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Eloff JRP, Oosthuizen A. Unilateral tongue swelling: an unusual presentation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related angioedema. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e257959. [PMID: 39214586 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-257959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Angioedema is a rare but potentially fatal complication of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) treatment. This class of drugs is widely used in the treatment of hypertension, cardiac failure and other common conditions.This case report discusses a male patient in his 60s who presented with acute swelling of the right side of his tongue, an unusual manifestation of angioedema, which typically involves bilateral swelling of orofacial structures.Accurate and early identification of this complication affords the opportunity for early, potentially life-saving intervention during the acute episode and also cessation of the treatment, reducing the risk of recurrence in the future.This case is one of only a few reported in English language medical literature and the first from Africa, suggesting either rarity or under-reporting. The case contributes to the understanding of ACEi-induced angioedema, particularly in Africa where hypertension is prevalent and ACEi is commonly used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Almero Oosthuizen
- Emergency Medicine, Karl Bremer Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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2
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Acharya KR, Gregory KS, Sturrock ED. Advances in the structural basis for angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240130. [PMID: 39046229 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human somatic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key zinc metallopeptidase that plays a pivotal role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Inhibition of ACE is a cornerstone in the management of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and renal disorders. Recent advances in structural biology techniques have provided invaluable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ACE inhibition, facilitating the design and development of more effective therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the latest advancements in elucidating the structural basis for ACE inhibition. High-resolution crystallographic studies of minimally glycosylated individual domains of ACE have revealed intricate molecular details of the ACE catalytic N- and C-domains, and their detailed interactions with clinically relevant and newly designed domain-specific inhibitors. In addition, the recently elucidated structure of the glycosylated form of full-length ACE by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has shed light on the mechanism of ACE dimerization and revealed continuous conformational changes which occur prior to ligand binding. In addition to these experimental techniques, computational approaches have also played a pivotal role in elucidating the structural basis for ACE inhibition. Molecular dynamics simulations and computational docking studies have provided atomic details of inhibitor binding kinetics and energetics, facilitating the rational design of novel ACE inhibitors with improved potency and selectivity. Furthermore, computational analysis of the motions observed by cryo-EM allowed the identification of allosteric binding sites on ACE. This affords new opportunities for the development of next-generation allosteric inhibitors with enhanced pharmacological properties. Overall, the insights highlighted in this review could enable the rational design of novel ACE inhibitors with improved efficacy and safety profiles, ultimately leading to better therapeutic outcomes for patients with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Kyle S Gregory
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
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3
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Lindauer KE, Lo BM, Weingart GS, Karpov MV, Gartman GH, Neubauer LE, Kaplan MC. Tranexamic acid for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor induced angioedema: A retrospective multicenter study. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 79:33-37. [PMID: 38340480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) prevent the breakdown of bradykinin and can lead to life threatening angioedema. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic that inhibits formation of precursors involved in bradykinin synthesis and, in case reports, has been described as a potential treatment for ACE-I angioedema. METHODS This retrospective study included patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) from January 2018 to August 2021 with angioedema while taking an ACE-I. Patients who received tranexamic acid (treatment group) were compared with patients who did not receive tranexamic acid (control group). Primary outcome was length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes evaluated included ICU admissions, intubations, and safety events. RESULTS A total of 262 patients were included in this study (73 treatment; 189 control). Overall, the median ED LOS was longer in the treatment group than controls (20.9 h vs 4.8 h, p < 0.001). ICU admission rates were higher in the treatment group (45% vs 16%, p < 0.001). More patients were intubated in the treatment group (12% vs 3%, p = 0.018). No difference was seen between the treatment group and the controls for return within 7 days, complications related to thrombosis, and death. In patients presenting with severe angioedema symptoms who were admitted to the hospital, median LOS was not different between the two groups (58.7 h vs 55.7 h, p = 0.61). CONCLUSIONS Patients who received tranexamic acid had increased ED LOS, rates of ICU admission, and need for intubation. This finding may be related to the severity of presentation. Administration of tranexamic acid appears safe to use in ACE-I angioedema. Prospective randomized controlled studies should be considered to determine whether tranexamic acid is an effective treatment for ACE-I angioedema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce M Lo
- Pharmacy, Sentara Health, Virginia, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Ave, Norfolk, United States; Emergency Physicians of Tidewater, Virginia, Norfolk, United States
| | - Gregory S Weingart
- Pharmacy, Sentara Health, Virginia, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Ave, Norfolk, United States; Emergency Physicians of Tidewater, Virginia, Norfolk, United States
| | - Matvey V Karpov
- Research and Infrastructure Service Enterprise, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Ave, Norfolk, United States
| | - Grace H Gartman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Ave, Norfolk, United States; Emergency Physicians of Tidewater, Virginia, Norfolk, United States
| | - Lexie E Neubauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Ave, Norfolk, United States; Emergency Physicians of Tidewater, Virginia, Norfolk, United States
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4
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Bresler RM, Whelan J. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema in an African American Male With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus 2024; 16:e60852. [PMID: 38910667 PMCID: PMC11191406 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Angioedema is a condition characterized by non-pitting swelling of the subcutaneous or submucosal tissues in particular the face, lips, and oral cavity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are known to contribute to the development of angioedema by increasing the levels of bradykinin and its active metabolites. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is hypothesized to contribute to the development of angioedema by modifying ACE II levels and further increasing the level of bradykinin in patients taking ACE inhibitors. African Americans may be at particular risk of developing angioedema with concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection and ACE inhibitor use. This case involves a 31-year-old African American male diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who developed angioedema while taking an ACE inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Bresler
- Internal Medicine, Baptist Memorial Hospital North Mississippi, Oxford, USA
| | - Jacob Whelan
- Internal Medicine, Baptist Memorial Hospital North Mississippi, Oxford, USA
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5
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Zeng G, Li Y. Gastrointestinal: Small intestinal angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024. [PMID: 38644669 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- G Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Mathey CM, Maj C, Eriksson N, Krebs K, Westmeier J, David FS, Koromina M, Scheer AB, Szabo N, Wedi B, Wieczorek D, Amann PM, Löffler H, Koch L, Schöffl C, Dickel H, Ganjuur N, Hornung T, Buhl T, Greve J, Wurpts G, Aygören-Pürsün E, Steffens M, Herms S, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Hoffmann P, Schmidt B, Mavarani L, Andresen T, Sørensen SB, Andersen V, Vogel U, Landén M, Bulik CM, Bygum A, Magnusson PKE, von Buchwald C, Hallberg P, Rye Ostrowski S, Sørensen E, Pedersen OB, Ullum H, Erikstrup C, Bundgaard H, Milani L, Rasmussen ER, Wadelius M, Ghouse J, Sachs B, Nöthen MM, Forstner AJ. Meta-analysis of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema identifies novel risk locus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1073-1082. [PMID: 38300190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angioedema is a rare but potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction in patients receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis). Research suggests that susceptibility to ACEi-induced angioedema (ACEi-AE) involves both genetic and nongenetic risk factors. Genome- and exome-wide studies of ACEi-AE have identified the first genetic risk loci. However, understanding of the underlying pathophysiology remains limited. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify further genetic factors of ACEi-AE to eventually gain a deeper understanding of its pathophysiology. METHODS By combining data from 8 cohorts, a genome-wide association study meta-analysis was performed in more than 1000 European patients with ACEi-AE. Secondary bioinformatic analyses were conducted to fine-map associated loci, identify relevant genes and pathways, and assess the genetic overlap between ACEi-AE and other traits. Finally, an exploratory cross-ancestry analysis was performed to assess shared genetic factors in European and African-American patients with ACEi-AE. RESULTS Three genome-wide significant risk loci were identified. One of these, located on chromosome 20q11.22, has not been implicated previously in ACEi-AE. Integrative secondary analyses highlighted previously reported genes (BDKRB2 [bradykinin receptor B2] and F5 [coagulation factor 5]) as well as biologically plausible novel candidate genes (PROCR [protein C receptor] and EDEM2 [endoplasmic reticulum degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase like protein 2]). Lead variants at the risk loci were found with similar effect sizes and directions in an African-American cohort. CONCLUSIONS The present results contributed to a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of ACEi-AE by (1) providing further evidence for the involvement of bradykinin signaling and coagulation pathways and (2) suggesting, for the first time, the involvement of the fibrinolysis pathway in this adverse drug reaction. An exploratory cross-ancestry comparison implicated the relevance of the associated risk loci across diverse ancestries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina M Mathey
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlo Maj
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Niclas Eriksson
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristi Krebs
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Westmeier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Friederike S David
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Annika B Scheer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nora Szabo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Wedi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothea Wieczorek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp M Amann
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - Harald Löffler
- Department of Dermatology, SLK Hospital Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Lukas Koch
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens Schöffl
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St Josef Hospital, University Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nomun Ganjuur
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St Josef Hospital, University Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Institute of Health Care Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hornung
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Greve
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gerda Wurpts
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Aachen Comprehensive Allergy Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Emel Aygören-Pürsün
- Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laven Mavarani
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Trine Andresen
- Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Signe Bek Sørensen
- Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; OPEN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Landén
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anette Bygum
- Department of Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pär Hallberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen Hospital Biobank Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen Hospital Biobank Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Erikstrup
