port
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner SiteHamburg, Germany
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston MA
| | - Lia Burkhardt
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner SiteHamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner SiteHamburg, Germany
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA.,Department of Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston MA.,Department of National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston MA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston MA
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner SiteHamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chu KL, Batista NV, Wang KC, Zhou AC, Watts TH. GITRL on inflammatory antigen presenting cells in the lung parenchyma provides signal 4 for T-cell accumulation and tissue-resident memory T-cell formation. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:363-377. [PMID: 30487647 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T-cell responses in the lung are critical for protection against respiratory pathogens. TNFR superfamily members play important roles in providing survival signals to T cells during respiratory infections. However, whether these signals take place mainly during priming in the secondary lymphoid organs and/or in the peripheral tissues remains unknown. Here we show that under conditions of competition, GITR provides a T-cell intrinsic advantage to both CD4 and CD8 effector T cells in the lung tissue, as well as for the formation of CD4 and CD8 tissue-resident memory T cells during respiratory influenza infection in mice. In contrast, under non-competitive conditions, GITR has a preferential effect on CD8 over CD4 T cells. The nucleoprotein-specific CD8 T-cell response partially compensated for GITR deficiency by expansion of higher affinity T cells; whereas, the polymerase-specific response was less flexible and more GITR dependent. Following influenza infection, GITR is expressed on lung T cells and GITRL is preferentially expressed on lung monocyte-derived inflammatory antigen presenting cells. Accordingly, we show that GITR+/+ T cells in the lung parenchyma express more phosphorylated-ribosomal protein S6 than their GITR-/- counterparts. Thus, GITR signaling within the lung tissue critically regulates effector and tissue-resident memory T-cell accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Lun Chu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kuan Chung Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angela C Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Regulation of H3K4me3 at Transcriptional Enhancers Characterizes Acquisition of Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cell-Lineage-Specific Function. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3624-3636. [PMID: 29262339 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection triggers large-scale changes in the phenotype and function of T cells that are critical for immune clearance, yet the gene regulatory mechanisms that control these changes are largely unknown. Using ChIP-seq for specific histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), we mapped the dynamics of ∼25,000 putative CD8+ T cell transcriptional enhancers (TEs) differentially utilized during virus-specific T cell differentiation. Interestingly, we identified a subset of dynamically regulated TEs that exhibited acquisition of a non-canonical (H3K4me3+) chromatin signature upon differentiation. This unique TE subset exhibited characteristics of poised enhancers in the naive CD8+ T cell subset and demonstrated enrichment for transcription factor binding motifs known to be important for virus-specific CD8+ T cell differentiation. These data provide insights into the establishment and maintenance of the gene transcription profiles that define each stage of virus-specific T cell differentiation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sant S, Grzelak L, Wang Z, Pizzolla A, Koutsakos M, Crowe J, Loudovaris T, Mannering SI, Westall GP, Wakim LM, Rossjohn J, Gras S, Richards M, Xu J, Thomas PG, Loh L, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K. Single-Cell Approach to Influenza-Specific CD8 + T Cell Receptor Repertoires Across Different Age Groups, Tissues, and Following Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1453. [PMID: 29997621 PMCID: PMC6030351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells recognizing antigenic peptides derived from conserved internal viral proteins confer broad protection against distinct influenza viruses. As memory CD8+ T cells change throughout the human lifetime and across tissue compartments, we investigated how T cell receptor (TCR) composition and diversity relate to memory CD8+ T cells across anatomical sites and immunological phases of human life. We used ex vivo peptide-HLA tetramer magnetic enrichment, single-cell multiplex RT-PCR for both the TCR-alpha (TCRα) and TCR-beta (TCRβ) chains, and new TCRdist and grouping of lymphocyte interactions by paratope hotspots (GLIPH) algorithms to compare TCRs directed against the most prominent human influenza epitope, HLA-A*02:01-M158–66 (A2+M158). We dissected memory TCR repertoires directed toward A2+M158 CD8+ T cells within human tissues and compared them to human peripheral blood of young and elderly adults. Furthermore, we compared these memory CD8+ T cell repertoires to A2+M158 CD8+ TCRs during acute influenza disease in patients hospitalized with avian A/H7N9 virus. Our study provides the first ex vivo comparative analysis of paired antigen-specific TCR-α/β clonotypes across different tissues and peripheral blood across different age groups. We show that human A2+M158 CD8+ T cells can be readily detected in human lungs, spleens, and lymph nodes, and that tissue A2+M158 TCRαβ repertoires reflect A2+M158 TCRαβ clonotypes derived from peripheral blood in healthy adults and influenza-infected patients. A2+M158 TCRαβ repertoires displayed distinct features only in elderly adults, with large private TCRαβ clonotypes replacing the prominent and public TRBV19/TRAV27 TCRs. Our study provides novel findings on influenza-specific TCRαβ repertoires within human tissues, raises the question of how we can prevent the loss of optimal TCRαβ signatures with aging, and provides important insights into the rational design of T cell-mediated vaccines and immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Crowe
- Deepdene Surgery, Deepdene, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Lung Transplant Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Richards
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Z, Zhu L, Nguyen THO, Wan Y, Sant S, Quiñones-Parra SM, Crawford JC, Eltahla AA, Rizzetto S, Bull RA, Qiu C, Koutsakos M, Clemens EB, Loh L, Chen T, Liu L, Cao P, Ren Y, Kedzierski L, Kotsimbos T, McCaw JM, La Gruta NL, Turner SJ, Cheng AC, Luciani F, Zhang X, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, Xu J, Kedzierska K. Clonally diverse CD38 +HLA-DR +CD8 + T cells persist during fatal H7N9 disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:824. [PMID: 29483513 PMCID: PMC5827521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe influenza A virus (IAV) infection is associated with immune dysfunction. Here, we show circulating CD8+ T-cell profiles from patients hospitalized with avian H7N9, seasonal IAV, and influenza vaccinees. Patient survival reflects an early, transient prevalence of highly activated CD38+HLA-DR+PD-1+ CD8+ T cells, whereas the prolonged persistence of this set is found in ultimately fatal cases. Single-cell T cell receptor (TCR)-αβ analyses of activated CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells show similar TCRαβ diversity but differential clonal expansion kinetics in surviving and fatal H7N9 patients. Delayed clonal expansion associated with an early dichotomy at a transcriptome level (as detected by single-cell RNAseq) is found in CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells from patients who succumbed to the disease, suggesting a divergent differentiation pathway of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells from the outset during fatal disease. Our study proposes that effective expansion of cross-reactive influenza-specific TCRαβ clonotypes with appropriate transcriptome signatures is needed for early protection against severe influenza disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/genetics
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- Critical Illness
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- Hospitalization
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Transcriptome/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sergio M Quiñones-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Auda A Eltahla
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Simone Rizzetto
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tianyue Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Pengxing Cao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tom Kotsimbos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital Health and Department Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health and School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China.
