1
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Salavastru CM, Butacu AI, Fritz K, Eren S, Tiplica GS. [Benign skin neoplasms in children]. Hautarzt 2022; 73:127-137. [PMID: 35029698 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-021-04935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are many different types of skin neoplasms in children and most are benign. Dermatologists should be able to differentiate between the various types of benign skin neoplasms and be able to recommend optimal treatment to concerned patients. Surgical removal of benign skin neoplasms is often the only treatment option. The aim of this paper is to provide a general overview of epidermal lesions (e.g., inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus [ILVEN], nevus sebaceous), tumors of the epidermal appendages (e.g. pilomatrixoma), cutaneous neoplasms (e.g. angiofibroma), fibromatoses (e.g., knuckle pads), tumors comprised of fat, muscle, or bone tissue (e.g., osteoma cutis, subungual exostosis), epidermal cysts and pseudocysts, and pathologic fibrosis reactions after dermal injury (keloid). Scientific data are scarce and only in the last decade has it been possible to perform histopathological examinations and genetic studies together with detailed phenotyping to gain new understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Maria Salavastru
- Pädiatrische Dermatologie, Dermatoonkologisches Forschungungslabor, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Bukarest, Rumänien
| | - Alexandra-Irina Butacu
- Dermatologie II, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Stefan cel Mare Street 19-21, 020125, Bukarest, Rumänien.
| | - Klaus Fritz
- Dermatologie II, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Stefan cel Mare Street 19-21, 020125, Bukarest, Rumänien.,Hautärzte und Laserzentrum Landau, Landau, Deutschland
| | - Seher Eren
- Hautärzte und Laserzentrum Landau, Landau, Deutschland
| | - George-Sorin Tiplica
- Dermatologie II, Colentina Klinik, Carol-Davila-Universität für Medizin und Pharmazie, Stefan cel Mare Street 19-21, 020125, Bukarest, Rumänien
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2
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De Vito A, Taranath A, Dahmoush H, Ganapathy SS, Sudhakar S, Mankad K. Neuroimaging manifestations of epidermal nevus syndrome. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:415-422. [PMID: 33392041 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) represents a diverse group of rare neurocutaneous diseases associated with the presence of characteristic epidermal nevi (EN) in the skin and extracutaneous manifestations in the eyes, skeletal, urogenital and central nervous systems. We present a case series of 7 children with ENS, with specific attention to the neuroradiological characteristics of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Vito
- Department of Neuroradiology, H. S. Gerardo Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Ajay Taranath
- Department of Radiology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hisham Dahmoush
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sniya Sudhakar
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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3
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Garcias-Ladaria J, Cuadrado Rosón M, Pascual-López M. Epidermal Nevi and Related Syndromes — Part 1: Keratinocytic Nevi. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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4
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Garcias-Ladaria J, Cuadrado Rosón M, Pascual-López M. Epidermal Nevi and Related Syndromes -- Part 1: Keratinocytic Nevi. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018; 109:677-686. [PMID: 29983155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal nevi are hamartomatous lesions derived from the epidermis and/or adnexal structures of the skin; they have traditionally been classified according to their morphology. New variants have been described in recent years and advances in genetics have contributed to better characterization of these lesions and an improved understanding of their relationship with certain extracutaneous manifestations. In the first part of this review article, we will look at nevi derived specifically from the epidermis and associated syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garcias-Ladaria
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de Manacor, Mallorca, Islas Baleares, España.
