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Chamorro-Petronacci CM, Lafuente-Ibanez De Mendoza I, Suarez-Peñaranda JM, Padin-Iruegas E, Blanco-Carrion A, Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Ortega KL, Pérez-Sayáns M. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Bcl-2 in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:706-712. [PMID: 34008487 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 is a group of apoptotic proteins that play a key role in cellular homeostasis. Overexpression of Bcl-2 has been associated with the poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study is to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 in healthy oral mucosa, different oral potentially malignant disorders and OSCC, and to determine its diagnostic value. A retrospective observational study was carried out in the Oral Medicine Unit of the University of Santiago de Compostela. All the clinicopathologic data were collected and paraffin-embedded blocks were available to perform the immunohistochemistry study with Bcl-2. We studied 18 fibromas, 15 OSCC, 29 oral leukoplakia lesions (OL), 59 oral lichen planus (OLP) cases, and 16 healthy controls. OL with epithelial dysplasia (31.2%) showed the highest expression of Bcl-2 and OLP (1.9%) showed the lowest expression of Bcl-2 (P=0.025). Receiver operating characteristics curves showed that the detection of Bcl-2 enables discrimination between OL and OLPs (sensitivity: 58.6%, specificity of 99.32%). Bcl-2 negative expression in the OLP diagnosis obtained an odds ratio of 13.750 (95% confidence interval: 3.354-56.369; P<0.0001) and the positive expression in the OL 4.468 (95% confidence interval: 1.889-10.565; P=0.001). Bcl-2 could be used as a diagnostic biomarker to study their malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia M Chamorro-Petronacci
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)
| | - Irene Lafuente-Ibanez De Mendoza
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Stomatology II, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jose M Suarez-Peñaranda
- Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela
| | - Elena Padin-Iruegas
- Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela
| | - Andres Blanco-Carrion
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)
| | - Alejandro I Lorenzo-Pouso
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)
| | - Karem L Ortega
- Special Care Dentistry Centre (CAPE) and Oral Pathology, Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Pérez-Sayáns
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, MedOralRes Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS)
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Şengün DN, Karaca İR, Saraç N, Uğur A, Fırat A, Kaymaz FF, Öztürk HS. Evaluation of the chemopreventive effects of Hypericum perforatum L on DMBA-applied rat oral mucosa. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 127:105139. [PMID: 33964648 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypericum perforatum L also known as St. John's wort is known to have many beneficial properties for the organism including its antioxidant and anticancer activities. It is also known to have shown antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Hypericum perforatum L on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat oral squamous cell carcinoma model. DESIGN The in vitro antioxidant properties of Hypericum perforatum L was determined and an extract was prepared. Thirty Wistar male rats were divided randomly into 4 groups (Control group, DMBA group, HP + DMBA group, HP group). The antioxidant defense mechanisms in tissue and blood samples were evaluated biochemically and immunohistochemically, the carcinomatous changes in connective tissue were investigated immunohistochemically and epithelial changes in the tissue samples were evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS The extract revealed inhibitory effects on some antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase). Immunohistochemical evaluations revealed no invasive changes in the connective tissue. Hypericum perforatum L demonstrated chemopreventive effects although it did not prevent carcinomatous changes altogether. CONCLUSIONS Hypericum perforatum L is a promising chemopreventive agent and further studies are needed in order to evaluate the full potential of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Nur Şengün
- Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - İnci Rana Karaca
- Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nurdan Saraç
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Mugla, Turkey.
| | - Aysel Uğur
- Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Section of Medical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayşegül Fırat
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fevziye Figen Kaymaz
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Serdar Öztürk
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Park S, Jung HS, Jung YS, Nam W, Cha JY, Jung HD. Changes in Cellular Regulatory Factors before and after Decompression of Odontogenic Keratocysts. J Clin Med 2020; 10:E30. [PMID: 33374329 PMCID: PMC7795385 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Decompression followed by enucleation, which is one of the treatments used for odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), is frequently used in OKC lesions of large sizes. This method offers the advantage of minimizing the possibility of sensory impairment without creating a wide-range bone defect; moreover, the recurrence rate can be significantly lower than following simple enucleation. This study aimed to assess the changes in histology and expression of proliferation markers in OKCs before and after decompression treatment. A total of 38 OKC tissue samples from 19 patients who had undergone decompression therapy were examined morphologically and immunohistochemically to observe changes in proliferative activity before and after decompression. The markers used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were Bcl-2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Ki-67, P53, PCNA, and SMO. The immunohistochemistry positivity of the 6 markers was scored by using software ImageJ, version 1.49, by quantifying the intensity and internal density of IHC-stained epithelium. The values of Bcl-2, Ki-67, P53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and SMO in OKCs before and after decompression showed no significant change. No correlation between clinical shrinkage and morphologic changes or expression of proliferation and growth markers could be found. There was no statistical evidence that decompression treatment reduces potentially aggressive behavior of OKC within the epithelial cyst lining itself. This might indicate that decompression does not change the biological behavior of the epithelial cyst lining or the recurrence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slmaro Park
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodeamun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.-S.J.); (W.N.)
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Young-Soo Jung
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodeamun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.-S.J.); (W.N.)
| | - Woong Nam
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodeamun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.-S.J.); (W.N.)
| | - Jung Yul Cha
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodeamun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hwi-Dong Jung
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodeamun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.P.); (Y.-S.J.); (W.N.)
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Angelin D, Nair BJ. Comparative evaluation of survivin expression in leukoplakia, lichen planus, and oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study. J Cancer Res Ther 2020; 16:569-574. [PMID: 32719269 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_421_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Screening for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and oral premalignant lesions may decrease the devastating morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. This has led to widespread research for the identification of molecular-based biomarkers. Among them, survivin is a recently characterized protein which is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family. The aim of this study is evaluating the expression of survivin in oral leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and OSCC compared with normal mucosa. Materials and Methods The retrospective study consisted of twenty cases of oral leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and OSCC in the age group of 20-70 years. Twenty cases of normal mucosa made up the control group. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with the use of survivin polyclonal antibody. Grades of expression of survivin were evaluated. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. Results The expression of survivin was higher in OSCC (80%) when compared to oral leukoplakia (70%), oral lichen planus (45%), and normal mucosa (35%). The variation in the expression of survivin between the samples was statistically significant with P = 0.015 (Kruskal-Wallis test significant at 0.01 level). Conclusion It is concluded that survivin can be identified as a useful tool for the identification of potentially malignant disorders at higher risk for progression into invasive carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Angelin
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kulasekharam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bindu J Nair
- Dr. Vivek's Dental Clinic, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Dwivedi R, Chandra S, Mehrotra D, Raj V, Pandey R. Predicting transition from oral pre-malignancy to malignancy via Bcl-2 immuno-expression: Evidence and lacunae. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:397-403. [PMID: 32775181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 (B cell Lymphoma -2) family comprises of both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins whose altered expression or change in ratio inhibits apoptosis, and promotes tumor progression. The aim of this study is to assess the usefulness of Bcl-2 in distinguishing dysplastic or malignant epithelium from non-dysplastic or normal epithelium to aid in prediction of malignant transformation potential. Material and method Study group comprised of 30 cases of clinically diagnosed leukoplakia (OPMD), 15 cases of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and 5 normal tissue samples. The labeling index of Bcl-2 was analyzed in immunohistochemically stained sections. Different statistical tools were used to analyze the data and to compare Bcl-2 expression qualitatively and quantitatively among all the groups. Results An increasing trend of Bcl-2 immunoexpression was observed from normal epithelium to non-dysplastic and from non-dysplastic to dysplastic lesions. In OSCC, the peripheral cells in the differentiating epithelial islands (within the connective tissue) showed Bcl-2 immuno-reactivity, which gradually decreased towards the center. In contrast, intense and diffuse Bcl-2 immuno-reactivity was seen in poorly differentiated carcinoma. But the overall Bcl-2 positivity was less in OSCC as compared to dysplastic lesions. Conclusion Increased expression of Bcl-2 oncoprotein in sequentially progressing epithelial dysplasia and down-regulation in differentiating carcinoma (well and moderately differentiating OSCC) unveils the clinical relevance of Bcl-2 in early stages of OSCC tumorigenesis. The heterogenous expression of Bcl-2 in carcinoma with different grades of differentiation renders them unable to be used as an independent tool for predicting transition from oral pre-malignancy to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Dwivedi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Shaleen Chandra
