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Ghazali L, Mohd Yusof MYP, Norman NH. Effects of scanning parameters reduction in dental radiographs on image quality and diagnostic performance: A randomised controlled trial. J Orthod 2020; 48:5-12. [PMID: 33200660 DOI: 10.1177/1465312520971641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of reducing scanning parameters of digital dental panoramic tomogram (DPT) and lateral cephalometric (LC) radiographs on quality and diagnostic performance of the images. DESIGN Single-centre prospective two-arm parallel randomised controlled trial. SETTING Orthodontic Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS Adult orthodontic patients aged 18-35 years, indicated for DPT and LC, who were fit and healthy with a body mass index of 18.5-25.0, not contraindicated to radiographic examination, not pregnant, and did not have a history of facial or skeletal abnormalities or bone diseases were included. METHODS Thirty-eight adult orthodontic patients were randomised into control and intervention groups. DPT and LC radiographs in the control group were obtained using standard scanning parameters as prescribed by the manufacturer using Orthopantomograph® OP300 by Instrumentarium. Scanning parameters in the intervention group were reduced by 60% for DPT (60 kV, 3.2 mA) and 30% for LC (85 kV, 8 mA). A five-point rating scale was used for the assessment of image quality. Images were evaluated for diagnostic performance by detection of anatomical landmarks. Mann-Whitney test was performed to compare the quality and diagnostic performance of the images and the observer agreement was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS For image quality, the control group produced slightly lower median scores (DPT 2.0, LC 2.0) compared to the intervention group (DPT 2.0, LC 3.0). For diagnostic performance, both groups showed similar median scores (DPT 21.0, LC 32.0). The differences between control and intervention groups for both modalities were not statistically significant. The average scores for intra-observer agreement were excellent (ICC 0.917) and inter-observer agreement was good (ICC 0.822). CONCLUSION Minimising radiation exposure by reducing scanning parameters on digital DPT by 60% and LC by 30% on Intsrumentarium 300 OP did not affect the quality and diagnostic performance of the images. Thus, scanning parameters on digital DPT and LC should be reduced when taking radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyana Ghazali
- Centre for Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof
- Centre for Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostics and Medicine Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noraina Hafizan Norman
- Centre for Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
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Freire JL, França SR, Teixeira FW, Fonteles FA, Chaves FN, Sampieri MB. Prevalence of calcification of the head and neck soft tissue diagnosed with digital panoramic radiography in Northeast Brazilian population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 68:17-24. [DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.18.04187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chang LA, Miller DL, Lee C, Melo DR, Villoing D, Drozdovitch V, Thierry-Chef I, Winters SJ, Labrake M, Myers CF, Lim H, Kitahara CM, Linet MS, Simon SL. Thyroid Radiation Dose to Patients from Diagnostic Radiology Procedures over Eight Decades: 1930-2010. HEALTH PHYSICS 2017; 113:458-473. [PMID: 28968349 PMCID: PMC5677542 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study summarizes and compares estimates of radiation absorbed dose to the thyroid gland for typical patients who underwent diagnostic radiology examinations in the years from 1930 to 2010. The authors estimated the thyroid dose for common examinations, including radiography, mammography, dental radiography, fluoroscopy, nuclear medicine, and computed tomography (CT). For the most part, a clear downward trend in thyroid dose over time for each procedure was observed. Historically, the highest thyroid doses came from the nuclear medicine thyroid scans in the 1960s (630 mGy), full-mouth series dental radiography (390 mGy) in the early years of the use of x rays in dentistry (1930s), and the barium swallow (esophagram) fluoroscopic exam also in the 1930s (140 mGy). Thyroid uptake nuclear medicine examinations and pancreatic scans also gave relatively high doses to the thyroid (64 mGy and 21 mGy, respectively, in the 1960s). In the 21st century, the highest thyroid doses still result from nuclear medicine thyroid scans (130 mGy), but high thyroid doses are also associated with chest/abdomen/pelvis CT scans (18 and 19 mGy for males and females, respectively). Thyroid doses from CT scans did not exhibit the same downward trend as observed for other examinations. The largest thyroid doses from conventional radiography came from cervical spine and skull examinations. Thyroid doses from mammography (which began in the 1960s) were generally a fraction of 1 mGy. The highest average doses to the thyroid from mammography were about 0.42 mGy, with modestly larger doses associated with imaging of breasts with large compressed thicknesses. Thyroid doses from dental radiographic procedures have decreased markedly throughout the decades, from an average of 390 mGy for a full-mouth series in the 1930s to an average of 0.31 mGy today. Upper GI series fluoroscopy examinations resulted in up to two orders of magnitude lower thyroid doses than the barium swallow. There are considerable uncertainties associated with the presented doses, particularly for characterizing exposures of individual identified patients. Nonetheless, the tabulations provide the only comprehensive report on the estimation of typical radiation doses to the thyroid gland from medical diagnostic procedures over eight decades (1930-2010). These data can serve as a resource for epidemiologic studies that evaluate the late health effects of radiation exposure associated with diagnostic radiologic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lienard A Chang