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Metastatic Lung Lesions as a Preferred Resection Site for Immunotherapy With Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes. J Immunother 2018; 39:218-22. [PMID: 27163742 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) yields 50% response rates in metastatic melanoma and shows promising clinical results in other solid tumors. Autologous TIL cultures are isolated from resected tumor tissue, expanded ex vivo to large numbers and reinfused to the preconditioned patient. In this prospective study, we validate the origin of the tumor biopsy and its effect on T-cell function and clinical response. One hundred forty-four patients underwent surgery and 79 patients were treated with TIL adoptive cell therapy. Cultures from lung tissue were compared with other origins. The success rate of establishing TIL culture from lung tissue was significantly higher compared with nonlung tissue (94% vs. 72%, respectively, P≤0.003). Lung-derived TIL cultures gave rise to higher cell numbers (P≤0.011) and exhibited increased in vitro antitumor reactivity. The average fold expansion for lung-derived TIL during a rapid expansion procedure was 1349±557 compared with 1061±473 for nonlung TIL (P≤0.038). Patients treated with TIL cultures of lung origin (compared with nonlung) had prolonged median overall survival (29 vs. 9.5 mo; P≤0.065). Given the remarkable advancement in minimally invasive thoracic surgery and the results of this study, we suggest efforts should be taken to resect lung metastasis rather than other sites to generate TIL cultures for clinical use.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gabel M, Regoes RR, Graw F. More or less-On the influence of labelling strategies to infer cell population dynamics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185523. [PMID: 29045427 PMCID: PMC5646766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of labelled cell populations has been an essential tool to determine and quantify cellular dynamics. The experimental methods to label and track cells over time range from fluorescent dyes over congenic markers towards single-cell labelling techniques, such as genetic barcodes. While these methods have been widely used to quantify cell differentiation and division dynamics, the extent to which the applied labelling strategy actually affects the quantification of the dynamics has not been determined so far. This is especially important in situations where measurements can only be obtained at a single time point, as e.g. due to organ harvest. To this end, we studied the appropriateness of various labelling strategies as characterised by the number of different labels and the initial number of cells per label to quantify cellular dynamics. We simulated adoptive transfer experiments in systems of various complexity that assumed either homoeostatic cellular turnover or cell expansion dynamics involving various steps of cell differentiation and proliferation. Re-sampling cells at a single time point, we determined the ability of different labelling strategies to recover the underlying kinetics. Our results indicate that cell transition and expansion rates are differently affected by experimental shortcomings, such as loss of cells during transfer or sampling, dependent on the labelling strategy used. Furthermore, uniformly distributed labels in the transferred population generally lead to more robust and less biased results than non-equal label sizes. In addition, our analysis indicates that certain labelling approaches incorporate a systematic bias for the identification of complex cell expansion dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gabel
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MG); (FG)
| | - Roland R. Regoes
- Institute for Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Graw
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MG); (FG)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gonçalves P, Ferrarini M, Molina-Paris C, Lythe G, Vasseur F, Lim A, Rocha B, Azogui O. A new mechanism shapes the naïve CD8 + T cell repertoire: the selection for full diversity. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:66-80. [PMID: 28212502 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During thymic T cell differentiation, TCR repertoires are shaped by negative, positive and agonist selection. In the thymus and in the periphery, repertoires are also shaped by strong inter-clonal and intra-clonal competition to survive death by neglect. Understanding the impact of these events on the T cell repertoire requires direct evaluation of TCR expression in peripheral naïve T cells. Several studies have evaluated TCR diversity, with contradictory results. Some of these studies had intrinsic technical limitations since they used material obtained from T cell pools, preventing the direct evaluation of clonal sizes. Indeed with these approaches, identical TCRs may correspond to different cells expressing the same receptor, or to several amplicons from the same T cell. We here overcame this limitation by evaluating TCRB expression in individual naïve CD8+ T cells. Of the 2269 Tcrb sequences we obtained from 13 mice, 99% were unique. Mathematical analysis of the data showed that the average number of naïve peripheral CD8+ T cells expressing the same TCRB is 1.1 cell. Since TCRA co-expression studies could only increase repertoire diversity, these results reveal that the number of naïve T cells with unique TCRs approaches the number of naïve cells. Since thymocytes undergo multiple rounds of divisions after TCRB rearrangement and 3-5% of thymocytes survive thymic selection events the number of cells expressing the same TCRB was expected to be much higher. Thus, these results suggest a new repertoire selection mechanism, which strongly selects for full TCRB diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gonçalves
- Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Marco Ferrarini
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK
| | | | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK
| | - Florence Vasseur
- Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Annik Lim
- Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Benedita Rocha
- Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Orly Azogui
- INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heightened self-reactivity associated with selective survival, but not expansion, of naïve virus-specific CD8+ T cells in aged mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1333-8. [PMID: 26787864 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525167113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In advanced age, decreased CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to novel pathogens and cancer is paralleled by a decline in the number and function of naïve CTL precursors (CTLp). Although the age-related fall in CD8(+) T-cell numbers is well established, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the extent of variation for different epitope specificities have been defined. Furthermore, naïve CD8(+) T cells expressing high levels of CD44 accumulate with age, but it is unknown whether this accumulation reflects their preferential survival or an age-dependent driver of CD8(+) T-cell proliferation. Here, we track the number and phenotype of four influenza A virus (IAV)-specific CTLp populations in naïve C57BL/6 (B6) mice during aging, and compare T-cell receptor (TCR) clonal diversity for the CD44hi and CD44lo subsets of one such population. We show differential onset of decline for several IAV-specific CD8(+) T-cell populations with advanced age that parallel age-associated changes in the B6 immunodominance hierarchy, suggestive of distinct impacts of aging on different epitope-specific populations. Despite finding no evidence of clonal expansions in an aged, epitope-specific TCR repertoire, nonrandom alterations in TCR usage were observed, along with elevated CD5 and CD8 coreceptor expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that naïve CD8(+) T cells expressing markers of heightened self-recognition are selectively retained, but not clonally expanded, during aging.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cameron G, Pellicci DG, Uldrich AP, Besra GS, Illarionov P, Williams SJ, La Gruta NL, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI. Antigen Specificity of Type I NKT Cells Is Governed by TCR β-Chain Diversity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4604-14. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
16
|