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Divya Mehrotra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Vineet Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Chandra Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Rahul Pandey
- DHR-MRU, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
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Nitya K, Madhushankari GS, Basandi PS, Mohan Kumar KP, Priya NK, Ramakrishna A. Bcl-2 expression in reactive oral lesions with atypical epithelium and in oral epithelial dysplasia associated with carcinogen exposure. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:306. [PMID: 31516250 PMCID: PMC6714280 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_195_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Reactive lesions of the oral cavity are nonneoplastic proliferations with very similar appearance to benign neoplastic lesions and are associated with chronic local irritation or trauma. Although these lesions are uncommonly associated with carcinogen exposure, at times, they present histopathologically with dysplastic epithelium, thus making it difficult to differentiate it from true potentially malignant disorders. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the expression of Bcl-2 protein, an antiapoptotic marker, in reactive lesions with and without atypical epithelium and in true epithelial dysplasia, which clinically presents as premalignant disorders. Materials and Methods: The samples included 15 cases each of normal oral mucosa (NOM), reactive lesions with and without dysplasia and oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) associated with carcinogen exposure. All the samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining using Bcl-2 antibody. The total number of cells in the basal and parabasal layers in each field and total number of cells expressing Bcl-2 among them and the staining intensity were assessed. Statistical Analysis: Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA test was used to compare the number of positive cells among the four groups. The comparison of average percentage of positive cells between the study groups was done using Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: The immunohistochemical staining for Bcl-2 protein was identified in few cells in the basal layers of NOM, reactive lesions without atypical epithelium and in the basal and parabasal layers in reactive lesions with atypical epithelium and OED, as a granular cytoplasmic staining and as an accentuation around the nuclear membrane. There was a gradual increase in the expression and intensity of staining from Group I to IV. Interpretation and Conclusion: The altered or increased expression of Bcl-2 oncoprotein in reactive lesions with atypical epithelium and in OED with carcinogen exposure may lead to prolonged cell survival and can be considered as an early molecular event in carcinogenesis, helping us in understanding the nature of dysplasia in reactive lesions, which was not considered during the histopathology reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nitya
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - G S Madhushankari
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen S Basandi
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Mohan Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - N K Priya
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Ramakrishna
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Pallavi N, Nalabolu GRK, Hiremath SKS. Bcl-2 and c-Myc expression in oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study to assess tumor progression. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:325-331. [PMID: 30651675 PMCID: PMC6306615 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_197_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral cancer is a multistep process involving foul play of proto-oncogenes that induce cell proliferation, inactivation of tumor suppressor gene and cessation of programmed cell death. Among various proto-oncogenes, the nature and behavior of Bcl-2 and c-Myc in oral precancerous/cancerous lesions were obscured which require further assessment for better understanding of etiology, treatment and prognosis. Aim The aim of the study is to assess the expression of Bcl-2 and c-Myc in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods This retrospective study of 70 (oral dysplasia [30], OSCC [30] and normal gingiva [10]) is immunohistochemically assessed for Bcl-2 and c-Myc for distribution, intensity, percentage of positive cells, localization and immunoreactive scores using ImageJ software. Results Bcl-2 showed 60% and 37% positivity within dysplasia and OSCC, respectively (P = 0.03); c-Myc showed 87% and 90% positivity within dysplasia and OSCC, respectively. In OSCC, c-Myc showed moderate intensity (P = 0.04). Average percentage of positive cells expressing c-Myc and Bcl-2 increased proportionally within grades of dysplasia (P = 0.000 and P = 0.008, respectively), whereas in OSCC, only c-Myc showed significant expression (P = 0.021). Localization of c-Myc was seen in the nucleus among OSCC (P = 0.01). c-Myc and Bcl-2 showed moderate immunoreactivity in dysplasia (P = 0.005 and P = 0.013, respectively), whereas in OSCC, moderate immunoreactivity of c-Myc (P = 0.05) was observed. Conclusion Variable expression of c-Myc and Bcl-2 reveals that these proteins act in synergism in early phases of carcinogenesis, whereas in later stages, due to the diminished activity of Bcl-2, c-Myc interacts incoordination with other oncogenes contributing to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pallavi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Govind Raj K Nalabolu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar S Hiremath
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
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Pavithra V, Kumari K, Haragannavar VC, Rao RS, Nambiar S, Augustine D, Sowmya SV. Possible Role of Bcl-2 Expression in Metastatic and Non Metastatic Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC51-ZC54. [PMID: 29207833 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/29363.10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Oral carcinoma is a global health problem. India accounts for one-third of world burden with high prevalence rate of 2.5 million and mortality rate of 5.5 lacs per year. Oral carcinogenesis is a multistage process that frequently involves invasion and metastasis that needs early detection and treatment to improve the overall quality of life. The ability of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) to metastasize to lymph nodes does not always show a relationship with clinical staging. A spectrum of molecular mechanisms is involved in carcinogenesis, where defect in the regulation of apoptosis is assumed to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of cancer. Apoptosis regulatory genes include the antiapoptotic protein such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) gene that might be used as a molecular marker to evaluate the biological behaviour of oral cancer. Aim To evaluate and correlate the Bcl-2 expression in OSCC patients with lymphnode metastasis and without metastasis. Materials and Methods The study comprised of 30 samples, 15 cases of metastatic and 15 non-metastatic primary OSCC. All the cases were stained for routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), and Bcl-2 antibody by immunohistochemistry. The H&E stained sections were evaluated for Lymphocytic Infiltrate (LI) and Pattern Of Invasion (POI). Bcl-2 stained sections were evaluated for staining intensity and distribution. The differences between the groups were statistically analysed using chi-square test. Results The histopathological parameters, LI and POI did not show any statistical difference between the study groups. Expression of Bcl-2 in OSCC was 33.3% among the study groups, where metastatic group showed a positive expression of 13.3% and 20% in non-metastatic OSCC that did not show statistically significance among the study groups. Conclusion There was no significant difference in the expression of Bcl-2 between the study groups. Apoptosis is regulated by interaction among the Bcl-2 gene family. Hence, evaluation of Bcl-2 along with other apoptotic regulating proteins could define the role in pathogenesis and prognosis of metastatic and non-metastatic OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pavithra
- Postgraduate, Department of Oral Pathology, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Karuna Kumari
- Postgraduate, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanishri C Haragannavar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shwetha Nambiar
- Tutor, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dominic Augustine
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S V Sowmya
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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The prognostic implication of the expression of EGFR, p53, cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and p16 in primary locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma cases: a tissue microarray study. Med Oncol 2016; 33:138. [PMID: 27817107 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas comprise a heterogeneous tumor cell population with varied molecular characteristics, which makes prognostication of these tumors a complex and challenging issue. Thus, molecular profiling of these tumors is advantageous for an accurate prognostication and treatment planning. This is a retrospective study on a cohort of primary locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinomas (n = 178) of an Indian rural population. The expression of EGFR, p53, cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and p16 in a cohort of primary locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinomas was evaluated. A potential biomarker that can predict the tumor response to treatment was identified. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor blocks of (n = 178) of histopathologically diagnosed cases of locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinomas were selected. Tissue microarray blocks were constructed with 2 cores of 2 mm diameter from each tumor block. Four-micron-thick sections were cut from these tissue microarray blocks. These tissue microarray sections were immunohistochemically stained for EGFR, p53, Bcl-2, cyclin D1 and p16. In this cohort, EGFR was the most frequently expressed 150/178 (84%) biomarker of the cases. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant association (p = 0.038) between expression of p53 and a poor prognosis. A Poisson regression analysis showed that tumors that expressed p53 had a two times greater chance of recurrence (unadjusted IRR-95% CI 2.08 (1.03, 4.5), adjusted IRR-2.29 (1.08, 4.8) compared with the tumors that did not express this biomarker. Molecular profiling of oral squamous cell carcinomas will enable us to categorize our patients into more realistic risk groups. With biologically guided tumor characterization, personalized treatment protocols can be designed for individual patients, which will improve the quality of life of these patients.