- Departments of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva Rye Rasmussen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Private Practice Ølsemaglevej, Køge, Denmark
| | - Mia Wadelius
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ghouse
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernhardt Sachs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Aachen Comprehensive Allergy Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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7
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Ghebrehiwet B, Joseph K, Kaplan AP. The bradykinin-forming cascade in anaphylaxis and ACE-inhibitor induced angioedema/airway obstruction. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1302605. [PMID: 38332896 PMCID: PMC10850323 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1302605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening multi-system allergic reaction to a biological trigger resulting in the release of potent inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils and causing symptoms in at least two organ systems that generally include skin, lungs, heart, or gastrointestinal tract in any combination. One exception is profound hypotension as an isolated symptom. There are two types of triggers of anaphylaxis: immunologic and non-Immunologic. Immunologic anaphylaxis is initiated when a foreign antigen directly binds to IgE expressed on mast cells or basophils and induces the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances resulting in vasodilation, vascular leakage, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, and heart muscle depression. If left untreated, death by shock (profound hypotension) or asphyxiation (airway obstruction) can occur. The non-immunologic pathway, on the other hand, can be initiated in many ways. A foreign substance can directly bind to receptors of mast cells and basophils leading to degranulation. There can be immune complex activation of the classical complement cascade with the release of anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a with subsequent recruitment of mast cells and basophils. Finally, hyperosmolar contrast agents can cause blood cell lysis, enzyme release, and complement activation, resulting in anaphylactoid (anaphylactic-like) symptoms. In this report we emphasize the recruitment of the bradykinin-forming cascade in mast cell dependent anaphylactic reactions as a potential mediator of severe hypotension, or airway compromise (asthma, laryngeal edema). We also consider airway obstruction due to inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with a diminished rate of endogenous bradykinin metabolism, leading not only to laryngeal edema, but massive tongue swelling with aspiration of secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | | | - Allen P. Kaplan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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8
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Sychev IV, Denisenko NP, Kachanova AA, Lapshtaeva AV, Abdullaev SP, Goncharova LN, Mirzaev KB, Sychev DA. Pharmacogenetic markers of development of angioneurotic edema as a secondary side effect to enalapril in patients with essential arterial hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:37-47. [PMID: 37742663 DOI: 10.3233/jrs-230006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angioneurotic edema is the most dangerous complication in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) therapy. Based on the current data, the clinical and genetic predictors of angioedema development are still understudied, which demonstrates the relevance of this study. OBJECTIVE To reveal the pharmacogenetic predictors of the angioedema as a secondary side effect to enalapril in patients with essential arterial hypertension. METHODS The study enrolled 111 subjects randomized into two groups: study group, patients with the angioedema as a secondary side effect to enalapril; and control group, patients without adverse drug reaction. All patients underwent pharmacogenetic testing. RESULTS An association between the development of the angioneurotic edema and the genotypes AA rs2306283 of gene SLCO1B1, TT rs4459610 of gene ACE, and CC rs1799722 of gene BDKRB2 in patients was revealed. CONCLUSION The findings justify further investigations of the revealed genetic predictors of angioedema with larger-size patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Sychev
- Department of Faculty Therapy, Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia P Denisenko
- Research Institute of Molecular and Personalized Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy named after Academician B.E. Votchal, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiya A Kachanova
- Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Lapshtaeva
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Virology, Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russian Federation
| | - Sherzod P Abdullaev
- Research Institute of Molecular and Personalized Medicine, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila N Goncharova
- Department of Faculty Therapy, Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russian Federation
| | - Karin B Mirzaev
- Research Institute of Molecular and Personalized Medicine, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A Sychev
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy Department named after Academician B.E. Votchal, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
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9
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Landry L, Witten T, Anwar AI, Jackson CN, Talbot NC, Ahmadzadeh S, Varrassi G, Shekoohi S, Kaye AD. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Other Medications Associated With Angioedema. Cureus 2023; 15:e49306. [PMID: 38957198 PMCID: PMC11218608 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Angioedema is a localized swelling of the dermis, subcutaneous tissues, and/or submucosal tissues caused by fluid extravasation into these tissues. Angioedema is associated with certain vasoactive molecules and is typically mediated by histamine or bradykinin. It manifests clinically as facial edema, swelling of the extremities and urogenital area, and potential involvement of the larynx, leading to dyspnea and inspiratory stridor, which can become life-threatening. Histamine-mediated angioedema is associated with urticaria and pruritus and will show classic signs of allergic (type 1 hypersensitivity) reactions. Bradykinin-mediated angioedema is often familial (hereditary angioedema) and is more often associated with gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), edema of the extremities and trunk, and a lack of urticaria and pruritus. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are a class of medications commonly prescribed for hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. ACEIs are associated with an increased risk of angioedema, which can range from a mild reaction to severe and life-threatening. ACEI-induced angioedema is a bradykinin-mediated reaction that can occur in individuals with a genetic predisposition. Other medications, such as angiotensin receptor blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and certain antibiotics, most notably those in the beta-lactam class, can also cause drug-induced angioedema. The present investigation describes current knowledge of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, predisposing factors, and management of drug-induced angioedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layne Landry
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Taylor Witten
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | | | - Corrie N Jackson
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Norris C Talbot
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Shahab Ahmadzadeh
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | | | - Sahar Shekoohi
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
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10
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Tito S, Manzano JMM, Ogunmola I, Prendergast A, Patel A, Casipit B, Cantu-Martinez O, Jarrett SA, Chiang B, Sarvottam K, Azmaiparashvili Z, Lo KB, Rangaswami J. Cardiovascular Outcomes After Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Induced Angioedema: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. Am J Cardiol 2023; 205:393-395. [PMID: 37660666 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Tito
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | | | - Isaac Ogunmola
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Prendergast
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anjeli Patel
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce Casipit
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Omar Cantu-Martinez
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Simone A Jarrett
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brenda Chiang
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kumar Sarvottam
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zurab Azmaiparashvili
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin Bryan Lo
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janani Rangaswami
- Department of Nephrology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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11
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Wilkerson RG, Winters ME. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:513-532. [PMID: 37394257 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Angioedema is a well-recognized and potentially lethal complication of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) therapy. In ACEi-induced angioedema, bradykinin accumulates due to a decrease in its metabolism by ACE, the enzyme that is primarily responsible for this function. The action of bradykinin at bradykinin type 2 receptors leads to increased vascular permeability and the accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous and submucosal space. Patients with ACEi-induced angioedema are at risk for airway compromise because of the tendency for the face, lips, tongue, and airway structures to be affected. The emergency physician should focus on airway evaluation and management when treating patients with ACEi-induced angioedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gentry Wilkerson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Michael E Winters
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. https://twitter.com/critcareguys
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12
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Smolinska S, Antolín-Amérigo D, Popescu FD. Bradykinin Metabolism and Drug-Induced Angioedema. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11649. [PMID: 37511409 PMCID: PMC10380452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) metabolism and its receptors play a central role in drug-induced angioedema (AE) without urticaria through increased vascular permeability. Many cardiovascular and diabetic drugs may cause BK-mediated AE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and neprilysin inhibitors impair BK catabolism. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors reduce the breakdown of BK and substance P (SP). Moreover, angiotensin receptor blockers, thrombolytic agents, and statins may also induce BK-mediated AE. Understanding pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial for preventing and treating drug-induced AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Smolinska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Darío Antolín-Amérigo
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Florin-Dan Popescu
- Department of Allergology "Nicolae Malaxa" Clinical Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Strassen U, Bas M, Wirth M, Wirth M, Gröger M, Stelter K, Volkenstein S, Kehl V, Kojda G, Hoffmann TK, Hahn J, Trainotti S, Greve J. Efficacy of human C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate for treatment of ACE-inhibitor induced angioedema. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 64:121-128. [PMID: 36516670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ACE inhibitor (ACEi) induced angioedema predominantly affects the upper aerodigestive tract. As ACEi induced angioedema is mediated by bradykinin, therapeutic response to antihistamines and glucocorticoids remains unsatisfactory. In bradykinin mediated hereditary angioedema, C1-esterase inhibitor (C1INH) is an effective and approved treatment since many years. Our aim was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of C1INH in ACEi induced angioedema. METHODS We performed a double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial between December 2013 and September 2018. Eligible were adults with ACEi induced angioedema with airway obstruction. Participants were randomised 1:1 to single doses of either C1INH (20 IU/kg) or placebo (0.9% NaCl) i.v in addition to standard care (i.v. 500 mg prednisolone and 2.68 mg clemastine) i.v. Composite symptom scores were assessed at baseline and up to 48 h, at discharge and 1 week after discharge. Physician assessed time to complete oedema resolution (TCER) and time to onset of relief (TOR). RESULTS 30 patients (16 C1INH, 14 placebo) were randomised and dosed. 25 (9 C1INH, 12 placebo) completed the study. TCER was 29.63 h ± 15.56 h in the C1INH and 17.29 h ± 10.40 h in the placebo arm (p = 0.0457). TORs were 4.13 h ± 3.38 h and 2.86 h ± 1.29 h for C1INH and placebo, respectively (p = 0.4443). There were no adverse events related to study medication. CONCLUSIONS In the context of baseline application of steroids and antihistamines C1INH was inferior in the treatment of ACEi induced angioedema when compared to placebo with respect to time to complete resolution of symptoms. Eudra-CT Number: 2012-001670-28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Strassen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany.