| | - M Cuadrado Rosón
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Manacor, Mallorca, Islas Baleares, España
| | - M Pascual-López
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de Manacor, Mallorca, Islas Baleares, España
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5
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Greene AK, Rogers GF, Mulliken JB. Schimmelpenning Syndrome: An Association with Vascular Anomalies. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017; 44:208-15. [PMID: 17328648 DOI: 10.1597/06-025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Schimmelpenning syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous disorder characterized by craniofacial nevus sebaceus in association with seizures, developmental delay, and ocular or skeletal pathology. Vascular anomalies also have been described in this condition, and some authors have suggested that the two entities are associated. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of vascular anomalies in Schimmelpenning syndrome. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients with Schimmelpenning syndrome who were evaluated or were managed at Children's Hospital Boston between 1980 and 2005. In addition, all published cases purported to be Schimmelpenning syndrome were analyzed to determine whether the primary diagnosis was accurate and whether or not there were concurrent vascular anomalies. Results: Three of nine patients (33.3%) in our series had a vascular malformation. One patient had coarctation, aortic aneurysm, renal artery, and carotid stenosis; another had a thoracic lymphatic anomaly with chylothorax; and the third had lymphedema of the lower extremities and lymphatic malformation of the neck/chest with chylothorax. Additional findings were seizures (78%), ocular pathology (78%), developmental delay (56%), and skeletal abnormalities (67%). Of 119 cases of authenticated Schimmelpenning syndrome in the literature, 18 vascular malformations were documented in 15 patients (12.6%): venous (n = 7); arterial (n = 5); lymphatic (n = 3); capillary (n = 2); and arteriovenous (n = 1). Conclusions: Vascular malformations occur with a higher frequency (12.6 to 33%) in patients with Schimmelpenning syndrome compared with the general population (<1%). Therefore, we conclude that there is an association between vascular anomalies and Schimmelpenning syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin K Greene
- Plastic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Becker nevus syndrome and ipsilateral breast hypoplasia: a systematic literature review. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-017-1327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Rizzo R, Pavone P. Nevus Sebaceous and Its Association With Neurologic Involvement. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2015; 22:302-9. [PMID: 26706017 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several terms are widely used to define cutaneous lesions affecting the epidermis in association with extracutaneous lesions. Recently, based on the wide spectrum of cutaneous epidermal lesions, the various underlying molecular mechanisms and patterns of associated features have led to improved definitions of these disorders. Nevus sebaceous syndrome has been placed under the umbrella term of epidermal nevus syndrome, in which the nevus sebaceous, a congenital hamartomatous lesion of the epidermis, is associated with anomalies involving the brain, eyes, and bones. Nevus sebaceous and neurologic manifestations were evaluated particularly based on their degree of intellectual delay, seizure type, treatment response, and electroencephalography and neuroradiological findings. A review of the literature in this topic is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rizzo
- *Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Piero Pavone
- University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy.
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8
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Karpe T, Kokkula N, Abidullah M, Gundamaraju K, Arshad F. A Rare Entity of Giant Epidermal Exophytic Naevus of Hemifacial Region. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZD05-7. [PMID: 26557625 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13934.6593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The term nevi constitute a hamartomatous growth of either skin or mucosa that is generally found at birth or shortly after birth. An epidermal nevus consisting chiefly of sebaceous glands is called as nevus sebaceous. Typically this entity is seen as a solitary bald patch over the scalp at birth. We report a case of exophytic lesion following blaschko's lines at birth. We find this case as peculiar because of the multiplicity of lesions, their pattern of distribution, as well as their atypical morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Karpe
- Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial, Surgery, S.B Patil Dental College and Hospital , Bidar, Karnataka, India
| | - Naveen Kokkula
- Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Aditya Dental College , Beed, Maharastra, India
| | - Mohammed Abidullah
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, S.B Patil Dental College and Hospital , Bidar, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiran Gundamaraju
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial, Pathology, GDCH , Hyderabad, A.P, India
| | - Fazil Arshad
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostics Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University , Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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9
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Schlolaut B, Schild HH, Pfannschmidt J, Kaiser D. A rare case of chylothorax in a patient with schimmelpenning syndrome. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Rep 2015; 3:64-6. [PMID: 25798367 PMCID: PMC4360691 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1394162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chylothorax originating in a patient with Schimmelpenning syndrome is rare and poses a problem in diagnosis and treatment. A 22-year-old male was admitted with dyspnea indicative of a large pleural chylous effusion. Besides conservative dietary treatment measures, the chylous effusion was drained (2,000 mL/day). Computed tomography-lymphography after ligation of the thoracic duct and pleurectomy revealed a small collateral flow of chylous fluid toward the chest wall and entering the thorax. Eventually, local radiation therapy with 36 Gy effectively treated the chylothorax. Five months later, an epitheloid angiosarcoma developing from a preexisting cutaneous lesion was detected and treated by surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schlolaut