Li HM, Hiroi T, Zhang Y, Shi A, Chen G, De S, Metter EJ, Wood WH, Sharov A, Milner JD, Becker KG, Zhan M, Weng NP. TCRβ repertoire of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is distinct in richness, distribution, and CDR3 amino acid composition. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:505-13. [PMID: 26394815 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.6a0215-071rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The TCR repertoire serves as a reservoir of TCRs for recognizing all potential pathogens. Two major types of T cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+), that use the same genetic elements and process to generate a functional TCR differ in their recognition of peptide bound to MHC class II and I, respectively. However, it is currently unclear to what extent the TCR repertoire of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells is different. Here, we report a comparative analysis of the TCRβ repertoires of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells by use of a 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR-sequencing method. We found that TCRβ richness of CD4(+) T cells ranges from 1.2 to 9.8 × 10(4) and is approximately 5 times greater, on average, than that of CD8(+) T cells in each study subject. Furthermore, there was little overlap in TCRβ sequences between CD4(+) (0.3%) and CD8(+) (1.3%) T cells. Further analysis showed that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells exhibited distinct preferences for certain amino acids in the CDR3, and this was confirmed further by a support vector machine classifier, suggesting that there are distinct and discernible differences between TCRβ CDR3 in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Finally, we identified 5-12% of the unique TCRβs that share an identical CDR3 with different variable genes. Together, our findings reveal the distinct features of the TCRβ repertoire between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and could potentially be used to evaluate the competency of T cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Ming Li
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Toyoko Hiroi
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alvin Shi
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guobing Chen
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Supriyo De
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - E Jeffrey Metter
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William H Wood
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexei Sharov
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming Zhan
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nan-ping Weng
- Laboratories of *Molecular Biology and Immunology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Genomics and Bioinformatics Units, and Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martinez RJ, Neeld DK, Evavold BD. Identification of T cell clones without the need for sequencing. J Immunol Methods 2015; 424:28-31. [PMID: 25960175 PMCID: PMC4560598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The brainbow recombination fluorescent protein system has been used for a multitude of applications in fate and lineage tracking. Here, we use a mouse with a ubiquitously expressed brainbow construct, termed the Confetti mouse, to perform T lymphocyte cell lineage tracking. We demonstrate that antigen-specific T lymphocyte clonotypes can be identified and phenotyped using flow cytometry instead of performing expensive and time-consuming methods of single cell sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dennis K Neeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cukalac T, Kan WT, Dash P, Guan J, Quinn KM, Gras S, Thomas PG, La Gruta NL. Paired TCRαβ analysis of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells exposes diversity in a previously defined 'narrow' repertoire. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:804-14. [PMID: 25804828 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) usage has an important role in determining the outcome of CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to viruses and other pathogens. However, the characterization of TCR usage from which such conclusions are drawn is based on exclusive analysis of either the TCRα chain or, more commonly, the TCRβ chain. Here, we have used a multiplexed reverse transcription-PCR protocol to analyse the CDR3 regions of both TCRα and β chains from single naive or immune epitope-specific cells to provide a comprehensive picture of epitope-specific TCR usage and selection into the immune response. Analysis of TCR repertoires specific for three influenza-derived epitopes (D(b)NP(366), D(b)PA(224) and D(b)PB1-F2(62)) showed preferential usage of particular TCRαβ proteins in the immune repertoire relative to the naive repertoire, in some cases, resulting in a complete shift in TRBV preference or CDR3 length, and restricted repertoire diversity. The NP(366)-specific TCRαβ repertoire, previously defined as clonally restricted based on TCRβ analysis, was similarly diverse as the PA(224)- and PB1-F2(62)-specific repertoires. Intriguingly, preferred TCR characteristics (variable gene usage, CDR3 length and junctional gene usage) appeared to be able to confer specificity either independently or in concert with one another, depending on the epitope specificity. These data have implications for established correlations between the nature of the TCR repertoire and response outcomes after infection, and suggest that analysis of a subset of cells or a single TCR chain does not accurately depict the nature of the antigen-specific TCRαβ repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Cukalac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wan-Ting Kan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jing Guan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dynamics of the cytotoxic T cell response to a model of acute viral infection. J Virol 2015; 89:4517-26. [PMID: 25653453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03474-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A detailed characterization of the dynamics and breadth of the immune response to an acute viral infection, as well as the determinants of recruitment to immunological memory, can greatly contribute to our basic understanding of the mechanics of the human immune system and can ultimately guide the design of effective vaccines. In addition to neutralizing antibodies, T cells have been shown to be critical for the effective resolution of acute viral infections. We report the first in-depth analysis of the dynamics of the CD8(+) T cell repertoire at the level of individual T cell clonal lineages upon vaccination of human volunteers with a single dose of YF-17D. This live attenuated yellow fever virus vaccine yields sterile, long-term immunity and has been previously used as a model to understand the immune response to a controlled acute viral infection. We identified and enumerated unique CD8(+) T cell clones specifically induced by this vaccine through a combined experimental and statistical approach that included high-throughput sequencing of the CDR3 variable region of the T cell receptor β-chain and an algorithm that detected significantly expanded T cell clones. This allowed us to establish that (i) on average, ∼ 2,000 CD8(+) T cell clones were induced by YF-17D, (ii) 5 to 6% of the responding clones were recruited to long-term memory 3 months postvaccination, (iii) the most highly expanded effector clones were preferentially recruited to the memory compartment, and (iv) a fraction of the YF-17D-induced clones could be identified from peripheral blood lymphocytes solely by measuring clonal expansion. IMPORTANCE The exhaustive investigation of pathogen-induced effector T cells is essential to accurately quantify the dynamics of the human immune response. The yellow fever vaccine (YFV) has been broadly used as a model to understand how a controlled, self-resolving acute viral infection induces an effective and long-term protective immune response. Here, we extend this previous work by reporting the identity of activated effector T cell clones that expand in response to the YFV 2 weeks postvaccination (as defined by their unique T cell receptor gene sequence) and by tracking clones that enter the memory compartment 3 months postvaccination. This is the first study to use high-throughput sequencing of immune cells to characterize the breadth of the antiviral effector cell response and to determine the contribution of unique virus-induced clones to the long-lived memory T cell repertoire. Thus, this study establishes a benchmark against which future vaccines can be compared to predict their efficacy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Clemens EB, Doherty PC, La Gruta NL, Turner SJ. Fixed expression of single influenza virus-specific TCR chains demonstrates the capacity for TCR α- and β-chain diversity in the face of peptide-MHC class I specificity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:898-910. [PMID: 25535284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of the TCR repertoire expressed by epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells can be an important determinant of the quality of immune protection against virus infection. Most studies of epitope-specific TCR repertoires focus solely on an analysis of TCR β-chains, rather than the combined TCRαβ heterodimers that confer specificity. Hence, the importance of complementary α- and β-chain pairing in determining TCR specificity and T cell function is not well understood. Our earlier study of influenza-specific TCR repertoires in a C57BL/6J mouse model described a structural basis for preferred TCRαβ pairing that determined exquisite specificity for the D(b)PA224 epitope from influenza A virus. We have now extended this analysis using retrogenic mice engineered to express single TCR α- or β-chains specific for the D(b)NP366 or D(b)PA224 epitopes derived from influenza A virus. We found that particular TCRαβ combinations were selected for recognition of these epitopes following infection, indicating that pairing of certain α- and β-chain sequences is key for determining TCR specificity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that some TCRαβ heterodimers were preferentially expanded from the naive repertoire in response to virus infection, suggesting that appropriate αβ pairing confers optimal T cell responsiveness to Ag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pérez-Girón JV, Belicha-Villanueva A, Hassan E, Gómez-Medina S, Cruz