- *Radiation Epidemiology Branch (REB)/Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG)/National Cancer Institute (NCI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD. Now at Department of Radiation Safety and Imaging Physics/Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; †Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD; ‡REB/DCEG/NCI/NIH, Bethesda, MD; §International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Granlund C, Thilander-Klang A, Ylhan B, Lofthag-Hansen S, Ekestubbe A. Absorbed organ and effective doses from digital intra-oral and panoramic radiography applying the ICRP 103 recommendations for effective dose estimations. Br J Radiol 2016; 89:20151052. [PMID: 27452261 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20151052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During dental radiography, the salivary and thyroid glands are at radiation risk. In 2007, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) updated the methodology for determining the effective dose, and the salivary glands were assigned tissue-specific weighting factors for the first time. The aims of this study were to determine the absorbed dose to the organs and to calculate, applying the ICRP publication 103 tissue-weighting factors, the effective doses delivered during digital intraoral and panoramic radiography. METHODS Thermoluminescent dosemeter measurements were performed on an anthropomorphic head and neck phantom. The organ-absorbed doses were measured at 30 locations, representing different radiosensitive organs in the head and neck, and the effective dose was calculated according to the ICRP recommendations. RESULTS The salivary glands and the oral mucosa received the highest absorbed doses from both intraoral and panoramic radiography. The effective dose from a full-mouth intraoral examination was 15 μSv and for panoramic radiography, the effective dose was in the range of 19-75 μSv, depending on the panoramic equipment used. CONCLUSION The effective dose from a full-mouth intraoral examination is lower and that from panoramic radiography is higher than previously reported. Clinicians should be aware of the higher effective dose delivered during panoramic radiography and the risk-benefit profile of this technique must be assessed for the individual patient. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The effective dose of radiation from panoramic radiography is higher than previously reported and there is large variability in the delivered radiation dosage among the different types of equipment used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Granlund
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne Thilander-Klang
- 2 Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,3 Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Betȕl Ylhan
- 4 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sara Lofthag-Hansen
- 5 Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Public Dental Service, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Ekestubbe
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Svenson B, Larsson L, Båth M. Optimization of exposure in panoramic radiography while maintaining image quality using adaptive filtering. Acta Odontol Scand 2015; 74:229-35. [PMID: 26478956 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2015.1100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential of using advanced external adaptive image processing for maintaining image quality while reducing exposure in dental panoramic storage phosphor plate (SPP) radiography. Materials and methods Thirty-seven SPP radiographs of a skull phantom were acquired using a Scanora panoramic X-ray machine with various tube load, tube voltage, SPP sensitivity and filtration settings. The radiographs were processed using General Operator Processor (GOP) technology. Fifteen dentists, all within the dental radiology field, compared the structural image quality of each radiograph with a reference image on a 5-point rating scale in a visual grading characteristics (VGC) study. The reference image was acquired with the acquisition parameters commonly used in daily operation (70 kVp, 150 mAs and sensitivity class 200) and processed using the standard process parameters supplied by the modality vendor. Results All GOP-processed images with similar (or higher) dose as the reference image resulted in higher image quality than the reference. All GOP-processed images with similar image quality as the reference image were acquired at a lower dose than the reference. This indicates that the external image processing improved the image quality compared with the standard processing. Regarding acquisition parameters, no strong dependency of the image quality on the radiation quality was seen and the image quality was mainly affected by the dose. Conclusions The present study indicates that advanced external adaptive image processing may be beneficial in panoramic radiography for increasing the image quality of SPP radiographs or for reducing the exposure while maintaining image quality.