| | - Murat Bas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Magdalena Wirth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Markus Wirth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Moritz Gröger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Grosshadern Medical Center of the University of Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Stelter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Grosshadern Medical Center of the University of Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Volkenstein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, St. Elisabeth-Hospital Bochum, Germany
| | - Victoria Kehl
- Munich Study Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Germany; Institute for AI and Informatics in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Kojda
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf (G.K.), Germany
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University, Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janina Hahn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University, Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Trainotti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University, Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Greve
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University, Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Arthur J, Caro D, Topp S, Chadwick S, Driver B, Henson M, Norse A, Spencer H, Godwin SA, Guirgis F. Clinical predictors of endotracheal intubation in patients presenting to the emergency department with angioedema. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 63:44-49. [PMID: 36327748 PMCID: PMC10015633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to identify predictors of airway compromise among patients presenting to the emergency department with angioedema in order to develop and validate a risk score to augment clinician gestalt regarding need for intubation. METHODS Retrospective chart review of emergency department patients with a diagnosis of angioedema. After data extraction they were randomly divided into a training and test set. The training set was used to identify factors associated with intubation and to develop a model and risk score to predict intubation. The model and risk score were then applied to the test set. RESULTS A total of 594 patients were included. Past medical history of hypertension, presence of shortness of breath, drooling, and anterior tongue or pharyngeal swelling were independent predictors included in our final model and risk score. The Area Under the Curve for the Receiver Operator Characteristic curve was 87.55% (83.42%-91.69%) for the training set and 86.1% (77.62%-94.60%) for the test set. CONCLUSIONS A simple scoring algorithm may aid in predicting angioedema patients at high and low risk for intubation. External validation of this score is necessary before wide-spread adoption of this decision aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Arthur
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - David Caro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Topp
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Steven Chadwick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Brian Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Morgan Henson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley Norse
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Horace Spencer
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Steven A Godwin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Faheem Guirgis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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15
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Rocour S, Cochard B, Daniel V, Martin L, Corvaisier M. Large Predominance of Off-Label Prescriptions of C1-Inhibitor Concentrates and Icatibant in a Real-Life Setting: A Retrospective Clinical Study. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63:29-39. [PMID: 35871284 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
C1-inhibitor (C1INH) concentrates and the selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant are approved only for treating hereditary angioedema with C1INH deficiency. Yet, they are regularly prescribed off label in other types of bradykinin-mediated angioedema including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)-related and undetermined angioedema. We conducted a retrospective chart review of inpatient prescriptions of C1INH concentrates and icatibant between 2016 and 2020 in the University Hospital of Angers. The first outcome was the proportion of prescriptions with explicit indication. Then, we determined the compliance of prescriptions with European Medicines Agency approvals and the French bradykinin-mediated angioedema reference center guidelines. Finally, we estimated the economic impact of inappropriate prescribing. The therapeutic indication was explicit in 90.4% of prescriptions (n = 66/73). Only 17.8% of prescriptions were for hereditary angioedema with C1INH deficiency, while 31.5% were for ACEi-related and 28.7% for undetermined angioedema. However, most off-label prescriptions were consistent with the French bradykinin-mediated angioedema reference center guidelines (73.3%). We estimated that 13% of drug expenditures were potentially excessive. The predominance of off-label prescriptions may be explained by the infrequency of hereditary angioedema and the absence of approved alternatives in other types of bradykinin-mediated angioedema. Most attacks were related to ACEis. Epinephrine was rarely prescribed as first-line therapy in attacks of unknown origin. Given the high prices of these drugs, we advocate the development of a readily available management algorithm of angioedema to reduce inappropriate prescriptions in our center. In addition, we think that the drug prescription circuit should be redesigned to ensure the traceability of prescribed vials in the dispensing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rocour
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Baptiste Cochard
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.,School of Pharmacy, Health Faculty, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Valérie Daniel
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Ludovic Martin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Mathieu Corvaisier
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.,School of Pharmacy, Health Faculty, University of Angers, Angers, France.,A4638, Laboratory of Psychology of the Pays de la Loire, University of Angers, Angers, France
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16
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Perman B, Narechania S, Malesker M. Geriatric Pharmacotherapy Case Series: Recurrent Angioedema Following Discontinuation of ACE Inhibitor Therapy. Sr Care Pharm 2023; 38:16-20. [PMID: 36751921 DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2023.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are first-line pharmaceutical agents in common chronic conditions such as hypertension and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. When angioedema occurs, if secondary to ACEIs, discontinuation of the ACEI is necessary to mitigate the risk of recurrent angioedema. While angioedema is a well-known adverse effect of ACEIs, it is not well-known that angioedema may recur even after ACEI discontinuation. Additionally, only few reports in the literature describe this phenomenon. This case describes an older man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart failure who presented from an assisted living facility with recurrent angioedema 12 days after an initial episode of angioedema where his ACEI therapy (enalapril) was discontinued. Assessment Empiric methylprednisolone, diphenhydramine, intramuscular epinephrine, intravenous C1 esterase inhibitor Berinert®, and two units of fresh frozen plasma was given in the emergency department. The patient was monitored in the intensive care unit because of mild airway compromise but did not require invasive airway protection. Serum C4 level was normal, ruling out hereditary angioedema. Outcome Patient was discharged after five days in stable condition with resolution of symptoms. Conclusion ACEIs are the most common cause of drug-induced angioedema in the United States. Angioedema is self-limiting swelling that requires close airway monitoring. While health professionals recognize the risk for angioedema with active ACEI use, it is not well known that the risk of angioedema may occur for months following cessation of ACEI therapy. Increased awareness of delayed ACEI-induced angioedema following ACEI discontinuation is important for both providers and pharmacists to provide appropriate diagnosis and monitoring. Improved awareness would also allow patients with a history of ACEI-induced angioedema to be cognizant of the potential for recurrence following drug discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryton Perman
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Mark Malesker
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
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17
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Kesh S, Bernstein JA. Isolated Angioedema: A Review of Classification and Update on Management. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 129:692-702. [PMID: 35988876 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to review the various types of angioedema including diagnosis and treatment. DATA SOURCES PubMed search of articles in the English language various types of angioedema STUDY SELECTION: Articles on the subject matter were selected and reviewed. RESULTS Herein, a case based approach is presented for discussing the major types of angioedema including: hereditary angioedema (HAE) TypesI/II and normal complement, acquired angioedema, Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) induced angioedema, as well as histaminergic and non-histaminergic angioedema. Emerging treatments of HAE including targets of pre-kalikrein, DNA vector technology replacing C1INH protein, and CRIPSR technology targeting PKK among many others are explored. In addition, other causes as well as mimickers of angioedema are briefly reviewed. Finally, a novel algorithm is proposed to help guide the treating physician through the work up and management of patients with suspected idiopathic angioedema unresponsive to conventional therapy with antihistamines. CONCLUSION Over the years, many strides have been made in both understanding the pathophysiology of various types of angioedema as well as expansion of treatment options. It is important for clinicians to be aware of current and emerging treatment options. We provide a novel practical algorithm to guide clinicians in challenging cases of idiopathic angioedema refractory to antihistamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susamita Kesh
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Allergy
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology/Allergy Section; Bernstein Allergy Group.
