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Yoon JY, Gedye C, Paterson J, Ailles L. Stem/progenitor cell marker expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a potential relationship with the immune microenvironment to be explored. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:272. [PMID: 32245446 PMCID: PMC7119074 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a markedly heterogeneous disease in many aspects, including the tumour microenvironment. Our previous study showed the importance of the tumour microenvironment in ccRCC xeno-transplant success rates. In order to better understand the potential relationship between TICs and the immune microenvironment, we employed a multi-modal approach, examining RNA and protein expression (flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry). METHODS We first examined the gene expression pattern of 18 stem/progenitor marker genes in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) ccRCC cohort. Flow cytometry was next employed to examine lineage-specific expression levels of stem/progenitor markers and immune population makeup in six, disaggregated, primary ccRCC specimens. Immunohistochemistry was performed on a commercial ccRCC tissue microarray (TMA). RESULTS The 18 genes differed with respect to their correlation patterns with one another and to their prognostic significance. By flow cytometry, correlating expression frequency of 12 stem/progenitor markers and CD10 resulted in two clusters-one with CD10 (marker of proximal tubular differentiation), and second cluster containing mostly mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers, including CD146. In turn, these clusters differed with respect to their correlation with different CD45+ lineage markers and their expression of immune checkpoint pathway proteins. To confirm these findings, four stem/progenitor marker expression patterns were compared with CD4, CD8 and CD20 in a ccRCC TMA which showed a number of similar trends with respect to frequency of the different tumour-infiltrating leukocytes. CONCLUSION Taken together, we observed heterogeneous but patterned expression levels of different stem/progenitor markers. Our results suggest a non-random relationship between their expression patterns with the immune microenvironment populations in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yoon Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Craig Gedye
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua Paterson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mosoyan G, Nagi C, Marukian S, Teixeira A, Simonian A, Resnick-Silverman L, DiFeo A, Johnston D, Reynolds SR, Roses DF, Mosoian A. Multiple breast cancer cell-lines derived from a single tumor differ in their molecular characteristics and tumorigenic potential. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55145. [PMID: 23372829 PMCID: PMC3555897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer cell lines are widely used tools to investigate breast cancer biology and to develop new therapies. Breast cancer tissue contains molecularly heterogeneous cell populations. Thus, it is important to understand which cell lines best represent the primary tumor and have similarly diverse phenotype. Here, we describe the development of five breast cancer cell lines from a single patient's breast cancer tissue. We characterize the molecular profiles, tumorigenicity and metastatic ability in vivo of all five cell lines and compare their responsiveness to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) treatment. METHODS Five breast cancer cell lines were derived from a single patient's primary breast cancer tissue. Expression of different antigens including HER2, estrogen receptor (ER), CK8/18, CD44 and CD24 was determined by flow cytometry, western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, a Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) assay for HER2 gene amplification and p53 genotyping was performed on all cell lines. A xenograft model in nude mice was utilized to assess the tumorigenic and metastatic abilities of the breast cancer cells. RESULTS We have isolated, cloned and established five new breast cancer cell lines with different tumorigenicity and metastatic abilities from a single primary breast cancer. Although all the cell lines expressed low levels of ER, their growth was estrogen-independent and all had high-levels of expression of mutated non-functional p53. The HER2 gene was rearranged in all cell lines. Low doses of 4-OHT induced proliferation of these breast cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS All five breast cancer cell lines have different antigenic expression profiles, tumorigenicity and organ specific metastatic abilities although they derive from a single tumor. None of the studied markers correlated with tumorigenic potential. These new cell lines could serve as a model for detailed genomic and proteomic analyses to identify mechanisms of organ-specific metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goar Mosoyan
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chandandeep Nagi
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Avelino Teixeira
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anait Simonian
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lois Resnick-Silverman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dean Johnston
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sandra R. Reynolds
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Roses
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Arevik Mosoian