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Deng ZY, Wang YH, Quan HZ, Liu OS, Li YP, Li Y, Zhu W, Munnee K, Tang ZG. Investigation of the association between miR‑181b, Bcl‑2 and LRIG1 in oral verrucous carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2991-6. [PMID: 27509922 PMCID: PMC5042782 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is involved in the development of and anti-apoptotic effects in various types of human cancer. However, miRNA-mediated regulation of oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC) remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of miR-181b in OVC and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The expression levels of miR-181b were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin like domains 1 (LRIG1), were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between Bcl-2 and LRIG1 expression was determined using a Pearson correlation analysis. The expression levels of miR-181b and Bcl-2 in OVC were significantly higher compared with normal mucosal tissue (NM); however, lower compared with the OSCC. The key target of miR-181b was LRIG1 and it was significantly lower in OVC tissues compared with NM tissue; however this was higher when compared with OSCC tissue. The expression levels of Bcl-2 were correlated with expression levels of LRIG1 in OVC tissues. Therefore, LRIG1 may be associated with anti-apoptotic function in OVC tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Deng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhi Quan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Ou-Sheng Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Xiangya School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Wu Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, P.R. China
| | - Krishna Munnee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Gui Tang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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Arya V, Singh S, Daniel MJ. Clinicopathological correlation of Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression in oral precancer and cancer. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2016; 6:18-23. [PMID: 26937364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the oral cavity. Normally the death of cell and the growth are active processes and depend not only on external factors but also on the expression of genes such as Bcl-2, which activate and inhibit apoptosis. The term Bcl-2 is an acronym for B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 genes. It has been reported that there is deregulation of Bcl-2 expression during progression from oral epithelial dysplasia to squamous cell carcinoma. Expression of this oncoprotein can be detected by immunohistochemistry. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES An attempt was made to evaluate Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression in patients with oral precancer and cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A selective prospective clinical and immunohistochemical study. Clinicopathological examination was correlated with immunohistochemical findings. The immunolocalization of Bcl-2 protein was performed using the labeled streptavidin biotin method. To visualize the reaction, 3,3-diaminobenzidine was used. RESULTS Bcl-2 expression was positive in 11 [36.66%, low Bcl-2 expression 3 (10.00%), moderate Bcl-2 expression 7 (23.33%), and high Bcl-2 expression 1 (3.33%)] oral cancer cases and 14 [87.50%, low expression 8 (50%), moderate expression 6 (37.50%)] precancer cases. CONCLUSION On the basis of the results of our study, we conclude that positive Bcl-2 expression may be an indicator of poor prognosis in oral cancer and precancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Arya
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, KGMU, Lucknow, India
| | - Subash Singh
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics, BBD CODS, Lucknow, India
| | - M Jonathan Daniel
- Prof & Head, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, MGPGI, Puducherry, India
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Shin JA, Seo JM, Oh S, Cho SD, Lee KE. Myeloid cell leukemia-1 is a molecular indicator for malignant transformation of oral lichen planus. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1603-1607. [PMID: 26893789 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP), characterized by a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory condition, is a common disease of the oral cavity. Retrospective and prospective epidemiological data suggest that OLP is considered to have malignant potential. However, it is unclear as to which types of molecules may cause malignant transformation of OLP. In the present study, the presence of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was studied by western blot analysis in 11 OLP and three normal oral mucosa (NOM) samples and in two human oral cancer cell lines. The functional role of Mcl-1 in oral cancer cells was analyzed using a trypan blue exclusion assay and soft agar assay. Mcl-1 was strongly expressed in the OLP and the two oral cancer cell lines compared with NOM, whereas Bcl-2 was not. Sorafenib and mithramycin A decreased cell viability in MC-3 and HSC-3 oral cancer cells and at same concentration they reduced the expression level of Mcl-1 in the two cell lines. The two chemicals affected Mcl-1 protein and significantly inhibited neoplastic cell transformation in the two cell lines. We suggest that the malignant potential of OLP may be associated with the expression of Mcl-1, and that downregulation of Mcl-1 may prevent malignant transformation of OLP to oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Biodegradable Material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Seo
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejun Oh
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Biodegradable Material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Biodegradable Material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Lee
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 561-712, Republic of Korea
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13
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Molecular Pathology Signatures in Predicting Malignant Potentiality of Dysplastic Oral Pre-cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40362-015-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Razavi SM, Torabinia N, Mohajeri MR, Shahriyary S, Ghalegolab S, Nouri S. Expression of Bcl-2 and epithelial growth factor receptor proteins in keratocystic odontogenic tumor in comparison with dentigerous cyst and ameloblastoma. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2015; 12:342-7. [PMID: 26288624 PMCID: PMC4533192 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.161451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a developmental odontogenic cyst on which various investigations have been focused due to its biological activities, high tendency to recur and different growth mechanisms in comparison with other cystic lesions. Previous studies have shown different biological and proliferative activities for the lining epithelium of KCOT. The aim of this study was immunohistochemical evaluation of Bcl-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in KCOT compared with dentigerous cyst and ameloblastoma. Materials and Methods: Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 16 cases of KCOT, 16 cases of dentigerous cyst and 16 cases of ameloblastoma were immunohistochemically analyzed to determine Bcl-2 and EGFR proteins’ expression. Biotin-Stereotavidin method was used. It was observed by two oral pathologists separately, and the data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney and Kruskul–Wallis. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Regardless of staining intensity, all cases of ameloblastoma and KCOT except dentigerous cases were positively stained for Bcl-2. Expression of Bcl-2 was higher in the peripheral layer of ameloblastoma and basal layer of KCOT. Furthermore, all cases of ameloblastoma and dentigerous cysts except KCOT samples were positively stained for EGFR. Expression of EGFR was higher in the peripheral layer of ameloblastoma and basal layer of dentigerous cysts. Conclusion: According to the expression of — Bcl-2 in ameloblastoma and KCOT, and no expression of EGFR in KCOT, it can be concluded that the biological activity and growth mechanisms of KCOT are different compared with other cystic lesions. However, the aggressive potential of KCOT is not as severe as that of a neoplasm such as ameloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Razavi
- Dental implant Research Center and Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nakisa Torabinia
- Dental Materials Research Center and Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Shahriyar Shahriyary
- Postgraduate student, Department of Operative Dentistry, Azad University of Khorosgan, Isfahan, Iran
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15
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Expression of apoptosis-regulating miRNAs and target mRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:382-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Pigatti FM, Taveira LADA, Soares CT. Immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 and Ki-67 in oral lichen planus and leukoplakia with different degrees of dysplasia. Int J Dermatol 2014; 54:150-5. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Sindura C, Babu C, Mysorekar V, Kumar V. Study of immunohistochemical demonstration of Bcl-2 protein in ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013; 17:176-80. [PMID: 24250074 PMCID: PMC3830222 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.119750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma) gene product also known as apoptotic inhibitor is expressed in many normal and tumor tissues. This Bcl-2 gene protects the cell by blocking postmitotic differentiation from apoptosis, thus maintaining the stem cell pool. Objective: To study the expression of Bcl-2 protein in ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) to determine their apoptotic behaviors and to analyze biological nature of KCOT, which has higher proliferative potential and aggressive clinical behavior like odontogenic tumors. Materials and Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin sections of ameloblastoma (n = 20) and KCOT (n = 20) are considered for immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody against antihuman Bcl-2 oncoprotein. Lymphomas (n = 3) were used as controls. Statistical Analysis: The statistical analysis was performed using software package of social science version 16. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Student's t test. In all the above tests, P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results: The positive ratio of Bcl-2 was 85% (17/20) in ameloblastoma, 85% (17/20) in KCOT and 100% (3/3) in lymphomas. Bcl-2 was expressed in peripheral cells and few scattered cells of stellate reticulum in ameloblastoma. KCOT showed strong positivity for Bcl-2 mainly in the basal layer. Interpretation and Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the aggressive nature of KCOT and intrinsic growth potential of its lining epithelium. This study clearly demonstrates that KCOT like ameloblastoma demonstrates aggressive clinical and noticeable invasive behavior. Therefore, it is now considered as no longer a developmental cyst but as odontogenic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cs Sindura
- Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Science, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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18
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Abdulmajeed AA, Farah CS. Can immunohistochemistry serve as an alternative to subjective histopathological diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia? BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2013; 5:49-60. [PMID: 24179398 PMCID: PMC3798313 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to identify objective molecular biomarkers to diagnose and prognosticate oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) because histopathological interpretation is subjective and lacks sensitivity. The majority of these efforts describe changes in gene expression at protein level in OED as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, the literature on these putative markers of oral cancer progression is vast and varied. The main purpose of this article is to review current knowledge on biomarkers of protein expression for OED by IHC approaches. We further discuss these findings in terms of the proposed essential hallmarks of cancer cells to better understand their role in oral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Abdulmajeed
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
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19
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Bose P, Klimowicz AC, Kornaga E, Petrillo SK, Matthews TW, Chandarana S, Magliocco AM, Brockton NT, Dort JC. Bax expression measured by AQUAnalysis is an independent prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:332. [PMID: 22852863 PMCID: PMC3487960 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer and proteins regulating apoptosis have been proposed as prognostic markers in several malignancies. However, the prognostic impact of apoptotic markers has not been consistently demonstrated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This inconsistency in reported associations between apoptotic proteins and prognosis can be partly attributed to the intrinsic low resolution and misclassification associated with manual, semi-quantitative methods of biomarker expression measurement. The aim of this study was to examine the association between apoptosis-regulating proteins and clinical outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using the quantitative fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) based AQUAnalysis technique. Methods Sixty-nine OSCC patients diagnosed between 1998–2005 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada were included in the study. Clinical data were obtained from the Alberta Cancer Registry and chart review. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were assembled from triplicate cores of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded pre-treatment tumour tissue. Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL protein expression was quantified using fluorescent IHC and AQUA technology in normal oral cavity squamous epithelium (OCSE) and OSCC tumour samples. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier plots and the Cox proportional hazard model. Results Bax expression was predominantly nuclear in OCSE and almost exclusively cytoplasmic in OSCC. No similar differences in localization were observed for Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL. Only Bax expression associated with disease-specific survival (DSS), with 5-year survival estimates of 85.7% for high Bax versus 50.3% for low Bax (p = 0.006), in univariate analysis. High Bax expression was also significantly associated with elevated Ki67 expression, indicating that increased proliferation might lead to an improved response to radiotherapy in patients with elevated Bax expression. In multivariate analyses, Bax protein expression remained an independent predictor of DSS in OSCC [HR 0.241 (0.078-0.745), p = 0.013]. Conclusions The AQUA technique used in our study eliminates observer bias and provides reliable and reproducible estimates for biomarker expression. AQUA also provides essential measures of quality control that cannot be achieved with manual biomarker scoring techniques. Our results support the use of Bax protein expression as a prognostic marker in conjunction with other clinico-pathological variables when designing personalized treatment strategies for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bose
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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20
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Kakei Y, Akashi M, Komatsubara H, Minamikawa T, Komori T. p16 overexpression in malignant and premalignant lesions of the oral and esophageal mucosa following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2012; 4:38. [PMID: 22726540 PMCID: PMC3448523 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-4-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Secondary malignancy in the oral mucosa is recognized as one of the most serious complications in patients who received allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, potential risk factors associated with carcinogenesis after HSCT that have been reported remain elusive. We experienced a rare case of secondary malignancies of the oral and esophageal mucosa and analyzed the expression of tumor suppressor gene product p16. Case report A 35-year-old male had malignant lesions of the oral and esophageal mucosa two years after HSCT. Partial maxillectomy and endoscopic submucosal dissection were performed. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the tumor cells of malignant and premalignant lesions of the oral cavity and esophagus but not keratosis were positive for p16. Conclusions Pathological examinations with p16 immunohistochemistry may contribute to an early diagnosis of secondary malignancy after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Kakei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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21
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Bai P, Xiao X, Zou J, Cui L, Bui Nguyen TM, Liu J, Xiao J, Chang B, Wu J, Wang H. Expression of p14(ARF), p15(INK4b), p16(INK4a) and skp2 increases during esophageal squamous cell cancer progression. Exp Ther Med 2012; 3:1026-1032. [PMID: 22970012 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Senescence and apoptosis are assumed to be two main mechanisms that inhibit age-related carcinogenesis. p14(ARF), p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a), which are known to induce senescence by regulating G(1) cell cycle arrest, have been identified as senescence markers. However, the mechanism by which senescence and apoptosis causes neoplasia in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been identified. In this study, 20 cases of normal esophageal tissues, 11 cases of esophageal intraepithelial dysplasia (EID) and 60 cases of ESCC were obtained and pathologically diagnosed. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess the expression of p14(ARF), p15(INK4b), p16(INK4a), skp2, bcl-2 and ki-67. The senescence markers p14(ARF) and p16(INK4a) were found to be expressed in 15 and 10% of the normal tissues, 82 and 73% of the EID cases and 100 and 88% of the ESCC cases, respectively. The expression of p15(INK4b) was low in normal tissues, while 92% of the ESCC specimens were diffusely and markedly stained, involving the basal, middle and upper portion of the epithelium. The nuclear expression markers ki-67 and skp2 were highly expressed in ESCC tissues (100 and 72%, respectively). bcl-2 was expressed weakly in normal tissues (10%) and demonstrated various staining patterns in carcinoma specimens (strong in 60%, negative in 40%). MI was 0.09% in normal tissues and 0.95% in the ESCC specimens. Apart from the increased proliferation in esophageal carcinogenesis, as indicated in the ki-67 and skp2 indices, there was an increased expression of senescence-associated molecular markers in the ESCC specimens, which indicates that the senescence pathway may be activated and become a part of cancer development. Of greatest interest to us was that, when compared with clinical information, the expression of the senescence markers was markedly high in the poorly differentiated specimens with lymph node metastasis, indicating that senescence markers may have diagnostic potential in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bai
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine
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22
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Mishra R. Biomarkers of oral premalignant epithelial lesions for clinical application. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:578-84. [PMID: 22342569 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is the sixth most common form of cancer worldwide, and the majority of cases occur in India and Southeast Asia. Its major risk factors in the western world include smoking and drinking alcohol, whereas in Asia, it is primarily caused by tobacco/areca nut/betel leaf chewing and/or human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Little is known about this type of cancer despite recent advances in cancer biology. The generally asymptomatic nature of the early oral lesions causes them to remain undetected in many cases. Thus, the disease progresses substantially before the patients seek treatment and is a major contributing factor to the severity of this disease. Therefore, there is a great need to create awareness for its prevention and early diagnosis. The application of advanced molecular biological and biochemical methodologies to elucidate its biomarkers may aid in early detection; however, much more work must be done for this information to be effectively applied in the clinical setting. This review focuses on the need for systematic diagnoses in the early detection of oral cancer using molecular and biochemical approaches, thereby reducing the number of advanced cases in the chewing tobacco-dominated oral cancer population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Jharkhand, India.