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18
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Ohyama K, Shindo J, Takahashi T, Takeuchi H, Hori Y. Pharmacovigilance study of the association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and angioedema using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Sci Rep 2022; 12:13122. [PMID: 35907939 PMCID: PMC9338932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) plays a minor role in degrading vasoactive peptides that cause angioedema when angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is present and fully functional. This study investigated the association between DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is) and angioedema, including cases where the concomitant use of ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) was absent. We obtained data from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System and performed a disproportionality analysis, using the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and information component (IC) for signal detection in patients aged ≥ 40 years, stratified by age group and sex. No signal was detected for DPP-4Is when the entire dataset was analyzed. However, a signal was detected for the entire female subset group, the three stratified female groups aged ≥ 60 years, and males in their 40 s. After excluding the data of concomitant ACEI users, most ROR and IC values were lower and significant only for females in their 60 s and males aged ≥ 80 years. Regarding individual DPP-4Is signals, those detected for saxagliptin and sitagliptin in some age groups disappeared after excluding the data of ACEI users. Notably, linagliptin was the only DPP-4I where signals were detected in most female groups, regardless of age and without concomitant ACEI use. Our findings suggest that some DPP-4Is were associated with a higher reporting of angioedema as per age and sex, even in the absence of concomitant ACEI use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Ohyama
- Center for Experiential Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junichiro Shindo
- Center for Experiential Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takahashi
- Center for Experiential Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Takeuchi
- Hospital Pharmacy, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hori
- Center for Experiential Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Elmashad A, Emmerson D, Gorseth A, Jaffa MN. Ticagrelor Induced Angioedema Following Carotid Artery Stenting. Neurohospitalist 2022; 12:550-552. [DOI: 10.1177/19418744221097353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticagrelor is a frequent component of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) following carotid artery stent placement. Hemorrhagic complications remain the focus of most reports, however, other adverse events must also be known to the prescribing physician. Angioedema is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication reported following ticagrelor administration and we present 1 such case here with a review of the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elmashad
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Ayer Neuroscience Institute, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Danison Emmerson
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Ayer Neuroscience Institute, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Allison Gorseth
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Matthew N. Jaffa
- Department of Neurology, Ayer Neuroscience Institute, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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20
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Gayen S, Sinha T, Dronamraju V, Lashari B, Zhao H, Dhungana S. Nasopharyngolaryngoscopy as a Triage Tool for Airway Compromise in Angioedema: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e23759. [PMID: 35518546 PMCID: PMC9064709 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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21
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Srisajjakul S, Prapaisilp P, Bangchokdee S. Drug-induced bowel complications and toxicities: imaging findings and pearls. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:1298-1310. [PMID: 35195764 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of diverse types of drugs can result in a variety of acute and chronic complications that affect almost any organ. The bowel is one of the organs impacted by the side effects of medications. Imaging frequently plays a crucial role in the detection and characterization of complications occurring in the bowel. They include pseudomembranous colitis or antibiotic-associated colitis; angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy; cocaine toxicity; clozapine-induced hypomobility; and bowel toxicity induced by chemotherapeutic agents. It is imperative that radiologists are fully aware of these complications and toxicities as well as the relevant findings. In this way, proper treatment can be implemented immediately. The treatment will involve discontinuation of a drug or a change in regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitthipong Srisajjakul
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Patcharin Prapaisilp
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sirikan Bangchokdee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pratumtani Hospital, 7 Ladlumkaew Muang district, Pratumtani, 12000, Thailand
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22
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Lin DH, Meyers B, Nisar S, Heinz ER. Role of Submandibular Ultrasound in Airway Management of a Patient With Angioedema. Cureus 2022; 14:e22823. [PMID: 35399468 PMCID: PMC8980192 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angioedema is one of several life-threatening clinical scenarios that lacks clarity on when a patient requires intubation. We present a case of angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor-induced angioedema with peri-oral swelling and normal airway measurements on ultrasound, who was intubated with an abundance of caution and extubated successfully. Current tests for intubation and extubation, such as traditional bedside assessments and the cuff leak test, vary in reliability for angioedema and similar urgent situations. Submandibular ultrasound is a quick, low-cost, non-invasive method for determining quantitative criteria for and assessing when intubation and extubation is indicated, which may lead to improved quality of care and patient safety.
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23
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Chepy A, Veron M, Gautier S, Farhat MM, Pokeerbux R, Venturelli G, Yelnik C, Dubucquoi S, Podevin C, Jendoubi M, Citerne I, Baraffe J, Staumont-Salle D, Launay D, Sanges S. Initial characteristics and follow-up of patients with a diagnosis of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor induced angioedema. Allergy Asthma Proc 2022; 43:155-162. [PMID: 35317893 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2022.43.220005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: A differential diagnosis between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) angioedema (AE) and histaminergic AE (hAE) might be challenging. Follow-up data may help discriminate these conditions but are scarcely reported. Objective: To report on the follow-up of patients with suspected ACEi-AE and to describe the baseline characteristics of AE attacks in patients with a diagnosis of ACEi-AE after follow-up. Methods: Sixty-four patients with suspected ACEi-AE (i.e., with exposure to ACEi before the first attack, no urticaria associated, and normal C1-inhibitor levels) and at least one follow-up visit were included. Data were retrospectively collected at baseline and during the follow-up. Results: After the follow-up, the diagnosis of ACEi-AE was probable in only 30 patients. The remaining patients were reclassified as having probable hAE (21 patients) or undetermined-mechanism AE (13 patients). Patients with ACEi-AE were mostly men (61%), with a median age of 64 years (interquartile range [IQR] ±17 years), with a highly variable delay from ACEi introduction (median: 23 months; interquartile range: 103 months). Attacks preferentially involved lips (50%), tongue (47%), and throat (30%). Interestingly, patients with probable ACEi-AE after a follow-up also frequently presented with a history of allergy and atopic conditions (20%), attacks with preferential evening onset (25%), and spontaneous resolution in < 24 hours (26%), which are usually considered as suggestive of hAE. ACEi-AE attacks responded to icatibant in 79% of the patients. Conclusion: Patients with probable ACEi-AE were mostly men with facial involvement. A third of the patients with an initial suspected diagnosis of ACEi-AE had a final diagnosis of probable hAE. Although a follow-up of all patients should be a standard of care, it is critical to the correct diagnosis in the case of suspected bradykinin-associated AE, which may actually be due to histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Chepy
- From the Univ. Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie Veron
- Centre de Référence des Angiœdèmes à Kinines, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Gautier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, Center for Pharmacovigilance, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Meryem-Maud Farhat
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ryadh Pokeerbux
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Giorgia Venturelli
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Sylvain Dubucquoi
- From the Univ. Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Celine Podevin
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Manel Jendoubi
- From the Univ. Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Citerne
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jennifer Baraffe
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Staumont-Salle
- From the Univ. Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Launay
- From the Univ. Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sebastien Sanges
- From the Univ. Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
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Balla Z, Andrási N, Pólai Z, Visy B, Czaller I, Temesszentandrási G, Csuka D, Varga L, Farkas H. The characteristics of upper airway edema in hereditary and acquired angioedema with C1-inhibitor deficiency. Clin Transl Allergy 2021; 11:e12083. [PMID: 34962723 PMCID: PMC8805691 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angioedemas localized in the upper airway are potentially life threatening, and without proper treatment, they may lead to death by suffocation. Upper airway edemas (UAE) in bradykinin‐mediated angioedemas can even be the first symptoms of the disease. Methods Our survey was performed with a retrospective long‐term follow‐up method from the medical history of 197 hereditary (C1‐INH‐HAE) and 20 acquired C1‐inhibitor deficiency (C1‐INH‐AAE), 3 factor XII and 3 plasminogen gene mutation (FXII‐HAE, PLG‐HAE) patients treated at our center between 1990 and 2020. The UAE group included edemas localized to the mesopharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx, as narrowing of these anatomical regions can lead to suffocation. Results 98/197 C1‐INH‐HAE (47 families) and 13/20 C1‐INH‐AAE, 1/3 PLG‐HAE, 1/3 FXII‐HAE patients had experienced UAE at least once according to their medical history. In case of C1‐INH‐HAE patients, in 6/47 families who had undiagnosed ancestors had 13 members who died of suffocation. After the diagnosis, 1‐1 member of two families died of UAE. 44/64 C1‐INH‐HAE patients did not smoke, 20/64 did. The occurrence of UAE was significantly higher in smoker patients. We analyzed 7607 HAE attacks of 56/98 patients. Out of all attacks, the incidence of UAE in the C1‐INH‐HAE group was 4%, and 9.5% in the C1‐INH‐AAE group, respectively. Conclusion Early diagnosis is key in bradykinin‐mediated angioedemas cases, since the patient must be provided with adequate treatment; and also it is essential to inform patients about the importance of avoiding the trigger factors and the early symptoms of UAE, as these measures could significantly decrease the incidence of lethal UAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Balla
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Andrási
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Pólai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Visy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Heim Pál Children's Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Czaller