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jeong BJ, Liang ZL, Huang SM, Lim JS, Kim JM, Lee HJ. CD44 is associated with tumor recurrence and is an independent poor prognostic factor for patients with localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy. Exp Ther Med 2012; 3:811-817. [PMID: 22969974 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 has been implicated in tumor development and progression in several types of cancer. CD44 expression is altered in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and has been suggested as a useful prognostic marker, but its prognostic role in RCC remains controversial. We investigated the expression of CD44 in a large homogeneous set of localized clear cell RCC to determine its potential prognostic value. We examined 110 patients with localized clear cell RCC who underwent nephrectomy. The clinicopathological data were obtained retrospectively and the expression level of CD44 was studied by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between CD44 expression and clinical parameters as well as survival were determined. The CD44-high expression group (HEG) was significantly associated with a higher nuclear grade (P=0.014) and tumor recurrence (P<0.001) when compared with the CD44-low expression group (LEG). Concerning survival, the 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates for the CD44-HEG and CD44-LEG groups were 38.9 and 91.3%, respectively (P<0.001), and the 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rates for the CD44-HEG and CD44-LEG groups were 55.6 and 94.6%, respectively (P<0.001). Multivariate analyses showed that CD44 expression [hazard ratio (HR), 9.204; P<0.001] was an independent risk factor predicting RFS in patients with clear cell RCC. CD44 expression remained an independent prognostic factor for DSS (P=0.002). In conclusion, these data indicate that CD44 expression is associated with the progression of clear cell RCC and is an independent poor prognostic factor for tumor recurrence and survival, suggesting that CD44 may serve as a useful molecular marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joo Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute and Infection Signaling Network Research Center
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Godar S, Ince TA, Bell GW, Feldser D, Donaher JL, Bergh J, Liu A, Miu K, Watnick RS, Reinhardt F, McAllister SS, Jacks T, Weinberg RA. Growth-inhibitory and tumor- suppressive functions of p53 depend on its repression of CD44 expression. Cell 2008; 134:62-73. [PMID: 18614011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is a key mediator of cellular responses to various stresses. Here, we show that under conditions of basal physiologic and cell-culture stress, p53 inhibits expression of the CD44 cell-surface molecule via binding to a noncanonical p53-binding sequence in the CD44 promoter. This interaction enables an untransformed cell to respond to stress-induced, p53-dependent cytostatic and apoptotic signals that would otherwise be blocked by the actions of CD44. In the absence of p53 function, the resulting derepressed CD44 expression is essential for the growth and tumor-initiating ability of highly tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells. In both tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells, CD44's expression is positively regulated by p63, a paralogue of p53. Our data indicate that CD44 is a key tumor-promoting agent in transformed tumor cells lacking p53 function. They also suggest that the derepression of CD44 resulting from inactivation of p53 can potentially aid the survival of immortalized, premalignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Godar
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Gylling AHS, Nieminen TT, Abdel-Rahman WM, Nuorva K, Juhola M, Joensuu EI, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Aarnio M, Peltomäki PT. Differential cancer predisposition in Lynch syndrome: insights from molecular analysis of brain and urinary tract tumors. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1351-9. [PMID: 18550572 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (Lynch syndrome) is among the most common hereditary cancers in man and a model of cancers arising through deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Lynch syndrome patients are predisposed to different cancers in a non-random fashion, the basis of which is poorly understood. We addressed this issue by determining the molecular profiles for different tumors from a nationwide cohort of Lynch syndrome families (approximately 150 tumors in total). We focused on some less prevalent cancers, affecting the brain (n = 7) and urinary tract (five bladder and five ureter uroepithelial cancers and four kidney adenocarcinomas), and compared their molecular characteristics to those of the most common cancers, colorectal, gastric and endometrial adenocarcinomas, from the same families. Despite origin from verified MMR gene mutation carriers, the frequency of high-level microsatellite instability in tumors varied between high (100-96% for ureter, stomach and colon), intermediate (63-60% for endometrium and bladder) and low (25-0% for kidney and brain). In contrast to gastrointestinal and endometrial carcinomas, active (nuclear) beta-catenin was rare and KRAS mutations were absent in brain and urological tumors. Compared with other tumors, frequent stabilization of p53 protein characterized urinary tract cancers. Promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes discriminated the tumors in an organ-specific manner. Our findings suggest that different Lynch syndrome tumors develop along different routes. Uroepithelial cancers of the ureter (and bladder to lesser extent) share many characteristics of MMR deficiency-driven tumorigenesis, whereas brain tumors and kidney adenocarcinomas follow separate pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H S Gylling