JLG, Lüdtke A, Ruibal P, Albrecht RA, García-Sastre A, Muñoz-Fontela C. Mucosal polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid improves protection elicited by replicating influenza vaccines via enhanced dendritic cell function and T cell immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1324-32. [PMID: 24958904 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) have the potential to generate CD8 T cell immunity that may limit the virulence of an antigenically shifted influenza strain in a population lacking protective Abs. However, current LAIVs exert limited T cell immunity restricted to the vaccine strains. One approach to improve LAIV-induced T cell responses is the use of specific adjuvants to enhance T cell priming by respiratory dendritic cells, but this hypothesis has not been addressed. In this study, we assessed the effect of the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) on CD8 T cell immunity and protection elicited by LAIVs. Mucosal treatment with poly IC shortly after vaccination enhanced respiratory dendritic cell function, CD8 T cell formation, and production of neutralizing Abs. This adjuvant effect of poly IC was dependent on amplification of TLR3 signaling by nonhematopoietic radioresistant cells and enhanced mouse protection to homosubtypic, as well as heterosubtypic, virus challenge. Our findings indicate that mucosal TLR3 ligation may be used to improve CD8 T cell responses to replicating vaccines, which has implications for protection in the absence of pre-existing Ab immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José V Pérez-Girón
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alan Belicha-Villanueva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergio Gómez-Medina
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jazmina L G Cruz
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Lüdtke
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paula Ruibal
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reproducible selection of high avidity CD8+ T-cell clones following secondary acute virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1485-90. [PMID: 24474775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323736111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recall of memory CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), elicited by prior virus infection or vaccination, is critical for immune protection. The extent to which this arises as a consequence of stochastic clonal expansion vs. active selection of particular clones remains unclear. Using a parallel adoptive transfer protocol in combination with single cell analysis to define the complementarity determining region (CDR) 3α and CDR3β regions of individual T-cell receptor (TCR) heterodimers, we characterized the antigen-driven recall of the same memory CTL population in three individual recipients. This high-resolution analysis showed reproducible enrichment (or diminution) of particular TCR clonotypes across all challenged animals. These changes in clonal composition were TCRα- and β chain-dependent and were directly related to the avidity of the TCR for the virus-derived peptide (p) + major histocompatibility complex class I molecule. Despite this shift in clonotype representation indicative of differential selection, there was no evidence of overall repertoire narrowing, suggesting a strategy to optimize CTL responses while safeguarding TCR diversity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Blanchfield JL, Shorter SK, Evavold BD. Monitoring the Dynamics of T Cell Clonal Diversity Using Recombinant Peptide:MHC Technology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:170. [PMID: 23840195 PMCID: PMC3699728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to probe antigen specific T cells within the polyclonal repertoire has been revolutionized by the advent of recombinant peptide:MHC (pMHC) technology. Monomers and multimers of pMHC molecules can enrich for and identify antigen specific T cells to elucidate the contributions of T cell frequency, localization, and T cell receptor (TCR) affinity during immune responses. Two-dimensional (2D) measurements of TCR–pMHC interactions are at the forefront of this field because the biological topography is replicated such that TCR and pMHC are membrane anchored on opposing cells, allowing for biologically pertinent measures of TCR antigen specificity and diversity. 2D measurements of TCR-pMHC kinetics have also demonstrated increased fidelity compared to three-dimensional surface plasmon resonance data and are capable of detecting T cell affinities that are below the detection level of most pMHC multimers. Importantly, 2D techniques provide a platform to evaluate T cell affinity and antigen specificity against multiple protein epitopes within the polyclonal repertoire directly ex vivo from sites of ongoing immune responses. This review will discuss how antigen specific pMHC molecules, with a focus on 2D technologies, can be used as effective tools to evaluate the range of TCR affinities that comprise an immune response and more importantly how the breadth of affinities determine functional outcome against a given exposure to antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lori Blanchfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ecological analysis of antigen-specific CTL repertoires defines the relationship between naive and immune T-cell populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1839-44. [PMID: 23319654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222149110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecology is typically thought of as the study of interactions organisms have with each other and their environment and is focused on the distribution and abundance of organisms both within and between environments. On a molecular level, the capacity to probe analogous questions in the field of T-cell immunology is imperative as we acquire substantial datasets both on epitope-specific T-cell populations through high-resolution analyses of T-cell receptor (TCR) use and on global T-cell populations analyzed via high-throughput DNA sequencing. Here, we present the innovative application of existing statistical measures (used typically in the field of ecology), together with unique statistical analyses, to comprehensively assess how the naïve epitope-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) repertoire translates to that found following an influenza-virus-specific immune response. Such interrogation of our extensive, cumulated TCR CDR3β sequence datasets, derived from both naïve and immune CD8(+) T-cell populations specific for four different influenza-derived epitopes (D(b)NP(366), influenza nucleoprotein amino acid residues 366-374; D(b)PA(224), influenza acid polymerase amino acid residues 224-233; D(b)PB1-F2(62), influenza polymerase B 1 reading frame 2 amino acid residues 62-70; K(b)NS2(114), and influenza nonstructural protein 2 amino acid residues 114-121), demonstrates that epitope-specific TCR use in an antiviral immune response is the consequence of a complex interplay between the intrinsic characteristics of the naïve cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor pool and extrinsic (likely antigen driven) influences, the contribution of which varies in an epitope-specific fashion.
Collapse
|
25
|
Gras S, Burrows SR, Turner SJ, Sewell AK, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. A structural voyage toward an understanding of the MHC-I-restricted immune response: lessons learned and much to be learned. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:61-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Monash University; Clayton; Australia
| | - Scott R. Burrows
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development; Brisbane; Australia
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Australia
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff; UK
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baumgartner CK, Yagita H, Malherbe LP. A TCR affinity threshold regulates memory CD4 T cell differentiation following vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2309-17. [PMID: 22844120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diverse Ag-specific memory TCR repertoires are essential for protection against pathogens. Subunit vaccines that combine peptide or protein Ags with TLR agonists are very potent at inducing T cell immune responses, but their capacity to elicit stable and diverse memory CD4 T cell repertoires has not been evaluated. In this study, we examined the evolution of a complex Ag-specific population during the transition from primary effectors to memory T cells after peptide or protein vaccination. Both vaccination regimens induced equally diverse effector CD4 TCR repertoires, but peptide vaccines skewed the memory CD4 TCR repertoire toward high-affinity clonotypes whereas protein vaccines maintained low-affinity clonotypes in the memory compartment. CD27-mediated signaling was essential for the maintenance of low-affinity clonotypes after protein vaccination but was not sufficient to promote their survival following peptide vaccination. The rapid culling of the TCR repertoire in peptide-immunized mice coincided with a prolonged proliferation phase during which low-affinity clonotypes disappeared despite exhibiting no sign of enhanced apoptosis. Our study reveals a novel affinity threshold for memory CD4 T cell differentiation following vaccination and suggests a role for nonapoptotic cell death in the regulation of CD4 T cell clonal selection.