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MESH Headings
- Filtration/instrumentation
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/standards
- Phantoms, Imaging
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiographic Image Enhancement/methods
- Radiography, Dental, Digital/methods
- Radiography, Dental, Digital/standards
- Radiography, Panoramic/methods
- Radiography, Panoramic/standards
- Skull/diagnostic imaging
- Technology, Radiologic/methods
- X-Ray Intensifying Screens
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Svenson
- a Department of Oral Radiology , Postgraduate Dental Education Center , Örebro , Sweden
- b Faculty of Medicine and Health , School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
- c Department of Radiology , Skaraborg Hospital Skövde , Skövde , Sweden
| | - Lars Larsson
- c Department of Radiology , Skaraborg Hospital Skövde , Skövde , Sweden
| | - Magnus Båth
- d Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
- e Department of Radiation Physics , Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Gavala S, Donta C, Tsiklakis K, Boziari A, Kamenopoulou V, Stamatakis HC. Radiation dose reduction in direct digital panoramic radiography. Eur J Radiol 2009; 71:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Effective dosages for recording Veraviewepocs dental panoramic images: analog film, digital, and panoramic scout for CBCT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 106:571-7. [PMID: 18602314 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effective doses from analog film, panoramic digital, and panoramic scout for cone-beam computerized tomography (CT). STUDY DESIGN Three different types of Veraviewepocs machines were investigated: Veraviewepocs Conventional, Veraviewepocs Digital, and Veraviewepocs 3D (Morita, Kyoto, Japan). Organ absorbed doses were measured using an anthropomorphic phantom loaded with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD 100H) at 16 sites located in sensitive organs. The resulting effective organ doses (muSv) were compared by descriptive statistics. RESULTS The highest value (5.2 muSv) was for Veraviewepocs Conventional. The Veraviewepocs Digital (2.7 muSv) and Veraviewepocs 3D (2.95 muSv) presented low effective doses in the same range. CONCLUSIONS The panoramic digital system delivered the least radiation dose. The use of the panoramic scout for cone-beam CT was marginally higher in dose than its 2D counterpart.