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Dorottya Csuka
- Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Research Group of Immunology and Hematology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilian Varga
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henriette Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Grumach AS, Veronez CL, Csuka D, Farkas H. Angioedema Without Wheals: Challenges in Laboratorial Diagnosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:785736. [PMID: 34956216 PMCID: PMC8694242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angioedema is a prevailing symptom in different diseases, frequently occurring in the presence of urticaria. Recurrent angioedema without urticaria (AE) can be hereditary (HAE) and acquired (AAE), and several subtypes can be distinguished, although clinical presentation is quite similar in some of them. They present with subcutaneous and mucosal swellings, affecting extremities, face, genitals, bowels, and upper airways. AE is commonly misdiagnosed due to restricted access and availability of appropriate laboratorial tests. HAE with C1 inhibitor defect is associated with quantitative and/or functional deficiency. Although bradykinin-mediated disease results mainly from disturbance in the kallikrein–kinin system, traditionally complement evaluation has been used for diagnosis. Diagnosis is established by nephelometry, turbidimetry, or radial immunodiffusion for quantitative measurement of C1 inhibitor, and chromogenic assay or ELISA has been used for functional C1-INH analysis. Wrong handling of the samples can lead to misdiagnosis and, consequently, mistaken inappropriate approaches. Dried blood spot (DBS) tests have been used for decades in newborn screening for certain metabolic diseases, and there has been growing interest in their use for other congenital conditions. Recently, DBS is now proposed as an efficient tool to diagnose HAE with C1 inhibitor deficiency, and its use would improve the access to outbound areas and family members. Regarding HAE with normal C1 inhibitor, complement assays’ results are normal and the genetic sequencing of target genes, such as exon 9 of F12 and PLG, is the only available method. New methods to measure cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen and activated plasma kallikrein have emerged as potential biochemical tests to identify bradykinin-mediated angioedema. Validated biomarkers of kallikrein–kinin system activation could be helpful in differentiating mechanisms of angioedema. Our aim is to focus on the capability to differentiate histaminergic AE from bradykinin-mediated AE. In addition, we will describe the challenges developing specific tests like direct bradykinin measurements. The need for quality tests to improve the diagnosis is well represented by the variability of results in functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete S Grumach
- Clinical Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitario Faculdade de Medicina ABC (FMABC), Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Camila L Veronez
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Research Service, San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Dorottya Csuka
- Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henriette Farkas
- Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Cassano N, Nettis E, Di Leo E, Ambrogio F, Vena GA, Foti C. Angioedema associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors. Clin Mol Allergy 2021; 19:24. [PMID: 34872575 PMCID: PMC8647342 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-021-00164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, also known as gliptins, are a class of oral antidiabetic agents. Postmarketing reports have documented the occurrence of angioedema in patients treated with gliptins and it was found that these drugs increased the risk of angioedema in patients concurrently treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the risk of angioedema associated with gliptins. METHODS The keywords used for the literature search in the PubMed database included "angioedema" and "dipeptidyl peptidase", "gliptins", or the name of each DPP-IV inhibitor. Articles in English published up to December 2020 were taken into consideration. RESULTS The available data appear to rule out a higher risk of angioedema associated with gliptin monotherapy and have revealed an increased susceptibility in patients simultaneously treated with gliptins and ACEIs. However, one single multicenter phase IV trial and case reports, even if very limited in number, have shown that angioedema can also occur during treatment with DPP-IV inhibitors without the concomitant use of ACEIs. The involvement of other drugs and drug interactions has occasionally been suggested. In a few patients, deficiency of enzymes involved in bradykinin catabolism was detected and this finding can constitute a risk factor for angioedema exacerbated by treatment with DPP-IV inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS This risk of angioedema associated with the use of gliptins has mostly been related to the concurrent administration of ACEIs, and has been considered rare, but it might be underestimated and underreported. The role of additional risk factors or drug interactions deserves further investigations. Caution should be taken when considering the use of DPP-IV inhibitors in patients treated with ACEIs or presenting with other known risk factors for angioedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Cassano
- Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Bari and Barletta, Italy
| | - Eustachio Nettis
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School and Chair of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Leo
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Unit of Internal Medicine, “F. Miulli” Hospital, Strada Provinciale per Santeramo Km 4.100, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Ambrogio
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Gino A. Vena
- Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Bari and Barletta, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Angioedema is a well-recognized and potentially lethal complication of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) therapy. In ACEi-induced angioedema, bradykinin accumulates due to a decrease in its metabolism by ACE, the enzyme that is primarily responsible for this function. The action of bradykinin at bradykinin type 2 receptors leads to increased vascular permeability and the accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous and submucosal space. Patients with ACEi-induced angioedema are at risk for airway compromise because of the tendency for the face, lips, tongue, and airway structures to be affected. The emergency physician should focus on airway evaluation and management when treating patients with ACEi-induced angioedema.
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28
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Dabek RJ, Pina NA, Sheber BA, Axentiev A, Scott MC. A Case Report of Delayed Post-operative Angioedema Associated With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use. Cureus 2021; 13:e18800. [PMID: 34692263 PMCID: PMC8523184 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are known to precipitate angioedema. Drug-induced angioedema is rare in the perioperative setting. Even fewer cases described hours following a minor procedure. In this case report, we present a 45-year-old female who developed drug-induced angioedema hours following an obstetric procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Dabek
- General Surgery, Ascension St. Agnes Hospital, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nancy A Pina
- General Surgery, Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, BRB
| | | | - Anna Axentiev
- General Surgery, Ascension St. Agnes Hospital, Baltimore, USA
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29
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Risk Factors Associated with Intubation and Readmissions in patients with Angioedema: A Single Center Experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 127:682-688.e1. [PMID: 34352359 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the heterogeneity of etiologies, pathophysiology and presentation of angioedema, variations in clinical outcomes, such as intubation and hospital readmissions, need further clarification. OBJECTIVE To determine factors associated with intubation and hospital readmissions in patients with angioedema. METHODS Retrospective study of patients evaluated with a diagnosis of angioedema over a 6year period. Demographic and clinical data such as medication use, family history, comorbidities, and symptoms were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with intubation, while Cox regression was used to analyze readmissions. RESULTS From 636 patients, the most common etiology of angioedema was angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) induced at 58%. The overall mortality was 0.5%. After adjusting for gender, race, comorbidities, and type of angioedema, smoking (OR=1.79, 95% CI=1.10-2.93, p=0.02), calcium channel blocker (CCB) therapy (OR=1.91, 95% CI=1.18-3.10, p=0.009), histaminergic symptoms (OR=3.21, 95% CI=1.93-5.33, p<0.001) and age (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.00-1.04, p=0.023) were independently associated with increased odds of intubation. Involvement of either the pharynx, larynx or tongue was associated with higher odds of intubation (OR=20.96, 95% CI=10.63-41.33, p<0.001). 10% of patients had a readmission for angioedema within 90 days and 75% occurred within 30 days. After Multivariable Cox Regression analysis, only COPD/asthma (OR=2.13, 95% CI=1.12-4.07, p=0.022) and ACEI related angioedema (OR=2.93, 95% CI=1.33-6.47, p=0.008) were significantly associated with readmissions. CONCLUSION Smoking, CCB use, histaminergic symptoms, age, and upper airway involvement were significantly associated with intubation. Presence of COPD/asthma and ACEI related angioedema were independently associated with increased odds of readmission.
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30
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Association of Variants Near the Bradykinin Receptor B 2 Gene With Angioedema in Patients Taking ACE Inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:696-709. [PMID: 34384552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angioedema is a rare but potentially life-threatening adverse reaction associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Identification of potential genetic factors related to this adverse event may help identify at-risk patients. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify genetic factors associated with ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema. METHODS A genomewide association study involving patients of European descent, all taking ACE inhibitors, was conducted in a discovery cohort (Copenhagen Hospital Biobank), and associations were confirmed in a replication cohort (Swedegene). Cases were defined as subjects with angioedema events and filled prescriptions for ACE inhibitors ≤180 days before the events. Control subjects were defined as those with continuous treatment with ACE inhibitors without any history of angioedema. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed for angioedema risk using logistic mixed model regression analysis. Summary statistics from the discovery and replication cohorts were analyzed using a fixed-effects meta-analysis model. RESULTS The discovery cohort consisted of 462 cases and 53,391 ACE inhibitor-treated control subjects. The replication cohort consisted of 142 cases and 1,345 ACE inhibitor-treated control subjects. In the discovery cohort, 1 locus, residing at chromosome 14q32.2, was identified that associated with angioedema at the genomewide significance level of P <5 × 10-8. The lead variant at this locus, rs34485356, is an intergenic variant located 60 kb upstream of BDKRB2 (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.38 to 1.90; P = 4.3 × 10-9). This variant was validated in our replication cohort with a similar direction and effect size (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.25; P = 7.2 × 10-3). We found that carriers of the risk allele had significantly lower systolic (-0.46 mm Hg per T allele; 95% CI: -0.83 to -0.10; P = 0.013) and diastolic (-0.26 mm Hg per T allele; 95% CI: -0.46 to -0.05; P = 0.013) blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS In this genomewide association study involving individuals treated with ACE inhibitors, we found that common variants located in close proximity to the bradykinin receptor B2 gene were associated with increased risk for ACE inhibitor-related angioedema.