Collapse
|
27
|
Valkenburg SA, Venturi V, Dang THY, Bird NL, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Davenport MP, Kedzierska K. Early priming minimizes the age-related immune compromise of CD8⁺ T cell diversity and function. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002544. [PMID: 22383879 PMCID: PMC3285595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The elderly are particularly susceptible to influenza A virus infections, with increased occurrence, disease severity and reduced vaccine efficacy attributed to declining immunity. Experimentally, the age-dependent decline in influenza-specific CD8+ T cell responsiveness reflects both functional compromise and the emergence of ‘repertoire holes’ arising from the loss of low frequency clonotypes. In this study, we asked whether early priming limits the time-related attrition of immune competence. Though primary responses in aged mice were compromised, animals vaccinated at 6 weeks then challenged >20 months later had T-cell responses that were normal in magnitude. Both functional quality and the persistence of ‘preferred’ TCR clonotypes that expand in a characteristic immunodominance hierarchy were maintained following early priming. Similar to the early priming, vaccination at 22 months followed by challenge retained a response magnitude equivalent to young mice. However, late priming resulted in reduced TCRβ diversity in comparison with vaccination earlier in life. Thus, early priming was critical to maintaining individual and population-wide TCRβ diversity. In summary, early exposure leads to the long-term maintenance of memory T cells and thus preserves optimal, influenza-specific CD8+ T-cell responsiveness and protects against the age-related attrition of naïve T-cell precursors. Our study supports development of vaccines that prime CD8+ T-cells early in life to elicit the broadest possible spectrum of CD8+ T-cell memory and preserve the magnitude, functionality and TCR usage of responding populations. In addition, our study provides the most comprehensive analysis of the aged (primary, secondary primed-early and secondary primed-late) TCR repertoires published to date. The elderly population is particularly susceptible to novel infections, especially the annual, seasonal epidemics caused by influenza viruses. Established T cell immunity directed at conserved viral regions provides some protection against influenza infection and promotes more rapid recovery, thus leading to better clinical outcomes. We asked whether priming early in life limits the time-related attrition of immune competence. We found that although influenza-specific T cell responses are compromised in the aged mice, vaccination with influenza early (but not late) in life ‘locks’ optimal T-cell responsiveness, maintains functional quality, persistence of preferred clones and a characteristic T cell hierarchy. Overall, our study supports development of vaccines that prime T cells early in life to elicit the broadest possible spectrum of pre-existing T cell memory and preserve the magnitude, functionality and clonal usage of responding populations for life-long immunity against influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Computational Biology Group St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thurston H. Y. Dang
- Computational Biology Group St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Bird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Connelley TK, MacHugh ND, Pelle R, Weir W, Morrison WI. Escape from CD8+ T cell response by natural variants of an immunodominant epitope from Theileria parva is predominantly due to loss of TCR recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5910-20. [PMID: 22058411 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism of immunodominant CD8(+) T cell epitopes can facilitate escape from immune recognition of pathogens, leading to strain-specific immunity. In this study, we examined the TCR β-chain (TRB) diversity of the CD8(+) T cell responses of cattle against two immunodominant epitopes from Theileria parva (Tp1(214-224) and Tp2(49-59)) and investigated the role of TCR recognition and MHC binding in determining differential recognition of a series of natural variants of the highly polymorphic Tp2(49-59) epitope by CD8(+) T cell clones of defined TRB genotype. Our results show that both Tp1(214-224) and Tp2(49-59) elicited CD8(+) T cell responses using diverse TRB repertoires that showed a high level of stability following repeated pathogenic challenge over a 3-y period. Analysis of single-alanine substituted versions of the Tp2(49-59) peptide demonstrated that Tp2(49-59)-specific clonotypes had a broad range of fine specificities for the epitope. Despite this diversity, all natural variants exhibited partial or total escape from immune recognition, which was predominantly due to abrogation of TCR recognition, with mutation resulting in loss of the lysine residue at P8, playing a particularly dominant role in escape. The levels of heterozygosity in individual Tp2(49-59) residues correlated closely with loss of immune recognition, suggesting that immune selection has contributed to epitope polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Connelley
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Structural basis for enabling T-cell receptor diversity within biased virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9536-41. [PMID: 21606376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106851108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-specific responses are characterized by preferred profiles of peptide+class I MHC (pMHCI) glycoprotein-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) Variable (V)-region use. How TCRV-region bias impacts TCRαβ heterodimer selection and resultant diversity is unclear. The D(b)PA(224)-specific TCR repertoire in influenza A virus-infected C57BL/6J (B6) mice exhibits a preferred TCRV-region bias toward the TRBV29 gene segment and an optimal complementarity determining region (CDR3) β-length of 6 aa. Despite these restrictions, D(b)PA(224)-specific BV29(+) T cells use a wide array of unique CDR3β sequences. Structural characterization of a single, TRBV29(+)D(b)P(A224)-specific TCRαβ-pMHCI complex demonstrated that CDR3α amino acid side chains made specific peptide interactions, but the CDR3β main chain exclusively contacted peptides. Thus, length but not amino acid sequence was key for recognition and flexibility in Vβ-region use. In support of this hypothesis, retrovirus expression of the D(b)PA(224)-specific TCRVα-chain was used to constrain pairing within a naive/immune epitope-specific repertoire. The retrogenic TCRVα paired with a diversity of CDR3βs in the context of a preferred TCRVβ spectrum. Overall, these data provide an explanation for the combination of TCRV region bias and diversity within selected repertoires, even as they maintain exquisite pMHCI specificity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Venturi V, Davenport MP, Swan NG, Doherty PC, Kedzierska K. Consequences of suboptimal priming are apparent for low-avidity T-cell responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:216-23. [PMID: 21556018 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the novel reassortant A(H1N1)-2009 influenza virus highlighted the threat to the global population posed by an influenza pandemic. Pre-existing CD8(+) T-cell immunity targeting conserved epitopes provides immune protection against newly emerging strains of influenza virus, when minimal antibody immunity exists. However, the occurrence of mutations within T-cell antigenic peptides that enable the virus to evade T-cell recognition constitutes a substantial issue for virus control and vaccine design. Recent evidence suggests that it might be feasible to elicit CD8(+) T-cell memory pools to common virus mutants by pre-emptive vaccination. However, there is a need for a greater understanding of CD8(+) T-cell immunity towards commonly emerging mutants. The present analysis focuses on novel and immunodominant, although of low pMHC-I avidity, CD8(+) T-cell responses directed at the mutant influenza D(b)NP(366) epitope, D(b)NPM6A, following different routes of infection. We used a C57BL/6J model of influenza to dissect the effectiveness of the natural intranasal (i.n.) versus intraperitoneal (i.p.) priming for generating functional CD8(+) T cells towards the D(b)NPM6A epitope. In contrast to comparable CD8(+) T-cell responses directed at the wild-type epitopes, D(b)NP(366) and D(b)PA(224), we found that the priming route greatly affected the numbers, cytokine profiles and TCR repertoire of the responding CD8(+) T cells directed at the D(b)NPM6A viral mutant. As the magnitude, polyfunctionality, and T-cell repertoire diversity are potential determinants of the protective efficacy of CD8(+) T-cell responses, our data have implications for the development of vaccines to combat virus mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Venturi
