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Salvitti C, Chiarotto I, Pepi F, Troiani A. Charge-Tagged N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): Revealing the Hidden Side of NHC-Catalysed Reactions through Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2020; 86:209-223. [PMID: 33252194 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are key intermediates in a variety of chemical reactions. Owing to their transient nature, the interception and characterization of these reactive species have always been challenging. Similarly, the study of reaction mechanisms in which carbenes act as catalysts is still an active research field. This Minireview describes the contribution of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to the detection of charge-tagged NHCs resulting from the insertion of an ionic group into the molecular scaffold. The use of different mass spectrometric techniques, combined with the charge-tagging strategy, allowed clarification of the involvement of NHCs in archetypal reactions and the study of their intrinsic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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Lu Z, Moss RA, Sauers RR, Warmuth R. Innermolecular Reactions of Fluorophenylcarbene inside a Hemicarcerand. Org Lett 2009; 11:3866-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901474u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903
| | - Robert A. Moss
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903
| | - Ronald R. Sauers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903
| | - Ralf Warmuth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Hirai
- Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Corporate Research and Development Group, Sharp Corporation,Tenri, Nara 632-8567, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan, and Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0819, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Itoh
- Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Corporate Research and Development Group, Sharp Corporation,Tenri, Nara 632-8567, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan, and Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0819, Japan
| | - Hideo Tomioka
- Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Corporate Research and Development Group, Sharp Corporation,Tenri, Nara 632-8567, Japan, Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan, and Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0819, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udo H. Brinker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Wien, Austria, Fax: +43‐1‐4277‐52140
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kirmse
- Fakultät für Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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Carbenes generated within cyclodextrins and zeolites. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(05)40001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Bobek MM, Giester G, Kählig H, Brinker UH. A ‘sugar-coated’ carbene precursor: a single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR study. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] The properties of the self-assembling aziadamantane inclusion complex with two alpha-cyclodextrin molecules have been exploited to perform a chemospecific monofunctionalization of alpha-cyclodextrin. The insertion of the photochemically generated carbenes takes place chemospecifically into the cyclodextrin's C-3-OH and C-2-OH bonds in 39 and 18% yield, respectively. This model reaction surpasses conventional methods in terms of yield as well as selectivity.
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