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31
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Whitehead WJ, Reid JM. Underreported Risk of Lisinopril-Induced Angioedema in a Veteran Population. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 56:430-435. [PMID: 34282637 DOI: 10.1177/10600280211032404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lisinopril-induced angioedema (LIA) is a rare but serious adverse drug event (ADE) with a published incidence of 0.1% to 0.7%. It is well known that ADEs are widely underreported; however, LIA is one of the most reported ADEs within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). OBJECTIVE To estimate the effect of underreporting on the risk of LIA within VHA. METHODS The reported risk of LIA was calculated from reports submitted to the Veterans Affairs (VA) Adverse Drug Event Reporting System (VA ADERS) and the number of veterans prescribed lisinopril. To estimate underreporting, local chart review identified cases of LIA that were compared to reports submitted. The underreporting rate was then applied to the national reported risk. RESULTS Locally, 68 reports of LIA were submitted of the 21 262 patients prescribed lisinopril, for a reported risk of 0.32%. Nationwide, 14 289 reports of LIA were submitted of the 3 109 661 patients prescribed lisinopril, for a crude reported risk of 0.46%. Of the 324 patients identified for chart review, 240 patients were diagnosed with LIA, suggesting that at least 71.7% of cases were unreported. When this underreporting rate is extrapolated to the national reported risk, a better estimate of the risk of LIA within VHA could increase to 1.6%. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE When estimating the effect of underreporting, the risk of LIA increases to approximately 1.6% or 1 in 63 patients. Because this ADE may affect more patients than previously understood, providers may wish to take LIA into consideration when prescribing lisinopril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitley J Whitehead
- University of Kentucky Good Samaritan Hospital, UK HealthCare, Lexington Kentucky, KY, USA
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32
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Lam M, Beqo A, Thumar R. Overcoming Cough and Angioedema: Advocating for the Use of ARBs Over ACE Inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 56:358-362. [PMID: 34192890 DOI: 10.1177/10600280211029952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have comparable efficacy, but ARBs have a preferential safety profile with particular regard to cough and angioedema. Although guidelines have historically advocated for ACE inhibitor use before ARBs simply because of earlier market entry, data accumulation, and generic availability, updated verbiage advises an "ACE inhibitor or ARB" recommendation, as opposed to the classic "ACE inhibitor then ARB" approach. Despite these updates, clinical inertia in favor of ACE inhibitor use before ARBs overwhelmingly remains. Prescribers and educators should consider an "ARBs only" mentality, especially in high angioedema-risk groups such as black patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anelsa Beqo
- MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA.,Steward Good Samaritan Medical Center, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - Ricky Thumar
- MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA.,Codman Square Health Center, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Mohanty S, Bangaari A, Gnanasekaran K. Case Report: Compromised Airway Following Anesthesia and Its Correlation With the Use of ACE Inhibitors-An Unexpected Clinical Event and Review of Literature. Front Surg 2021; 8:631456. [PMID: 33829036 PMCID: PMC8021017 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.631456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors associated angioedema involving the upper aerodigestive tract is indisputably a hazardous airway condition which is clinically poorly recognized and frequently underestimated. We describe and present case of a 70-year old man on ramipril who developed massive tongue swelling post-operatively after unremarkable laryngeal mask anaesthesia which was fortuitously managed conservatively. High index of suspicion, timely recognition and knowledge of pathophysiology and the clinical course should guide airway and further supportive management in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Bangaari
- Department of Anaesthesia, MIOT International, Chennai, India
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34
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Kovaltchouk U, Zhang B, Jain V, Kalicinsky C. Effectiveness of C1-INH therapy in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor induced angioedema. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2021; 17:18. [PMID: 33588931 PMCID: PMC7885369 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI) are a common cause of Emergency Room presentation for angioedema. Although no treatment guidelines exist, C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate (C1-INH) is used on an off label basis for management of ACEI acquired angioedema (ACEI AAE). Objective To evaluate the efficacy of C1-INH in management of ACEI AAE at our local centers. Results Nine patients, from 3 academic sites, were identified through Allergy Service consultation data and records from Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Canada from 2010–2020. The majority of the patients (n = 8/9) required endotracheal intubation prior to the initiation of C1-INH. Overall, approximately 56% of patients (n = 5/9) had resolution of angioedema ranging between 12 and 17 h, with a median time of 13.5 h, and no recurrence after the administration of C1-INH concentrate. One patient had transient symptom resolution in 14 h, however, recurrence of angioedema required re-intubation. The remainder of patients (n = 4/9), had resolution of angioedema between 22 and 72 h, with a median time of 33.75 h. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate continued ambivalence of the efficacy and role of C1-INH concentrate in the treatment of ACEI AAE, secondary to multiple uncontrolled confounding factors. Further research into characterizing a subgroup of intubated patients in our study that responded to C1-INH concentrate needs to be completed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Vipul Jain
- Clinal Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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35
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Martinez Manzano JM, Lo KB, Patarroyo-Aponte G, Azmaiparashvili Z. The use of intravenous tranexamic acid for patients with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema: A case series. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 126:725-726. [PMID: 33592284 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Bryan Lo
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriel Patarroyo-Aponte
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zurab Azmaiparashvili
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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36
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Kedarisetty S, Tint D, Michael A, Soliman AMS. Recurrent angioedema: Experience at a tertiary care urban medical center. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2021; 6:13-20. [PMID: 33614924 PMCID: PMC7883605 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the demographics, presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with recurrent angioedema. To compare the findings to patients with ACE inhibitor related angioedema. METHODS Retrospective case series with chart review of patients who presented to a tertiary-care hospital between January 2010 and December 2017 with two or more episodes of angioedema. Excluded were patients with anaphylactic reaction, medication induced angioedema, or angioedema secondary to an infectious etiology. A group of 88 patients who presented during the same time period with ACE inhibitor related angioedema was used as a control. Statistical analysis was conducted using a two-tailed Fisher exact test and a multivariate logistical regression model to determine significant associations. RESULTS Ninety-one patients were identified; 61 met the selection criteria and had 217 total episodes of angioedema episodes presenting to the emergency department. Fifty percent were Caucasian or Hispanic. The average number of episodes was 3.5 (range: 2-23). The lips and tongue were the most commonly affected sites (37% and 39%). The larynx and floor of mouth were least likely to be involved (7% and 6%). Only 1 patient was found to have C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. Twenty-eight percent of patients had asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, or atopic dermatitis. Only 11% of episodes required airway intervention. No patients required airway intervention after admission. CONCLUSION Recurrent angioedema was primarily idiopathic, was less severe than ACE inhibitor angioedema, and was associated with an atopic history. There was less frequent worsening of symptoms after admission, and recurrences occurred more frequently are at the same anatomic subsite. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kedarisetty
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Derrick Tint
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alexander Michael
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ahmed M. S. Soliman
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Emergency department evaluation of patients with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor associated angioedema. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 38:2596-2601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Carrillo-Martin I, Gonzalez-Estrada A, Funni SA, Sandefur BJ, Jeffery MM, Campbell RL. Angioedema-related emergency department visits in the United States: Epidemiology and time trends, 2006-2015. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:2442-2444. [PMID: 32302784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Carrillo-Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla
| | - Alexei Gonzalez-Estrada
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla.