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Calberson FL, Hommez GM, De Moor RJ. Fraudulent Use of Digital Radiography: Methods To Detect and Protect Digital Radiographs. J Endod 2008; 34:530-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gijbels F, Jacobs R, Bogaerts R, Debaveye D, Verlinden S, Sanderink G. Dosimetry of digital panoramic imaging. Part I: patient exposure. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2005; 34:145-9. [PMID: 15897284 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/28107460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure patient radiation dose during panoramic exposure with various panoramic units for digital panoramic imaging. METHODS An anthropomorphic phantom was filled with thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD 100) and exposed with five different digital panoramic units during ten consecutive exposures. Four machines were equipped with a direct digital CCD (charge coupled device) system, whereas one of the units used storage phosphor plates (indirect digital technique). The exposure settings recommended by the different manufacturers for the particular image and patient size were used: tube potential settings ranged between 64 kV and 74 kV, exposure times between 8.2 s and 19.0 s, at fuse current values between 4 mA and 7 mA. The effective radiation dose was calculated with inclusion of the salivary glands. RESULTS Effective radiation doses ranged between 4.7 microSv and 14.9 microSv for one exposure. Salivary glands absorbed the most radiation for all panoramic units. When indirect and direct digital panoramic systems were compared, the effective dose of the indirect digital unit (8.1 microSv) could be found within the range of the effective doses for the direct digital units (4.7-14.9 microSv). CONCLUSIONS A rather wide range of patient radiation doses can be found for digital panoramic units. There is a tendency for lower effective doses for digital compared with analogue panoramic units, reported in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gijbels
- Oral Imaging Centre, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Gijbels F, Sanderink G, Wyatt J, Van Dam J, Nowak B, Jacobs R. Radiation doses of indirect and direct digital cephalometric radiography. Br Dent J 2004; 197:149-52; discussion 140. [PMID: 15311250 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4811532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to measure organ doses and calculate the effective dose for indirect and direct digital cephalometric exposures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Indirect digital cephalometric exposures were made of a Rando phantom head using a Cranex Tome multipurpose unit with storage phosphor plates from Agfa and the direct digital (Charge Coupled Device, CCD) exposures were made with a Proline Ceph CM unit. Exposure settings were 70 kV and 4 mAs for indirect digital exposures. Direct digital exposures were made with 70 kV, 10 mA and a total scanning time of 23 s. TLD700 dosemeters were used to measure organ doses, and the effective doses were calculated with (effective dose(sal)) and without inclusion of the salivary glands. A pilot study was carried out to compare diagnostic image quality of both imaging modalities. RESULTS Effective doses were 1.7 microSv for direct digital and 1.6 microSv for indirect digital cephalometric imaging. When salivary glands were included in the calculation, effective doses(sal) were 3.4 microSv and 2.2 microSv respectively. Organ doses were higher for direct digital imaging, except for the thyroid gland, where the organ doses were comparable. Diagnostic image quality of indirect and direct digital cephalometric images seemed comparable. CONCLUSION Effective dose and effective dose(sal) were higher for direct digital cephalometric exposure compared with indirect digital exposure. Organ doses were higher for direct digital cephalography. From preliminary data, it may be presumed that diagnostic image quality of indirect and direct digital cephalometric images are comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gijbels
- Oral Imaging Centre, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Mastoris M, Li G, Welander U, McDavid WD. Determination of the resolution of a digital system for panoramic radiography based on CCD technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 97:408-14. [PMID: 15024369 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine Line Spread Functions (LSFs) and Modulation Transfer Functions (MTFs) for a digital system for panoramic radiography: the Dimax I (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland) based on Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) technology. STUDY DESIGN A test object was specially designed having a gold foil positioned vertically. Images of the gold foil created edge functions that were used to determine LSFs and MTFs. The design of the test object made it possible to move the gold foil forward and backward relative to the central plane of the image layer by means of a micrometer screw. The experiment was carried out for different object depths in 5 different regions: the anterior, the canine, the premolar, the molar, and the TMJ regions. LSFs and MTFs were calculated using specially designed software. RESULTS The results are presented graphically. LSFs and MTFs for the central plane were essentially the same for all regions. The MTFs for different object depths in the 5 investigated regions exhibited typical characteristics of MTFs for panoramic radiography with the exception for the functions for the molar region. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that the resolution of the Dimax I CCD system is comparable to that of film-based panoramic radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis Mastoris
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Ampelokipi, Greece.