- Computational Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Miconnet I, Marrau A, Farina A, Taffé P, Vigano S, Harari A, Pantaleo G. Large TCR Diversity of Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells Provides the Mechanistic Basis for Massive TCR Renewal after Antigen Exposure. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:7039-49. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
33
|
Day EB, Charlton KL, La Gruta NL, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. Effect of MHC class I diversification on influenza epitope-specific CD8+ T cell precursor frequency and subsequent effector function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6319-28. [PMID: 21536802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies of influenza-specific CD8(+) T cell immunodominance hierarchies indicated that expression of the H2K(k) MHC class I allele greatly diminishes responses to the H2D(b)-restriced D(b)PA(224) epitope (acid polymerase, residues 224-233 complexed with H2D(b)). The results suggested that the presence of H2K(k) during thymic differentiation led to the deletion of a prominent Vβ7(+) subset of D(b)PA(224)-specific TCRs. The more recent definition of D(b)PA(224)-specific TCR CDR3β repertoires in H2(b) mice provides a new baseline for looking again at this possible H2K(k) effect on D(b)PA(224)-specific TCR selection. We found that immune responses to several H2D(b)- and H2K(b)-restricted influenza epitopes were indeed diminished in H2(bxk) F(1) versus homozygous mice. In the case of D(b)PA(224), lower numbers of naive precursors were part of the explanation, though a similar decrease in those specific for the D(b)NP(366) epitope did not affect response magnitude. Changes in precursor frequency were not associated with any major loss of TCR diversity and could not fully account for the diminished D(b)PA(224)-specific response. Further functional and phenotypic characterization of influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells suggested that the expansion and differentiation of the D(b)PA(224)-specific set is impaired in the H2(bxk) F(1) environment. Thus, the D(b)PA(224) response in H2(bxk) F(1) mice is modulated by factors that affect the generation of naive epitope-specific precursors and the expansion and differentiation of these T cells during infection, rather than clonal deletion of a prominent Vβ7(+) subset. Such findings illustrate the difficulties of predicting and defining the effects of MHC class I diversification on epitope-specific responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bridie Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Croom HA, Denton AE, Valkenburg SA, Swan NG, Olson MR, Turner SJ, Doherty PC, Kedzierska K. Memory precursor phenotype of CD8+ T cells reflects early antigenic experience rather than memory numbers in a model of localized acute influenza infection. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:682-93. [PMID: 21264852 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic basis of memory T-cell development is poorly defined. Phenotypic markers that define precursors at effector stages have been characterized for acute systemic infections with high antigen load. We asked whether such markers can identify memory precursors from early effectors (d6) to late memory (>d500) for two immunodominant CD8(+) responses during the course of a localized low-load influenza infection in mice. CD8(+) T cells stained with the D(b) NP(366) and D(b) PA(224) tetramers were characterized as IL-7Rα(hi) , IL-7Rα(hi) CD62L(hi) or IL-7Rα(hi) KLRG1(lo) . While the D(b) NP(366) - and D(b) PA(224) -specific responses were comparable in size, decay kinetics and memory precursor frequency, their expansion characteristics differed. This correlated with a divergence in the IL-7Rα(hi) , IL-7Rα(hi) CD62L(hi) and IL-7Rα(hi) KLRG1(lo) phenotypes on effector, but not naïve, CD8(+) populations. That effect was abrogated by priming with viruses engineered to present equivalent levels of NP(366) and PA(224) peptides, indicating that memory phenotypes reflect early antigenic experience rather than memory potential. Thus, the IL-7Rα(hi) KLRG1(lo) phenotype had a poor predictive value in identifying memory precursors in the spleen and at the site of infection. Greater consistency in influenza-specific IL-7Rα(hi) KLRG1(lo) CD8(+) T-cell numbers was found in draining lymph nodes, suggesting that this may be the preferential site for memory establishment and maintenance following localized virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A Croom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Our T cell repertoire is shaped by antigen encounter. From a naive T cell pool that contains millions of different T cells with unknown specificities, pathogen infection leads to selection of those T cells that can detect pathogen-derived antigens. Following clearance of infection, a population of memory T cells remains and protects the individual from severe reinfection. A central question in the field has been how the generation of long-lived memory T cells, versus short-lived ("terminally differentiated") T cells, is controlled. In this review we discuss the models that have been put forward to explain the generation of memory T cells after infection and the experimental evidence supporting these hypotheses. Based on the available data we propose a new model that stipulates that during immune responses T cells do not acquire different fates that determine their subsequent long-term survival but rather T cells assume different states that simply reflect the likelihood of future survival, states that can still be modulated by external signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gerlach
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dash P, McClaren JL, Oguin TH, Rothwell W, Todd B, Morris MY, Becksfort J, Reynolds C, Brown SA, Doherty PC, Thomas PG. Paired analysis of TCRα and TCRβ chains at the single-cell level in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:288-95. [PMID: 21135507 PMCID: PMC3007160 DOI: 10.1172/jci44752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the TCRα and TCRβ chains expressed by T cells responding to a given pathogen or underlying autoimmunity helps in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies, respectively. However, our understanding of complementary TCRα and TCRβ chain utilization is very limited for pathogen- and autoantigen-induced immunity. To address this problem, we have developed a multiplex nested RT-PCR method for the simultaneous amplification of transcripts encoding the TCRα and TCRβ chains from single cells. This multiplex method circumvented the lack of antibodies specific for variable regions of mouse TCRα chains and the need for prior knowledge of variable region usage in the TCRβ chain, resulting in a comprehensive, unbiased TCR repertoire analysis with paired coexpression of TCRα and TCRβ chains with single-cell resolution. Using CD8+ CTLs specific for an influenza epitope recovered directly from the pneumonic lungs of mice, this technique determined that 25% of such effectors expressed a dominant, nonproductively rearranged Tcra transcript. T cells with these out-of-frame Tcra mRNAs also expressed an alternate, in-frame Tcra, whereas approximately 10% of T cells had 2 productive Tcra transcripts. The proportion of cells with biallelic transcription increased over the course of a response, a finding that has implications for immune memory and autoimmunity. This technique may have broad applications in mouse models of human disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradyot Dash
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. McClaren
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas H. Oguin
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William Rothwell
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brandon Todd
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Y. Morris
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jared Becksfort
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cory Reynolds
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott A. Brown