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kim HL, Seligson D, Liu X, Janzen N, Bui MHT, Yu H, Shi T, Belldegrun AS, Horvath S, Figlin RA. Using tumor markers to predict the survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2005; 173:1496-501. [PMID: 15821467 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000154351.37249.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Approximately 30% of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) present as metastatic disease. Molecular markers have the potential to characterize accurately the biological behavior of tumors and they may be useful for determining prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A custom tissue array was constructed using clear cell RCC from 150 patients with metastatic RCC who underwent nephrectomy prior to immunotherapy. The tissue array was stained for 8 molecular markers, namely Ki67, p53, gelsolin, carbonic anhydrase (CA)9, CA12, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), epithelial cell adhesion molecule and vimentin. Marker status and established clinical predictors of prognosis were considered when developing a prognostic model for disease specific survival. RESULTS On univariate Cox regression analysis certain markers were statistically significant predictors of survival, namely CA9 (p <0.00001), p53 (p = 0.0072), gelsolin (p = 0.030), Ki67 (p = 0.036) and CA12 (p = 0.043). On multivariate Cox regression analysis that included all markers and clinical variables CA9 (p = 0.00002), PTEN (p <0.0001), vimentin (p = 0.0032), p53 (p = 0.028), T category (p = 0.0025) and performance status (p = 0.0013) were significant independent predictors of disease specific survival and they were used to construct a combined molecular and clinical prognostic model. The bias corrected concordance index (C-index) of this combined prognostic model was C = 0.68, which was significantly higher (p = 0.0033) than that of a multivariate clinical predictor model (C = 0.62) based on the UCLA Integrated Staging System (T category, histological grade and performance status). CONCLUSIONS In patients with clear cell RCC a prognostic model for survival that includes molecular and clinical predictors is significantly more accurate than a standard clinical model using the combination of stage, histological grade and performance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung L Kim
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Jing XN, Zhang L, Wang Y, Mao HT, Wen PE, Li DH, Cui SL, Gu HT. Inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of CD44 antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides on human gastric cancer cell line MGC80-3. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2551-2554. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i11.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the role and mechanism of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ASODN) on proliferation and apoptosis of MGC80-3 cells.
METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to detect CD44, Fas expression and apoptosis of MGC80-3 cells. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was used to examine CD44 mRNA level; MTT assay was used to detect cell proliferation.
RESULTS: CD44 mRNA and CD44 protein expression in MGC80-3 cells was blocked and down-regulated after transfected with CD44ASODN (1.6 μmol/L). CD44ASODN inhibited the growth of MGC80-3 cells with depression ratios of 31.0%, 46.3% (P < 0.01), and 49.6% (P < 0.01) at 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h respectively in a time-dependant manner. With the existence of hyaluronic acid, CD44ASODN improved Fas expression in MGC80-3 cells from 6.7% to 16.8% (P < 0.01). At the same time, it enhanced the susceptibility of MGC80-3 cells to Fas mAb and the apoptotic rate of the cells increased from 0% to 26.5% (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: CD44ASODN can down-regulate the expression of CD44 mRNA and protein, inhibit MGC80-3 cell proliferation and promote apoptosis induced by Fas mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ning Jing
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai-Ting Mao
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pei-E Wen
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Deng-Hua Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shu-Ling Cui
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Tao Gu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, China
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Lin F, Brown RE, Shen T, Yang XJ, Schuerch C. Immunohistochemical Detection of P504S in Primary and Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2004; 12:153-9. [PMID: 15354742 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200406000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
P504S/alpha-methylacryl CoA racemase has been shown to be a relatively sensitive and specific positive marker for prostatic adenocarcinoma. The potential utility of P504S in renal cell neoplasms has not been explored in a large series. We assessed the diagnostic value of P504S in 332 cases of nonprostatic neoplasms using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique, including 115 renal neoplasms, 28 metastatic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), and 189 nonrenal neoplasms. The results demonstrated that a granular, cytoplasmic staining pattern for P504S was observed in 48 of 70 (68.6%) conventional (clear cell) RCCs, 15 of 15 (100%) papillary RCCs, 2 of 7 (29%) chromophobe RCCs, and 2 of 8 (25%) oncocytomas. Among the 70 cases of clear cell RCC, positivity of P504S was seen in 40%, 71%, 94%, and 75% of RCCs with Furhman nuclear grade I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Strong immunostaining was present in each case (86/86) in the proximal tubules adjacent to the renal neoplasm. Eighty-two percent of metastatic RCCs (23/28) were positive for P504S. However, only 24 of 189 (13%) nonrenal malignancies were positive. The 24 positive cases included 12 of 13 (92%) colorectal adenocarcinomas, 6 of 30 (20%) ductal carcinomas of the breast, and 4 of 23 (17%) adenocarcinomas of the lung. These findings suggest that P504S is a useful marker in diagnosing primary and metastatic RCCs, although it has little value in differentiating chromophobe RCC from oncocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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