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Lee IH, Choi SY, Park JH, Kim CS. Expression of Bcl-2 in the epithelial lining and clinical findings of keratocystic odotogenic tumor. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2011.37.3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- In-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chin-Soo Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Coutinho-Camillo CM, Lourenço SV, Nishimoto IN, Kowalski LP, Soares FA. Expression of Bcl-2 family proteins and association with clinicopathological characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2010; 57:304-16. [PMID: 20716171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize the expression of proteins that inhibit (Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2-related protein A1, BAG-1) or promote (Bak, Bax, Bim/Bod, Bim-Long, Bad, Bid, PUMA) apoptosis and determine possible correlations between the expression of these proteins and clinicopathological features of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS AND RESULTS Two-hundred and twenty-nine cases of OSCC, arranged in a tissue microarray, were immunohistochemically analysed. The results demonstrated that the absence of vascular invasion was associated with increased expression of Bak, Bax, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2-related protein and PUMA. Increased expression of Bim/Bod and BAG-1 was associated with the presence of perineural infiltration. An increase in Bid and Bim-Long expression was associated with moderately to well-differentiated tumours. Increased expression of the Bcl-2-related protein and PUMA was associated with tumours occurring in the floor of mouth and increased expression of PUMA was also associated with recurrence of the tumour. Multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that PUMA and Bim-Long were independent factors in prognosis of OSCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed the involvement of the Bcl-2 family of proteins in OSCC tumorigenesis and suggest that the expression of apoptotic molecules might be used as a prognostic indicator for OSCC.
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Coutinho-Camillo CM, Lourenço SV, Nishimoto IN, Kowalski LP, Soares FA. Caspase expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2010; 33:1191-8. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Biological pathways involved in the aggressive behavior of the keratocystic odontogenic tumor and possible implications for molecular oriented treatment – An overview. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pitiyage G, Tilakaratne WM, Tavassoli M, Warnakulasuriya S. Molecular markers in oral epithelial dysplasia: review. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:737-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Comparative analysis of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, p53, bax, and bcl-2 in oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2009; 13:308-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Sousa FACGD, Paradella TC, Carvalho YR, Rosa LEB. Immunohistochemical expression of PCNA, p53, bax and bcl-2 in oral lichen planus and epithelial dysplasia. J Oral Sci 2009; 51:117-21. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.51.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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30
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Zhang M, Zhang P, Zhang C, Sun J, Wang L, Li J, Tian Z, Chen W. Prognostic significance of Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression in the patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 38:307-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Activation of MAP kinase signaling through ERK5 but not ERK1 expression is associated with lymph node metastases in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Neoplasia 2008; 10:462-70. [PMID: 18472963 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to further elucidate the pathomechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), gene expression profiling was performed using a whole-transcriptome chip that contains 35,035 gene-specific 70 mere oligonucleotides (Human OligoSet 4.0; Operon, Cologne, Germany) to a set of 35 primary OSCCs. Altogether, 7390 genes were found differentially expressed between OSCC tumor samples and oral mucosa. To characterize the major biologic processes in this tumor collection, MAPPFinder, a component of GenMAPP version 2.1, was applied to this data set to generate a statistically ranked list of molecular signaling pathways. Among others, cancer-related pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling (z score = 4.6, P < .001), transforming growth factor-beta signaling (z score = 3.0, P = .015), and signaling pathways involved in apoptosis (z score = 2.1, P = .037), were found deregulated in the OSCC collection analyzed. Focusing on the MAP kinase signaling pathway, subsequent tissue microarray analyses by immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in protein expression of MAP kinase-related proteins ERK1 in 22.8% (48 of 209) and ERK5 in 27.4% (76 of 277), respectively. An association of high ERK5 but not of high ERK1 expression with advanced tumor stage and the presence of lymph node metastases was found (P = .008 and P = .016, respectively). Our analysis demonstrates the reliability of the combined approach of gene expression profiling, signaling pathway analyses, and tissue microarray analysis to detect novel distinct molecular aberrations in OSCC.
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Kummoona R, Mohammad Sámi S, Al-Kapptan I, Al-Muala H. Study of antiapoptotic gene of oral carcinoma by using Bcl-2 oncogene. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:345-51. [PMID: 18248353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was addressed to find out the expression of Bcl-2 proto-oncogene in tumor tissue derived from 24 patients with malignant oral carcinoma and oral mucosa from the same patients served as control and showed a cytoplasmic pattern of Bcl-2 immunoreactivity in basal cell layer. Fourteen of 24 (58.3%) of oral carcinoma and four adenocystic carcinoma expressed positive Bcl-2 oncogene. Well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma showed absence of immunoreactivity. No statistically significant correlation could be demonstrated between Bcl-2 immunoreactivity and the age or sex of the patients, tumor size, and lymph node metastasis. A direct correlation between Bcl-2 immunoreactivity in G2 and G3 was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Patients with absence of or low (scores 0 or 1) Bcl-2 immunoreactive tumors manifested poorer overall survival rate in comparison with patients with moderate or high (scores 2 and 3) Bcl-2 expression, but the difference was not statistically significant. Tumors exhibited three different expressions of Bcl-2 (weak, moderate, and strong positive), compared to the mucosa of some patients affected by these tumors. No correlation was found between the histopathology of the tumors, mucosal expression, and degree of Bcl-2 expression. We propose from this study that overexpression of Bcl-2 proto-oncogene acts as a strong antiapoptotic in both squamous cells and adenocystic carcinoma may be an important molecular event on oral carcinoma to make these tumors resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Kummoona
- Maxillofacial Surgery, Surgical Specialties Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq.
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The hamster model of sequential oral oncogenesis. Oral Oncol 2007; 44:315-24. [PMID: 18061531 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cancer characterised by low survival rate and poor prognosis. The multistep process of oral carcinogenesis is affected by multiple genetic events such as alterations of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. The use of appropriate experimental animal models that accurately represent the cellular and molecular changes which are associated with the initiation and progression of human oral cancer is of crucial importance. The Syrian golden hamster cheek pouch oral carcinogenesis model is the best known animal system that closely correlates events involved in the development of premalignant and malignant human oral cancers. Therefore, we established an experimental system of chemically induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters, in order to study different stages of tumour formation: normal mucosa, hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, dysplasia, early invasion, well differentiated OSCC and moderately differentiated OSCC. We investigated the expression of oncogenes EGFR, erbB2, erbB3, FGFR-2, FGFR-3, c-myc, N-ras, ets-1, H-ras, c-fos and c-jun, apoptosis markers Bax and Bcl-2, tumour suppressor genes p53 and p16, and cell proliferation marker Ki-67 in the sequential stages of hamster oral oncogenesis. Here, we describe the findings of the experimental model in regard to the involvement of signal transduction pathways in every stage of cancer development. Increased apoptosis and cell proliferation were observed in early stages of oral oncogenesis. Furthermore, the increased expression of transmembrane receptors (EGFR, erbB2, FGFR-2 and FGFR-3) as well as the increased expression of nuclear transcriptional factors in early stages of oral cancer indicates that these molecules may be used as early prognostic factors for the progression of OSCC. Since the expression of both H-ras and N-ras do not seem to affect signal transduction during oral oncogenesis, it can be assumed that a different signalling pathway, such as the PI3K and/or PLCgamma pathway, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of OSCC.