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Profile of a serial killer: cellular and molecular approaches to study individual cytotoxic T-cells following therapeutic vaccination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:452606. [PMID: 21113290 PMCID: PMC2989374 DOI: 10.1155/2011/452606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell vaccination may prevent or treat cancer and infectious diseases, but further progress is required to increase clinical efficacy. Step-by-step improvements of T-cell vaccination in phase I/II clinical studies combined with very detailed analysis of T-cell responses at the single cell level are the strategy of choice for the identification of the most promising vaccine candidates for testing in subsequent large-scale phase III clinical trials. Major aims are to fully identify the most efficient T-cells in anticancer therapy, to characterize their TCRs, and to pinpoint the mechanisms of T-cell recruitment and function in well-defined clinical situations. Here we discuss novel strategies for the assessment of human T-cell responses, revealing in part unprecedented insight into T-cell biology and novel structural principles that govern TCR-pMHC recognition. Together, the described approaches advance our knowledge of T-cell mediated-protection from human diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Valkenburg SA, Day EB, Swan NG, Croom HA, Carbone FR, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Kedzierska K. Fixing an irrelevant TCR alpha chain reveals the importance of TCR beta diversity for optimal TCR alpha beta pairing and function of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2470-81. [PMID: 20690181 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
TCR repertoire diversity can influence the efficacy of CD8(+) T-cell populations, with greater breadth eliciting better protection. We analyzed TCR beta diversity and functional capacity for influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells expressing a single TCR alpha chain. Mice (A7) transgenic for the H2K(b)OVA(257-264)-specific V alpha 2.7 TCR were challenged with influenza to determine how fixing this "irrelevant" TCR alpha affects the "public" and restricted D(b)NP(366) (+)CD8(+) versus the "private" and diverse D(b)PA(224) (+)CD8(+) responses. Though both D(b)NP(366) (+)CD8(+) and D(b)PA(224) (+)CD8(+) sets are generated in virus-primed A7 mice, the constrained D(b)NP(366) (+)CD8(+) population lacked the characteristic, public TCRV beta 8.3, and consequently was reduced in magnitude and pMHC-I avidity. For the more diverse D(b)PA(224) (+)CD8(+) T cells, this particular forcing led to a narrowing and higher TCR beta conservation of the dominant V beta 7, though the responses were of comparable magnitude to C57BL/6J controls. Interestingly, although both the TCR beta diversity and the cytokine profiles were reduced for the D(b)NP(366) (+)CD8(+) and D(b)PA(224) (+)CD8(+) sets in spleen, the latter measure of polyfunctionality was comparable for T cells recovered from the infected lungs of A7 and control mice. Even "sub-optimal" TCR alpha beta pairs can operate effectively when exposed in a milieu of high virus load. Thus, TCR beta diversity is important for optimal TCR alpha beta pairing and function when TCR alpha is limiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Moffat JM, Handel A, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Thomas PG, La Gruta NL. Influenza epitope-specific CD8+ T cell avidity, but not cytokine polyfunctionality, can be determined by TCRβ clonotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6850-6. [PMID: 21041725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine polyfunctionality has recently emerged as a correlate of effective CTL immunity to viruses and tumors. Although the determinants of polyfunctionality remain unclear, there are published instances of a link between the production of multiple effector molecules and the peptide plus MHC class I molecule avidity of T cell populations. Influenza A virus infection of C57BL/6J mice induces CTL populations specific for multiple viral epitopes, each with varying proportions of monofunctional (IFN-γ(+) only) or polyfunctional (IFN-γ(+)TNF-α(+)IL-2(+)) CTLs. In this study, we probe the link between TCR avidity and polyfunctionality for two dominant influenza epitopes (D(b)NP(366) and D(b)PA(224)) by sequencing the TCR CDR3β regions of influenza-specific IFN-γ(+) versus IFN-γ(+)IL-2(+) cells, or total tetramer(+) versus high-avidity CTLs (as defined by the peptide plus MHC class I molecule-TCR dissociation rate). Preferential selection for particular clonotypes was evident for the high-avidity D(b)PA(224)-specific set but not for any of the other subsets examined. These data suggest that factors other than TCRβ sequence influence cytokine profiles and demonstrate no link between differential avidity and polyfunctionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Moffat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Protective immunity against a variety of infections depends on the amplification and differentiation of rare naïve antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Recent evidence indicates that the clonotypic composition of the responding T-cell compartment has a critical role in the immune defense against pathogens. The present review compares and contrasts how naive CD4 and CD8 T cells recognize their cognate antigen, and discusses the factors that regulate the genesis and maintenance of the CD4 and CD8 T-cell receptor repertoire diversity.
Collapse
|
41
|
Kohlmeier JE, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, Miller SC, Woodland DL. Type I interferons regulate cytolytic activity of memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways during respiratory virus challenge. Immunity 2010; 33:96-105. [PMID: 20637658 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways provide protection from secondary respiratory virus challenge by limiting early viral replication. Here, we demonstrate that although airway-resident memory CD8(+) T cells were poorly cytolytic, memory CD8(+) T cells recruited to the airways early during a recall response showed markedly enhanced cytolytic ability. This enhanced lytic activity did not require cognate antigen stimulation, but rather was dependent on STAT1 transcription factor signaling through the interferon-alpha receptor (Ifnar1), resulting in the antigen-independent expression of granzyme B protein in both murine and human virus-specific T cells. Signaling through Ifnar1 was required for the enhanced lytic activity and control of early viral replication by memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways. These findings demonstrate that innate inflammatory signals act directly on memory T cells, enabling them to rapidly destroy infected host cells once they enter infected tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Daniels MA, Teixeiro E. The persistence of T cell memory. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2863-78. [PMID: 20364394 PMCID: PMC11115859 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cell memory is a crucial feature of the adaptive immune system in the defense against pathogens. During the last years, numerous studies have focused their efforts on uncovering the signals, inflammatory cues, and extracellular factors that support memory differentiation. This research is beginning to decipher the complex gene network that controls memory programming. However, how the different signals, that a T cell receives during the process of differentiation, interplay to trigger memory programming is still poorly defined. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in the field and discuss how T cell receptor signaling and inflammation control CD8 memory differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Missouri, M616 Medical Sciences Bldg., One Hospital Dr., Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kim C, Williams MA. Nature and nurture: T-cell receptor-dependent and T-cell receptor-independent differentiation cues in the selection of the memory T-cell pool. Immunology 2010; 131:310-7. [PMID: 20738422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of a T-cell response begins with the interaction of an individual T-cell clone with its cognate antigen presented by MHC. Although the strength of the T-cell receptor (TCR) -antigen-MHC (TCR-pMHC) interaction plays an important and obvious role in the recruitment of T cells into the immune response, evidence in recent years has suggested that the strength of this initial interaction can influence various other aspects of the fate of an individual T-cell clone and its daughter cells. In this review, we will describe differences in the way CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells incorporate antigen-driven differentiation and survival signals during the response to acute infection. Furthermore, we will discuss increasing evidence that the quality and/or quantity of the initial TCR-pMHC interaction can drive the differentiation and long-term survival of T helper type 1 memory populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chulwoo Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Nikolich-Zugich J, Rudd BD. Immune memory and aging: an infinite or finite resource? Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:535-40. [PMID: 20674320 PMCID: PMC2925022 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of immune memory research and the accumulating literature on age-related alterations in homeostasis, primary and memory T cell responses make it pertinent to address whether and how memory responses are affected by aging with regard to their generation, maintenance, and protective function. New knowledge of T cell repertoire maintenance over long periods of time, particularly when confronted with persistent pathogen challenge, is now enriched further by studies on whether recent immunological memory can 'overfill' and/or constrict prior memory responses. Along with studies on potentiation of memory responses by dietary/metabolic interventions and the recent advances on regulation of primary responses with aging, these findings provide a platform for new approaches to vaccination of older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janko Nikolich-Zugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1656 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Irvine K, Bennink J. Factors influencing immunodominance hierarchies in TCD8+ -mediated antiviral responses. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:135-47. [PMID: 20477094 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.1.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T-lymphocytes (T(CD8+)) perform a critical role in immunity against tumors and virus infections. A central feature of T(CD8+) immune responses is immunodominance: the observation that T(CD8+) responses consist of a limited collection of specificities with a structured hierarchy. These immunodominance hierarchies result from a complex combination of factors. Major roles are played by peptide binding affinity, T-cell repertoire, and antigen processing and presentation. While the bulk of our information comes from mouse model systems, an increasing number of human studies suggest that immunodominance will be even more complicated. This review outlines current knowledge of T(CD8+ )immunodominance to viral antigens and discusses the relevance and importance of a thorough understanding for the rational design of vaccines that elicit effective T(CD8+) responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Irvine
- National Institute for Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Cell Biology Section/Viral Immunology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Room 209, Building 44 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0440, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
La Gruta NL, Rothwell WT, Cukalac T, Swan NG, Valkenburg SA, Kedzierska K, Thomas PG, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. Primary CTL response magnitude in mice is determined by the extent of naive T cell recruitment and subsequent clonal expansion. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1885-94. [PMID: 20440073 DOI: 10.1172/jci41538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell responses to viral infection are characterized by the emergence of dominant and subdominant CTL populations. The immunodominance hierarchies of these populations are highly reproducible for any given spectrum of virus-induced peptide-MHCI complexes and are likely determined by multiple factors. Recent studies demonstrate a direct correlation between naive epitope-specific CD8+ T cell precursor (CTLp) frequency and the magnitude of the response after antigen challenge. Thus, the number of available precursors in the naive pool has emerged as a key predictor of immunodominance. In contrast to this, we report here no consistent relationship between CTLp frequency and the subsequent magnitude of the immune response for 4 influenza virus-derived epitopes following intranasal infection of mice with influenza A virus. Rather, the characteristic, antigen-driven T cell immunodominance hierarchy was determined by the extent of recruitment from the available pool of epitope-specific precursors and the duration of their continued expansion over the course of the infection. These findings suggest possibilities for enhancing protective immune memory by maximizing both the size and diversity of typically subdominant T cell responses through rational vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Constraints within major histocompatibility complex class I restricted peptides: presentation and consequences for T-cell recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5534-9. [PMID: 20212169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000032107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Residues within processed protein fragments bound to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) glycoproteins have been considered to function as a series of "independent pegs" that either anchor the peptide (p) to the MHC-I and/or interact with the spectrum of alphabeta-T-cell receptors (TCRs) specific for the pMHC-I epitope in question. Mining of the extensive pMHC-I structural database established that many self- and viral peptides show extensive and direct interresidue interactions, an unexpected finding that has led us to the idea of "constrained" peptides. Mutational analysis of two constrained peptides (the HLA B44 restricted self-peptide (B44DPalpha-EEFGRAFSF) and an H2-D(b) restricted influenza peptide (D(b)PA, SSLENFRAYV) demonstrated that the conformation of the prominently exposed arginine in both peptides was governed by interactions with MHC-I-orientated flanking residues from the peptide itself. Using reverse genetics in a murine influenza model, we revealed that mutation of an MHC-I-orientated residue (SSLENFRAYV --> SSLENARAYV) within the constrained PA peptide resulted in a diminished cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and the recruitment of a limited pMHC-I specific TCR repertoire. Interactions between individual peptide positions can thus impose fine control on the conformation of pMHC-I epitopes, whereas the perturbation of such constraints can lead to a previously unappreciated mechanism of viral escape.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kedzierska K, Valkenburg SA, Guillonneau C, Hubert FX, Cukalac T, Curtis JM, Stambas J, Scott HS, Kedzierski L, Venturi V, Davenport MP. Diversity and clonotypic composition of influenza-specific CD8+ TCR repertoires remain unaltered in the absence of Aire. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:849-58. [PMID: 19950188 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TCR repertoire diversity is important for the protective efficacy of CD8(+) T cells, limiting viral escape and cross-reactivity between unrelated epitopes. The exact mechanism for selection of restricted versus diverse TCR repertoires is far from clear, although one thought is that the epitopes resembling self-peptides might select a limited array of TCR due to the deletion of autoreactive TCR. The molecule Aire promotes the expression of tissue-specific Ag on thymic medullary epithelial cells and the deletion of autoreactive cells, and in the absence of Aire autoreactive cells persist. However, the contribution of Aire-dependent peptides to the selection of the Ag-specific TCR repertoire remains unknown. In this study, we dissect restricted (D(b)NP(366)%(+)CD8(+)) and diverse (D(b)PA(224)%(+)CD8(+), K(d)NP(147)%(+)CD8(+)) TCR repertoires responding to three influenza-derived peptides in Aire-deficient mice on both B6 and BALB/c backgrounds. Our study shows that the number, qualitative characteristics and TCR repertoires of all influenza-specific, D(b)NP(366)%(+)CD8(+), D(b)PA(224)%(+)CD8(+) and K(d)NP(147)%(+)CD8(+) T cells are not significantly altered in the absence of Aire. This provides the first demonstration that the selection of an Ag-specific T-cell repertoire is not significantly perturbed in the absence of Aire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cornberg M, Clute SC, Watkin LB, Saccoccio FM, Kim SK, Naumov YN, Brehm MA, Aslan N, Welsh RM, Selin LK. CD8 T cell cross-reactivity networks mediate heterologous immunity in human EBV and murine vaccinia virus infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2825-38. [PMID: 20164414 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate complex networks of CD8 T cell cross-reactivities between influenza A virus and EBV in humans and between lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vaccinia virus in mice. We also show directly that cross-reactive T cells mediate protective heterologous immunity in mice. Subsets of T cell populations reactive with one epitope cross-reacted with either of several other epitopes encoded by the same or the heterologous virus. Human T cells specific to EBV-encoded BMLF1(280-288) could be cross-reactive with two influenza A virus or two other EBV epitopes. Mouse T cells specific to the vaccinia virus-encoded a11r(198-205) could be cross-reactive with three different lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, one Pichinde virus, or one other vaccinia virus epitope. Patterns of cross-reactivity differed among individuals, reflecting the private specificities of the host's immune repertoire and divergence in the abilities of T cell populations to mediate protective immunity. Defining such cross-reactive networks between commonly encountered human pathogens may facilitate the design of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Cornberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|