| | - Shealeigh A Funni
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Benjamin J Sandefur
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minn
| | - Molly M Jeffery
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minn
| | - Ronna L Campbell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minn
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Dubrall D, Schmid M, Stingl JC, Sachs B. Angioedemas associated with renin-angiotensin system blocking drugs: Comparative analysis of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230632. [PMID: 32214375 PMCID: PMC7098604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angioedema is a subcutaneous swelling typically affecting the face, larynx or pharynx. It is a known adverse drug reaction (ADR) of ACE inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin-II-receptor blockers (ARBs) and aliskiren (renin inhibitor). Several studies have reported pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors of ACEi-associated angioedemas, whereas little is known for ARBs and aliskiren. The aim of the study was to analyze comparatively ACEi versus ARBs and aliskiren angioedema reports contained in the European ADR database EudraVigilance with regard to reported risk factors and clinical phenotypes. METHODS All spontaneous angioedema reports received between 01/2010-06/2017 reporting either an ACEi, ARB, or aliskiren as "suspected/interacting" drug were identified using the Standardized MedDRA Query "angioedema (narrow)". In order to perform a comparative analysis, odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for angioedema reports of ACEi (n = 3.194) versus ARBs (n = 687) and aliskiren (n = 162). RESULTS More patients with a history of allergy were included in angioedema reports of ARBs (6.8%) and aliskiren (13.6%) versus ACEi (4.3%). "Urticaria" as an ADR was reported more frequently in angioedema reports of ARBs (18.5%) and aliskiren (9.0%) versus ACEi (5.0%). ACEi-associated angioedemas were more often designated as "life-threatening" compared to ARBs (OR 2.2 [1.6-2.9]) and aliskiren-associated angioedemas (OR 14.2 (3.5-57.4). Concomitant therapy with mTOR inhibitors (OR 4.3 [1.0-17.9]) and fibrinolytics (OR 7.8 [1.1-57.2]) was reported more often in ACEi versus ARBs angioedema reports. CONCLUSION The reported clinical phenotypes differed between ACEi versus ARBs and aliskiren angioedema reports. Differences between the patient populations as observed in our study or differences with regard to underlying pathomechanisms could account for this finding. Due to the methodological limitations of spontaneous reporting systems, we cannot draw a firm conclusion in this regard. Hence, further research is necessary to confirm our observation and elucidate the underyling causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dubrall
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, (IMBIE), University Hospital of Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Research Division, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, (IMBIE), University Hospital of Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Julia Carolin Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Bernhardt Sachs
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Research Division, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Department for Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Weisman DS, Arnouk N, Asghar MB, Qureshi MR, Kumar A, Desale S, Camire L, Pineda S. ACE inhibitor angioedema: characterization and treatment versus non-ACE angioedema in acute hospitalized patients. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2020; 10:16-18. [PMID: 32128053 PMCID: PMC7034465 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2020.1711641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ACE angioedema has not been characterized in comparison with angioedema from other causes in
acute hospitalized patients. Methods We retrospectively compared ACE-angioedema and non-ACE angioedema patients from January 2013
to May 2017. Results Of 855 cases screened, 575 met the inclusion criteria of angioedema diagnosis and an
electronic medical record. Of these, 297 (51.7%) had ACE angioedema and 278 had angioedema
from other causes, of these 31 who were taking an ACE inhibitor that was not considered to be
the cause of angioedema (ACE other cause). At least 80% of cases in all groups were African
American. Epinephrine was prescribed in 21% of ACE angioedema cases. One-third of patients in
all groups were admitted to the ICU, and about 25% required intubation. Previous history of
ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema was found in 63 of 278 non-ACE cause angioedema patients
(23%) and in 23 (8%) in the ACE cause group. Conclusion ACE angioedema was the cause of half of angioedema admissions over a 4.5-year period.
Mortality, morbidity, and treatment did not differ between the groups. Patients on ACE
inhibitors were often treated with medications known not to be effective for ACE angioedema.
Over one-fourth of patients not taking an ACE inhibitor had a previous history of ACE
angioedema, and 31 patients taking ACE inhibitors were diagnosed with non-ACE angioedema.
Regardless of the etiology of angioedema, 25% of patients required airway protection in the
form of intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Weisman
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nelly Arnouk
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Bilal Asghar
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Raheel Qureshi
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anagha Kumar
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - Sameer Desale
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - Lyn Camire
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Pineda
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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C1 Esterase Inhibitor for Ace-Inhibitor Angioedema: A Case Series and Literature Review. J Emerg Med 2020; 58:e121-e127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mihaela Leru P, Florin Anton V, Bocsan C, Muntean A, Boda D. Acquired angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors - experience of a hospital-based allergy center. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:68-72. [PMID: 32508996 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) represent an important group of pharmacological compounds, largely prescribed for more than 30 years. They have been extensively evaluated in clinical trials, demonstrating significant reduction of morbidity and mortality of patients with cardiovascular diseases, mainly high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke. Besides their beneficial effects and a general good safety profile, it was proven that ACEIs might also induce adverse effects in some patients, most notably angioedema (AE) and chronic cough. The occurrence rate of adverse events induced by ACEIs is low, but the number of suffering patients is relatively high, since ACEIs is one of the most frequently prescribed medication worldwide. The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical pattern, risk factors and general management of ACEI-induced angioedema in a cohort of patients addressed for allergist evaluation in one university hospital in Romania, during a period of 32 months. It was found that ACEI-induced angioedema (ACEI-AE) represented more than half of the total number of patients addressed for angioedema without urticaria, with variable clinical and time-patterns. Most of the patients were referred by general practitioners (GPs) with diagnosis of urticaria or other skin allergy and continued to take ACEIs for months and years after onset of angioedema. We concluded that the awareness of acquired, non-allergic angioedema induced by ACEI therapy in medical practice is still low and there is a need for improved knowledge and interdisciplinary collaboration in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polliana Mihaela Leru
- Family Medicine Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Internal Medicine Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Florin Anton
- Internal Medicine Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Bocsan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Muntean
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Allergy Department, 'Professor Doctor Octavian Fodor' Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Dermatology Department, 'Prof. N. Paulescu' National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
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Pfaue A, Schuler PJ, Mayer B, Hoffmann TK, Greve J, Hahn J. Clinical features of angioedema induced by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition: a retrospective analysis of 84 patients. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2019; 9:453-459. [PMID: 32002148 PMCID: PMC6968333 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2019.1698259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: Bradykinin-mediated angioedema (AE) induced by antihypertensive drugs primarily affect the head and neck region and may occur even after several years of uneventful treatment. Many facts about the clinical course remain unknown. Diagnosis is not easy, as the clinical appearance resembles allergic AE. No specific diagnostic markers are known and no officially approved treatment is currently available. Methods: All patients who presented to the ORL department between 2010 and 2016 with acute AE were included. Those with a history of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blocker intake were defined as RAE and their pathophysiological characteristics and clinical course of the disease were analyzed. Results: A total of 84 patients (median age of 71 years) with RAE was identified. The majority (80%) was on ACE inhibition. The oral cavity was most often affected. Nearly 60% were medicated for more than 1 year before AE occurred. RAE occurred more often during the morning hours. The necessity for emergency intubation and/or tracheostomy was nine times higher in patients with acute RAE compared to patients with AE due to other reasons. Conclusions: Event-free, long-term therapy with an RAAS blocker before the first development of edema does not exclude RAE. RAE is associated with an increased risk for emergency airway management. Abbreviations ACE: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme; ACEi AE: ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema; AE: Angioedema; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor 1 blocker; C1 INH: C1 Inhibitor; CI: Confidence Interval; CRP: C-reactive protein; DPP IV: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV; ENT: Ear, Nose and Throat; HAE: Hereditary Angioedema; ICD 10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition; OR: Odds Ratio; ORL: Otorhinolaryngology; RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; RAE: RAAS-blocker-induced angioedema
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pfaue
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick J Schuler
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Greve
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janina Hahn
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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ACE inhibitor-mediated angioedema. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106081. [PMID: 31835086 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angioedema (AE) occurring during ACE inhibitor therapy (ACEi-AE) is a rare complication involving between 0.1 and 0.7% of treated patients. AE can also complicate other therapeutic regimens that block the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. Other drugs, such as immune suppressors, some type of antidiabetics or calcium antagonists, can increase the likelihood of ACEi-AE when associated to ACEi. There is a clear ethnic predisposition, since African-Americans or Hispanics show a higher prevalence of this condition compared to Caucasians. At least in African-Americans the genetic predisposition accounts for a general higher prevalence of AE, independently from the cause. People that experience ACEi-AE may have some recurrence when they are switched to an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB); however, epidemiological studies on large cohorts have shown that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) do not increase the likelihood of AE compared to other antihypertensives. Clinical manifestations consist of edema of face, lips, tongue, uvula and upper airways, requiring intubation or tracheotomy in severe cases. Attacks last for 48-72 h and require hospital admission in most cases. Intestinal involvement with sub-occlusive symptoms has also been reported. The pathogenesis of ACEi-AE depends mainly on a reduced catabolism and accumulation of bradykinin, which is normally metabolized by ACE. Genetic studies have shown that some single nucleotide polymorphisms at genes encoding relevant molecules for bradykinin metabolism and action may be involved in ACEi-AE, giving a basis for the ethnic predisposition. Treatment of ACEi-AE is still a matter of debate. Corticosteroids and antihistamines do not show efficacy. Some therapeutic attempts have shown some efficacy for fresh frozen plasma or C1 inhibitor concentrate infusion. Interventional studies with the specific bradykinin receptor antagonist icatibant have shown conflicting results; there might be a different ethnic predisposition to icatibant efficacy which has been proven in caucasian but not in black patients.