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Kanojia D, Vaidya MM. 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced experimental oral carcinogenesis. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:655-67. [PMID: 16448841 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human oral cancer is the sixth largest group of malignancies worldwide and single largest group of malignancies in the Indian subcontinent. Seventy percent of premalignant cancers appear from premalignant lesions. Only 8-10% of these lesions finally turn into malignancy. The appearance of these premalignant lesions is one distinct feature of human oral cancer. At present there is dearth of biomarkers to identify which of these lesions will turn into malignancy. Regional lymph node metastasis and locoregional recurrence are the major factors responsible for the limited survival of patients with oral cancer. Paucity of early diagnostic and prognostic markers is one of the contributory factors for higher mortality rates. Cancer is a multistep process and because of constrain in availability of human tissues from multiple stages of oral carcinogenesis including normal tissues, animal models are being widely used, aiming for the development of diagnostic and prognostic markers. A number of chemical carcinogens like coal tar, 20 methyl cholanthrene (20MC), 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) have been used in experimental oral carcinogenesis. However, 4NQO is the preferred carcinogen apart from DMBA in the development of experimental oral carcinogenesis. 4NQO is a water soluble carcinogen, which induces tumors predominantly in the oral cavity. It produces all the stages of oral carcinogenesis and several lines of evidences suggest that similar histological as well as molecular changes are observed in the human system. In the present review an attempt has been made to collate the information available on mechanisms of action of 4NQO, studies carried out for the development of biomarkers and chemopreventives agents using 4NQO animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kanojia
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410 208, India
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Derka S, Vairaktaris E, Papakosta V, Vassiliou S, Acil Y, Vylliotis A, Spyridonidou S, Lazaris AC, Mourouzis C, Kokkori A, Moulavasili P, Perrea D, Donta I, Yapijakis C, Patsouris E. Cell proliferation and apoptosis culminate in early stages of oral oncogenesis. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:540-50. [PMID: 16464633 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Markers of cell proliferation (Ki-67 antigen) and apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2) were studied in an experimental system of induced oral carcinogenesis in Syrian golden hamsters. Thirty-seven animals were divided into one control group and three experimental groups, which were treated with a carcinogen and sacrificed at 10, 14 and 19 weeks after treatment. The histological status of the lesions in the three experimental groups corresponded well with tumour advancement (from oral mucosal dysplasia to moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma). Tumour sections were studied using monoclonal antibodies against Bax, Bcl-2 and Ki-67 proteins. Pro-apoptotic Bax expression maintained high levels during all stages of oral carcinogenesis. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression decreased significantly in dysplastic and early invasion lesions and consequently increased almost to normal tissue level in consequent stages. Finally, Ki-67 expression increased sharply in initial stages of oral carcinogenesis, but significantly decreased in later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Derka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, Greece
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de Vicente JC, Olay S, Lequerica-Fernandez P, Sánchez-Mayoral J, Junquera LM, Fresno MF. Expression of Bcl-2 but not Bax has a prognostic significance in tongue carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35:140-5. [PMID: 16454809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis, defects in the regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) make important contributions to the pathogenesis and progression of cancer. Apoptosis regulatory genes include the antiapoptotic bcl-2 gene and the proapoptotic bax gene. The aim of this study was to determine the spectrum of Bax and Bcl-2 expression, and to correlate these findings with clinicopathologic variables and prognosis. METHODS In this study we have evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in a series of 35 squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for Bax was detected in 37.1% and for Bcl-2 in 8.6% of cells, and for both proteins the staining was cytoplasmic and granular. Bcl-2 and Bax expression was mainly seen in peripheral cells of epithelial tumor islands with decreasing immunoreactivity toward the center of the neoplastic nests. Bax immunoexpression was significantly correlated with histologic grading (P=0.05), but not with the remaining clinicopathologic variables. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with N-stage (P=0.01) and survival. Patients with Bcl-2-negative tumors [mean survival: 73.97 months; 95% confidence interval (CI): 59-88] vs. Bcl-2-positive ones (mean survival: 17.67 months; 95% CI: 6-29) had a longer survival (P=0.01; odds ratio=6.9). CONCLUSIONS Bcl-2 is associated with aggressive disease, neck lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. Whereas Bax is related with histologic grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos de Vicente
- Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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Ribeiro DA, Salvadori DMF, Marques MEA. Abnormal expression of bcl-2 and bax in rat tongue mucosa during the development of squamous cell carcinoma induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Int J Exp Pathol 2006; 86:375-81. [PMID: 16309543 PMCID: PMC2517447 DOI: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2005.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis is a useful model for studying oral squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of bcl-2 and bax during tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4NQO. Male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and treated with 50 ppm 4NQO solution through their drinking water for 4, 12 or 20 weeks. Ten animals were used as negative control. Although no histological changes were induced in the epithelium after 4 weeks of carcinogen exposure, bcl-2 and bax were over-expressed (P < 0.01) in all layers of the 'normal' epithelium. The expression levels were the same in all layers of epithelium for both the antibodies used (bcl-2 or bax). In dysplastic lesions at 12 weeks following carcinogen administration, the levels of bcl-2 and bax expression did not increase when compared to negative control with the immunoreactivity for bcl-2 being restricted to the superficial layer of epithelium. In well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma induced after 20 weeks of treatment with 4NQO, bcl-2 was expressed in some cells of tumour islands. On the other hand, immunostaining for bax was widely observed at the tumour nests. The labelling index for bcl-2 and bax showed an increase (P < 0.05) after only 4 weeks of 4NQO administration. In conclusion, our results suggest that abnormalities in the apoptosis pathways are associated with the development of persistent clones of mutated-epithelial cells in the oral mucosa. Bcl-2 and bax expression appears to be associated with a risk factor in the progression of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Center for Genotoxins and Carcinogens Evaluation, TOXICAN, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, SP, Brazil.