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Ekestubbe A, Thilander-Klang A, Lith A, Gröndahl HG. Effective and organ doses from scanography and zonography: a comparison with periapical radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2004; 33:87-92. [PMID: 15313999 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/24877187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare absorbed and effective doses from scanographic and zonographic examinations performed in the Scanora unit with intraoral periapical radiography. METHODS Absorbed dose measurements were made on an anthropomorphic phantom head with LiF thermoluminescent dosemeters in the regions of the pituitary gland, eye lenses, parotid glands, submandibular glands, thyroid gland and skin. Energy imparted was calculated from the measurements of air collision kerma and effective doses by using the quotient 24 mSv J-1 between energy imparted and effective dose. The upper and lower third molar region was examined with intraoral radiographs and with ramus scanograms, dental scanograms and dental zonograms. Radiation dose measurements were also performed for Scanora panoramic radiography (jaw and dental). RESULTS The effective doses for the ramus and dental scanograms were 0.01 mSv, similar or lower than for intraoral radiography. Zonography yielded the highest effective dose (0.03 mSv). Except for the skin doses, the salivary glands received the highest doses. Salivary gland doses were slightly higher from narrow beam than from intraoral radiography. CONCLUSIONS Detail narrow beam radiography with the Scanora is an alternative to periapical radiography and is preferred, from a radiation dose point of view, over zonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ekestubbe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Ekestubbe A, Gröndahl HG, Molander B. Quality of digital pre-implant tomography: comparison of film–screen images with storage phosphor images at normal and low dose. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2003; 32:322-6. [PMID: 14709608 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/50054523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this pilot study was to compare the image quality of a storage phosphor system with that of conventional film-screen in pre-implant conventional tomography, and to test the influence of radiation dose on image quality in the storage phosphor system. METHODS Cross-sectional conventional tomographic images (Scanora) technique) were obtained on 11 patients with film-screen and with storage phosphor image plates (Digora) PCT) at normal and low doses. Ten observers graded the visibility of anatomical structures of importance for implant planning. A three-step rating scale was used, where -1 =worse, 0=equal and 1=better than the reference image. RESULTS Although image quality was graded as equally good in the majority (59%) of images, the storage phosphor system scored significantly lower than film-screen (-0.37 vs 0.00, respectively) for all the images. Low dose storage phosphor images were rated significantly lower (-0.21) than normal dose images (0.00). CONCLUSIONS In the majority of patients, anatomic structures of importance for implant planning are visualized equally well on storage phosphor and film-screen images. However, where differences do exist, storage phosphor images score lower than film-screen images. Dose reduction in the storage phosphor system had a negative influence on image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ekestubbe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
The introduction of the computed tomograph in the 1970s revolutionized medical diagnosis by initiating the transition from analogue to digital imaging. During this period, more specialized equipment for image processing was developed, such as cathode-ray tubes for image display, special sensors for image acquisition, and storage devices for image archiving. Digital imaging systems designed exclusively for use in dentistry were developed in the latter half of the 1980s. Some are now being clinically applied under conditions of close scrutiny to determine diagnostic accuracy, image quality, and radiation exposure to patients. This article reviews the enabling technologies of digital systems used in dentistry, and focuses upon intraoral digital imaging systems, concepts for digital image acquisition, and variations in radiation dose and their effects on diagnostic accuracy of caries detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wakoh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital radiographic images can be manipulated using personal computers. To test the potential for fraudulent use, the authors altered a series of dental radiographs, printed them to simulate duplicated films and submitted them for authorization of proposed treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors obtained periapical radiographs of teeth that contained small restorations or were unrestored from the files of three dental patients at a private dental practice. The authors used a flatbed scanner to digitize and import the radiographs into a computer. Then they added dental caries, large restorations, fractures and periapical pathosis to the radiographs. The authors proposed to the insurance companies that the teeth in question be restored using expensive treatment, such as root-canal therapy and full-coverage crowns. RESULTS In each case, the insurance companies authorized the proposed treatment based on the appearance of the teeth on the radiographs. The altered images illustrated an apparent need for dental treatment that was not required and that could have led to payment for treatment that was not actually performed. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the potential for the fraudulent use of manipulated digital radiographic images. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Dentistry should be aware of the implications of the potential for such abuse and should develop measures both to prevent it from occurring and to facilitate its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsang
- Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada
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