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Significant predictive factors of the severity and outcomes of the first attack of acute angioedema in children. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:423. [PMID: 31707983 PMCID: PMC6844047 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The initial episode of angioedema in children can be potential life-threatening due to the lack of prompt identification and treatment. We aimed to analyze the factors predicting the severity and outcomes of the first attack of acute angioedema in children. Methods This was a retrospective study with 406 children (< 18 years) who presented in the emergency department (ED) with an initial episode of acute angioedema and who had subsequent follow-up visits in the out-patient department from January 2008 to December 2014. The severity of the acute angioedema was categorized as severe (requiring hospital admission), moderate (requiring a stay in the short-term pediatric observation unit [POU]), or mild (discharged directly from the ED). The associations among the disease severity, patient demographics and clinical presentation were analyzed. Result In total, 109 (26.8%) children had severe angioedema, and the majority of those children were male (65.1%). Most of the children were of preschool age (56.4%), and only 6.4% were adolescents. The co-occurrence of pyrexia or urticaria, etiologies of the angioedema related to medications or infections, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and a history of allergies (asthma, allergic rhinitis) were predictors of severe angioedema (all p < 0.05). Finally, the duration of angioedema was significantly shorter in children who had received short-term POU treatment (2.1 ± 1.1 days) than in those who discharged from ED directly (2.3 ± 1.4 days) and admitted to the hospital (3.5 ± 2.0 days) (p < 0.001). Conclusion The co-occurrence of pyrexia or urticaria, etiologies related to medications or infections, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and a history of allergies were predictors of severe angioedema. More importantly, short-term POU observation and prompt treatment might be benefit for patients who did not require hospital admission.
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Marcelino-Rodriguez I, Callero A, Mendoza-Alvarez A, Perez-Rodriguez E, Barrios-Recio J, Garcia-Robaina JC, Flores C. Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema: An Update of the Genetic Causes and the Impact of Genomics. Front Genet 2019; 10:900. [PMID: 31611908 PMCID: PMC6776636 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent episodes of bradykinin-mediated angioedema (Bk-AE) can associate with acquired or hereditary conditions, the former most commonly developing secondarily to a pharmacological treatment. Despite successful genomic advances that have led to the identification of a large number of disease genes irrespective of disease prevalence, their application to Bk-AE has barely occurred. As a consequence, the genetic causes of Bk-AE remain poorly understood, obstructing the identification of patient subtypes and the development of precision medicine strategies. This review provides an update of the genetic studies completed to date on the acquired forms, which have almost exclusively focused on Bk-AE secondarily to the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment, and the blooming subdivision of the hereditary forms established by the identification of novel causal genes with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology-based exome studies in genetically undiagnosed patients. Finally, based on the diverse benefits that are offered by the technology, we present arguments favoring the use of holistic NGS approaches as first-tier genetic tests as a promise to reduce the diagnostic odyssey of patients with suspected hereditary forms of Bk-AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itahisa Marcelino-Rodriguez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ariel Callero
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alejandro Mendoza-Alvarez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Eva Perez-Rodriguez
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier Barrios-Recio
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jose C. Garcia-Robaina
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Genomics Division, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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[Postoperative angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: case report]. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2019; 69:521-526. [PMID: 31526514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Angioedema is a potentially fatal condition that may occur at any time in the perioperative period. It may result from histamine release, hypersensitivity reaction to drugs, or be triggered by bradykinin, in non-allergic reactions of hereditary or acquired etiology. The aim of this report is to report a case of angioedema in the early postoperative period in a patient on antihypertensive medication involving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. CASE REPORT A 67-year-old male, Afro-descendant, hypertensive, and taken enalapril maleate underwent orthopedic shoulder surgery under general anesthesia combined with brachial plexus block. The procedure lasted 3hours uneventfully. After discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit, the patient presented with angioedema and severe airway impairment. Tracheal intubation was attempted but it was impossible due to edema affecting the lips, tongue, and oropharyngeal region Emergency cricothyroidotomy was performed. The onset of angioedema had no causal relationship with the administration of any medication; there were no cutaneous manifestations and also not response to therapy for hypersensitivity reaction to drugs, such as antihistamines, corticoid, and adrenaline. It was considered to be mediated by bradykinin, as the patient had already had two similar episodes and was on regular medication (enalapril). The evolution was satisfactory. CONCLUSION Angioedema is a potentially fatal condition when it affects the airway, and should be recognized by anesthesiologists and physicians working in the emergency departments.
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Bisinotto FMB, Seabra BC, Lóes FBP, Martins LB, Silveira LAMD. Postoperative angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: case report. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [PMID: 31526514 PMCID: PMC9391843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Sandefur BJ, E Silva LOJ, Lohse CM, Goyal KA, Barbara DW, Castaneda-Guarderas A, Liu XW, Campbell RL. Clinical Features and Outcomes Associated with Angioedema in the Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med 2019; 20:760-769. [PMID: 31539333 PMCID: PMC6754201 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.6.42852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Angioedema represents self-limited, localized swelling of submucosal or subcutaneous tissues. While the underlying etiology may be undeterminable in the emergent setting, nonhistaminergic and histaminergic angioedema respond differently to therapeutic interventions, with implications for empiric treatment. Clinical features and outcome differences among nonhistaminergic vs histaminergic angioedema patients in the emergency department (ED) are poorly characterized. We aim to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes among ED patients with angioedema by suspected etiology. Methods This was a 10-year retrospective study of adult ED patients with angioedema, using data abstracted from the electronic health record. We evaluated univariable associations of select clinical features with etiology and used them to develop a multivariable logistic regression model for nonhistaminergic vs histaminergic angioedema. Results Among 450 adult angioedema patients, the mean +/− standard deviation age was 57 +/− 18 years, and 264 (59%) were female. Among patients, 30% had suspected nonhistaminergic angioedema, 30% had suspected histaminergic angioedema, and 40% were of unknown etiology. As compared to histaminergic angioedema, nonhistaminergic angioedema was associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) (odds ratio [OR] [60.9]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 23.16–160.14) and time of onset one hour or more prior to ED arrival (OR [5.91]; 95% CI,1.87–18.70) and was inversely associated with urticaria (OR [0.05]; 95% CI, 0.02–0.15), dyspnea (OR [0.23]; 95% CI, 0.08–0.67), and periorbital or lip edema (OR [0.25]; 95% CI, 0.08–0.79 and OR [0.32]; 95% CI, 0.13–0.79, respectively). Conclusion As compared to histaminergic angioedema, patients with nonhistaminergic angioedema were more likely to present one hour or more after symptom onset and take ACEI or ARB medications, and were less likely to have urticaria, dyspnea, or periorbital or lip angioedema. Identification of characteristics associated with the etiology of angioedema may assist providers in more rapidly initiating targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Oliveira J E Silva
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Medicine, Rio Grande do Sul
| | - Christine M Lohse
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kiran A Goyal
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David W Barbara
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Xiao-Wei Liu
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Liaoning, Shenyang
| | - Ronna L Campbell
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Davin L, Marechal P, Lancellotti P, Martinez C, Pierard L, Radermecker R. Angioedema: a rare and sometimes delayed side effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Acta Cardiol 2019; 74:277-281. [PMID: 30328786 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2018.1507477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors result from the inhibition of the ACE (kininase II) to ultimately influence both the renin-angiotensin system and the degradation of the bradykinin (BK) metabolism. ACE inhibitors block the degradation of BK and substance P by ACE. In addition, an active metabolite of BK (Des-Arg9-BK) is catalysed by kininase I and its degradation is controlled in part by the conversion enzyme. These molecules have been associated with increased plasma extravasation associated with ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors are the leading cause of drug-induced Angioedema (AE). Symptoms of AE mainly occur after the first month of treatment by ACE. However, very late onset cases, sometimes after several years of stable therapy, are also described in the literature. It has been observed that patients previously stable under ACE inhibitor will most likely develop AE soon after the addition of another medication, including the combination of aspirin or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs with ACE inhibitor which has proved to be the most common cause, accounting for close to 50% of all AE cases related to ACE inhibitors. This side effect of ACE inhibitors, sometimes very late and rare, deserves to be recalled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Davin
- University of Liege Hospital; CHU Sart Tilman Liege Belgium; Department of Cardiology
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences University Hospital of Liege
| | - Patrick Marechal
- University of Liege Hospital; CHU Sart Tilman Liege Belgium; Department of Cardiology
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- University of Liege Hospital; CHU Sart Tilman Liege Belgium; Department of Cardiology
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences University Hospital of Liege
| | - Christophe Martinez
- University of Liege Hospital; CHU Sart Tilman Liege Belgium; Department of Cardiology
| | - Luc Pierard
- University of Liege Hospital; CHU Sart Tilman Liege Belgium; Department of Cardiology
- GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences University Hospital of Liege
| | - Regis Radermecker
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic disorders Unit CHU Liege; Clinical Pharmacology, Liege University, Belgium
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