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Campisi G, Di Fede O, Giovannelli L, Capra G, Greco I, Calvino F, Maria Florena A, Lo Muzio L. Use of fuzzy neural networks in modeling relationships of HPV infection with apoptotic and proliferation markers in potentially malignant oral lesions. Oral Oncol 2005; 41:994-1004. [PMID: 16129653 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate in oral leukoplakia the relationship between HPV infection and markers of apoptosis (bcl-2, survivin) and proliferation (PCNA), also conditionally to age, gender, smoking and drinking habits of patients, by means of Fuzzy neural networks (FNN) system 21 cases of oral leukopakia, clinically and histologically diagnosed, were examined for HPV DNA presence, bcl-2, survivin and PCNA expression. HPV DNA was investigated in exfoliated oral mucosa cells by nested PCR (nPCR: MY09-MY11/GP5-GP6), and the HPV genotype determined by direct DNA sequencing. All markers were investigated by means of standardised immunohistochemistry procedure. Data were analysed by chi-square test, crude OR and the 95% CI; in blindness, FNN was applied. HPV DNA was found in 8/21 OL (38.1%); survivin, PCNA, and tobacco smoking were associated in univariate analysis (p = 0.04) with HPV DNA status. HPV-18 was the most frequently detected genotype (6/8), followed by HPV-16 (2/8). FNN revealed that survivin and PCNA, both being expressed in all of OL HPV+ve, were associated with HPV infection. In conclusion, the FNN allowed to hypothesise a model of specific variables associated to HPV infection in OL. The relevance of survivin and PCNA suggest that they may be involved in HPV-mediated deregulation of epithelial maturation and, conversely, that HPV may have a role in the expression level of these two markers. FNN system seems to be an effective tool in the analysis of correlates of OL and HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Campisi
- Department of Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Thiery-Vuillemin A, Nguyen T, Pivot X, Spano JP, Dufresnne A, Soria JC. Molecularly targeted agents: Their promise as cancer chemopreventive interventions. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2003-15. [PMID: 16098739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular medicine has fully entered in to the oncology arena. The development of targeted therapies is one of the major ongoing efforts in cancer treatment. Targeted therapy refers to treatment strategies directed against molecular targets considered to be involved in neoplastic transformation. Such molecularly targeted agents (MTA) are currently under study in all treatment settings including that of chemoprevention, defined as the use of natural or synthetic agents to interrupt the carcinogenic process, to nip tumours in the bud. This review article aims to provide a general overview of the potential use of some of these MTA in the chemoprevention setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thiery-Vuillemin
- Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 Rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France
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Kichi E, Enokiya Y, Muramatsu T, Hashimoto S, Inoue T, Abiko Y, Shimono M. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and apoptosis-related factors in odontogenic keratocysts and in dentigerous cysts. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34:280-6. [PMID: 15817071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to elucidate why odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) can form cystic lesions but not tumor masses, notwithstanding their prominent proliferative activity. METHODS We investigated cellular proliferation, cell death, and expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the lining cells of OKCs and of dentigerous cysts (DGCs). RESULTS TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were observed in the surface layers of OKCs and of DGCs. However, no TUNEL-positive cells were seen in the basal or intermediate layers of both cysts. Ki67-positive ratio in the intermediate layer was the highest in OKCs. The p53-positive ratio of the intermediate layer was highest in OKCs. Bcl-2-positive cells were discernible exclusively in the basal layer of OKCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cellular proliferation and death is regulated in association with apoptosis-related proteins in the lining epithelia of OKCs, and subsequently those cysts are seen as cystic lesions but not as tumor masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kichi
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Dental College, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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41
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Carlinfante G, Lazzaretti M, Ferrari S, Bianchi B, Crafa P. p53, bcl-2 and Ki-67 expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate. A clinico-pathologic study of 21 cases with long-term follow-up. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 200:791-9. [PMID: 15792122 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an indolent tumor that pursues a protracted clinical course with recurrences and late metastases. The aim of this study was to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of p53, bcl-2 protein, and Ki-67 in 21 cases of ACC of the palate, all with a minimum of 10 years and a maximum of 22 years of clinical follow-up. These results were also analyzed with regard to different clinical prognoses of the histologic subtypes of ACC. High expression of p53 and bcl-2 was noted in 19 out of 21 ACC cases (90%), in which most tumor cells (from 66% to 99%) proved to be immunopositive. A relation to the histologic types, clinical staging, and survival was not found. Therefore, the high immunoreactivity against these oncoproteins in the same tumor cells suggests that these two oncogenes may be involved since the early stage of carcinogenesis. Loss of function of the p53 protein combined with bcl-2 upregulation might give the tumor cells a double growth advantage, because uncontrolled proliferation is combined with a reduced cell death rate. The interaction with other oncogenes may then trigger a multistep process able to promote tumor progression. The low labeling index Ki-67 was detected in nine out of 21 cases (42%), with a low percentage of tumor cells (from 3% to 15%) being positive, whereas the remaining 12 cases were negative. We found no relation to the histologic types, clinical staging, and survival; however, the low proliferation rate could explain the natural course of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carlinfante
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Università degli Studi di Parma, via Gramsci 14, Parma 43100, Italy
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Zhou JL, Zhang JZ, Zhao EZ, Zhang WG, Wu JH. Expression of MIB-1 and bcl-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma and paracarcinomatous tissues. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1280-1283. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i6.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of MIB-1 and bcl-2 proteins expression in the primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and their paracarcinomatous tissues.
METHODS: The expression of MIB-1 and bcl-2 proteins was evaluated in paraffin-embedded tissue by immunohistochemical techniques (S-P) in 40 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma.
RESULTS: The positive expression of MIB-1 was located in nucleus. The mean MIB-1 positive rate in HCCs was 27.61±13.26%, while MIB-1 positive cells in paracarcinomatous tissues were 1.24±1.67% (P < 0.001). The expression of MIB-1 in HCCs was related to the cancer grading, the lower the differentiation of HCCs, the higher the MIB-1 proliferation index (P < 0.01). As for the paracarcinomatous tissues the MIB-1 proliferation index of small liver cell dysplasia (LCD) was higher than that of its adjacent liver tissue. However, in larger cell LCD, the MIB-1 index had no significant difference compared with that of its adjacent tissue. The positive rates of bcl-2 in cancer and paracarcinomatous tissues were 17.5% (7/40) and 77.5% (31/40) respectively. The bcl-2 expression was located in cytoplasm and its positive signals were strong and cluster-like in paracarcinomatous tissues, while the number of the bcl-2 positive cell was sporadic and the signals were weak and "piece-meal like" in HCCs.
CONCLUSION: This study shows that the MIB-1 proliferation index reflects the proliferation speed and the degree of anaplasia in HCCs. The higher expression of MIB-1 in small cell LCD suggests that its proliferation is faster than that of large cell LCD and their adjacent liver tissues, so the small cell LCD is more approximate to HCCs. The study also shows that bcl-2 may not directly play a role in liver cell proliferation during the processes of liver cell carcinogenesis, but it may take part in liver cell apoptosis regulated by the reduction of bcl-2 protein level.
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Nikitakis NG, Sauk JJ, Papanicolaou SI. The role of apoptosis in oral disease: mechanisms; aberrations in neoplastic, autoimmune, infectious, hematologic, and developmental diseases; and therapeutic opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 97:476-90. [PMID: 15088032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed form of cell death, which primarily functions to eliminate senescent or altered cells that are useless or harmful for the multicellular organism. Contrary to necrosis, apoptosis represents a physiologic cellular mechanism, normal function and control of which are critical for the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. In contrast, aberrations of the apoptotic mechanisms that cause excessive or deficient programmed cell death have been linked to a wide array of pathologic conditions. This review briefly summarizes the major apoptotic pathways and molecules and presents the most important oral diseases that are related to dysregulation of apoptosis. Knowledge of the association between aberrations in apoptotic mechanisms and human pathology hopefully will be implemented for the design of improved diagnostic and prognostic assays and the development of novel, more efficient, therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Huang Q, Singh B, Sharawy M. Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 and Bax oncoproteins in rabbit craniomandibular joint. Arch Oral Biol 2004; 49:143-8. [PMID: 14693208 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the expression of proto-oncogene Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) and Bax (pro-apoptotic) in fibrocartilage of the disc and hyaline cartilage of the condyle in the rabbit craniomandibular joint (CMJ). Ten New Zealand white rabbit heads were used. Sections were processed by the immunohistochemical techniques using mouse anti-Bcl-2 and anti-Bax antibodies. Intensity levels of immunostaining in condylar cartilage were quantified by a computer-image system. Immunoreactivity for Bcl-2 was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of the reserve cell and chondrocytic cell layers. A mild heterogeneous Bax expression was detected in the cytoplasm of chondrocytes of the upper hypertrophic layer and a few cells of the chondrocytic layer. The cytoplasm of chondrocytes in the disc exhibited a high intensity for Bcl-2, while Bax activity was only sporadically observed. We have shown that Bcl-2 and Bax proteins are present in CMJ cartilage and their expression patterns suggest that these oncoproteins are involved in chondrocyte survival or death via apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Huang
- Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1122, USA
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Lo Muzio L, Pannone G, Leonardi R, Staibano S, Mignogna MD, De Rosa G, Kudo Y, Takata T, Altieri DC. Survivin, a potential early predictor of tumor progression in the oral mucosa. J Dent Res 2003; 82:923-8. [PMID: 14578507 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308201115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin is a recently described apoptosis inhibitor selectively over-expressed in most tumors. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate a potential role of survivin as an early predictor of malignant transformation in precancerous and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity. Survivin was present in 10/30 cases (33%) of oral precancerous lesions without malignant progression, and in 15/16 cases (94%) of oral precancerous lesions evolved into full-blown squamous cell carcinoma. Tumors that progressed from these precancerous lesions retained widespread survivin positivity (100%). Variations among group means were highly statistically significant (p < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between survivin expression and the degree of dysplasia. High expression of cytoplasmic/nuclear survivin is an early event during oral carcinogenesis and may provide a useful tool for the identification of precancerous lesions at higher risk of progression into invasive carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lo Muzio
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
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Raybaud H, Odin G, Fafet A, Santini J, Monteil RA. [Genic alterations in oral and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: analysis of international literature]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2003; 51:176-84. [PMID: 12781800 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(03)00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of oral and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas occurs in relation with multiple events including mainly: loss of cycle cell control, evasion from apoptosis, telomerase reactivation. Complex interactions between a set of molecules, cell cycle proteins, tumour suppressor genes, oncogenes and the telomerase, occur in the multiple step process of carcinogenesis. The 2 main ways of control of the cell cycle rely on 2 tumour suppressor genes: the P53 gene and the retinoblastoma gene or RB gene. One of the regulation pathways or the 2 regulation pathways are disabled during the development of oral and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Most of the time, the inactivation of the P53 pathway results from a loss of function of the p53 protein, secondary to mutation and/or deletion of the P53 gene; It may also result of the amplification of the MDM2 gene and of the inactivation of the arf protein. The RB pathway leads to cell proliferation by loss of the p16 protein, by amplification of the cyclin D1 gene and less frequently by mutation of the RB gene or loss of the retinoblastoma protein. In India and South-East Asia, the activation of RAS and MYC oncogenes appears to be related with the presence of specific carcinogens in snuff and tobacco. By blocking apoptosis, the Bcl2 protein seems to increase the resistance of tumours to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Raybaud
- Laboratoire de pathobiologie orale, université de Nice, 24, avenue des Diables-Bleus, 06357 Nice cedex 4, France.
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Loro LL, Vintermyr OK, Johannessen AC. Cell death regulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma: methodological considerations and clinical significance. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32:125-38. [PMID: 12581382 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last three decades, more work has been done on apoptosis and its role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer. In almost all instances of cancer, dysregulation of cell death (apoptosis) and cell proliferation have been found to play a major role in tumourigenesis. A lot of progress has been made on understanding the molecular basis of apoptosis and its regulatory mechanisms. This review focuses on current knowledge on the regulation of apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma, current methodologies and methodological consideration in estimation of cell death in tissue sections and the clinical significance of apoptosis related molecules in progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Loro
- Department of Odontology-Oral Pathology and Forensic Odontology, The Gade Institute, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N502 Bergen, Norway.
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Nemunaitis J, O'Brien J. Head and neck cancer: gene therapy approaches. Part II: genes delivered. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:311-24. [PMID: 11890870 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In Part I, the review summarised the safety of adenoviral vectors and provided insight into approaches being undertaken to improve the specificity, durability and potency of adenoviral delivery vehicles. In Part II, brief discussions are held regarding results of preclinical and clinical trials with a variety of different genes, which have demonstrated antitumour activity in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region (HNSCC). Studies have been performed with a variety of immune modulatory genes. Preliminary results demonstrate activity with several cytokine genes, tumour antigen genes and co-stimulatory molecule genes. Despite only preliminary results, thus far, a theoretical attractive feature for the use of gene therapy for the enhancement of immune modulation is that local injection of the gene product appears to be well tolerated. It is also successful in inducing systemic immune response, potentially providing effect to metastatic sites distal from the injected site. Animal studies have confirmed efficacy in the use of specific targeting of molecules regulating cancer growth (EGF receptor [EGFR], super oxide dismutase [SOD], cyclin D1, E1A and Bcl-2). These approaches are discussed. However, the most significant clinical advances for the use of gene therapy in advanced HNSCC involves two agents: Adp53 and ONYX-015. Preliminary Phase I and II results suggest evidence of efficacy and justify accrual Phase III trials, which are currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nemunaitis
- 3535 Worth Street, Collins Building, 5th Floor, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
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Wilson GD, Saunders MI, Dische S, Richman PI, Daley FM, Bentzen SM. bcl-2 expression in head and neck cancer: an enigmatic prognostic marker. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 49:435-41. [PMID: 11173138 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)01498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of bcl-2 overexpression in cancer presents a paradox. In some tumor types, it is associated with favorable outcome, whereas in others the reverse is true. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of bcl-2 in a large series of head and neck cancer patients treated in the CHART randomized trial. METHODS AND MATERIALS Histologic material was obtained from 400 patients; bcl-2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry as either positive or negative cytoplasmic staining. RESULTS Positivity of bcl-2 was recorded in 12.8% (9.5-16.5%, 95% confidence limits) of tumors. There were significant differences in positive tumors within different sites with nasopharynx showing the highest incidence (46.2%). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that bcl-2 was strongly associated with histologic dedifferentiation, as well as increasing N stage and female gender. In univariate analyses, bcl-2 positive patients had a lower locoregional relapse rate (RR 0.57, p = 0.02) and improved survival (RR 0.49, p = 0.004) compared to bcl-2 negative patients; this became more significant in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that bcl-2 overexpression is a marker of what is considered to be more advanced and aggressive disease yet it is associated with a more favorable outcome irrespective of the treatment schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Wilson
- Gray Laboratory CRT, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
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McAlinden RL, Maxwell P, Napier S, Hamilton P, Cowan CG, Lundy FT, Lamey PJ, Marley JJ. Bcl-2 expression in sequential biopsies of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions assessed by immunocytochemistry. Oral Dis 2000; 6:318-26. [PMID: 11002415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine, for the first time Bcl-2 expression in sequential (autogenous) oral mucosal biopsies taken from the same sites in a gender, risk-factor matched, Caucasoid sample, over a 21-year period. DESIGN Retrospective immunocytochemical longitudinal study of archival serial biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Computer records were used to identify biopsy specimens derived from 12 patients. These were divided into four groups: (1) Histologically innocuous lesions which remained histologically innocuous. (2) Dysplastic lesions which remained dysplastic. (3) Histologically innocuous lesions which later progressed to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). (4) Dysplastic lesions which later progressed to SCC. This represented 65 biopsies in total. Bcl-2 expression was studied using mouse antihuman BCL-2 oncoprotein clone 124 (Dako, Denmark). RESULTS Generally, there was a lack of Bcl-2 immunoreactivity in the epithelium, with one exception in dysplastic epithelium from a group (3) patient. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that in our series, Bcl-2 is not expressed early in oral premalignant lesions and appears to contradict previous reports. Possible explanations for this disparity are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L McAlinden
- School of Clinical Dentistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Royal Group of Hospitals, Grosvenor Rd, Belfast BT12 6BP
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