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Clinic Heckeshorn at HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Pfannschmidt
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Clinic Heckeshorn at HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Kaiser
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Clinic Heckeshorn at HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Gowdar G, Nyamagoudar A, Chezhian I P. Schimmelpenning feuerstein-mims syndrome with isolated enlargement of left temporal lobe. Indian J Pediatr 2015; 82:197-8. [PMID: 24986195 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-014-1522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guruprasad Gowdar
- Department of Neonatology, JJM Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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11
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Abstract
The term epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) has been used to describe the association of epidermal hamartomas and extracutaneous abnormalities. Although many continue to use the term "ENS," it is now understood that this is not one disease, but rather a heterogeneous group with distinct genetic profiles defined by a common cutaneous phenotype: the presence of epidermal and adnexal hamartomas that are associated with other organ system involvement. One commonality is that epidermal nevi often follow the lines of Blaschko and it appears the more widespread the cutaneous manifestations, the greater the risk for extracutaneous manifestations. The majority of the extracutaneous manifestations involve the brain, eye, and skeletal systems. The CNS involvement is wide ranging and involves both clinical manifestations such as intellectual disability and seizures, as well as structural anomalies. Several subsets of ENS with characteristic features have been delineated including the nevus sebaceus syndrome, Proteus syndrome, CHILD syndrome, Becker's nevus syndrome, nevus comedonicus syndrome, and phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica. Advances in molecular biology have revealed that the manifestations of ENS are due to genomic mosaicism. It is likely that the varied clinical manifestations of ENS are due in great part to the functional effects of specific genetic defects. Optimal management of the patient with ENS involves an interdisciplinary approach given the potential for multisystem involvement. Of note, epidermal nevi have been associated with both benign and malignant neoplasms, and thus ongoing clinical follow-up is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Asch
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Sugarman
- Departments of Dermatology and Community and Family Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Santa Rosa, CA, USA.
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12
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Phenotype/genotype correlations in epidermal nevus syndrome as a neurocristopathy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 132:9-25. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62702-5.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Sadowski K, Jóźwiak S. Recent advances in pathophysiology studies and treatment of epilepsy in neurocutaneous disorders. JOURNAL OF EPILEPTOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/joepi-2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIntroduction.Epilepsy that is associated with neurocutaneous disorders seriously deteriorates quality of life and cognitive outcome of affected children. Recent advances in epilepsy pathophysiology raise hopes for better treatment results in this difficult group of patients.Aim.The aim of this review is to present recent treatment recommendations as well as current research progress in the most frequent neurocutaneous disorders.Material and methods.We analyzed PubMed database to select the most prominent and recent (up to 2014 year) publications on the treatment and mechanisms of epilepsy in selected neurocutaneous disorders. We aimed to emphasize evidence-based medicine recommendations as well as basic experimental studies dealing with molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis.Discussion and conclusions.Recent advances in disease-modifying treatment options such as mTOR inhibitors in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex open up new perspectives for neurologists. Traditional resective surgery has still a major role as a treatment of choice in carefully selected cases.
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14
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Al-Rohil RN, Leung D, Andrew Carlson J. Congenital vulnerability of cutaneous segments arising from skin mosaicism: A genetic basis for locus minoris resistentiae. Clin Dermatol 2014; 32:577-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Dasegowda SB, Basavaraj G, Nischal K, Swaroop M, Umashankar N, Swamy SS. Becker's Nevus Syndrome. Indian J Dermatol 2014; 59:421. [PMID: 25071279 PMCID: PMC4103296 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.135530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Becker's nevus is a cutaneous hamartoma characterized by circumscribed hyperpigmentation with hypertrichosis. Becker's nevus syndrome is an association of Becker's nevus with unilateral breast hypoplasia and muscle, skin, and/or skeletal abnormalities. We here report a case of a 15 year-old female who presented with bilateral Becker's nevus over her groins, thighs, vulva, and in front of the neck from the age of 5 years. She had associated mental retardation, delayed development of mile stones, delayed puberty, dwarfism, depressed nasal bridge, long slender digits, crowding of lateral toes, valgus deformity of first metatarsophalangeal joint, mitral valve prolapse, muddy conjunctiva with hypertrophic and hyperpigmented caruncle of both eyes, ichthyosis, brownish hair, and absence of axillary and pubic hair. On histopathological examination collagen hamartoma underneath the Becker's nevus was found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gb Basavaraj
- Department of Dermatology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, BG Nagara, Karnataka, India
| | - Kc Nischal
- Department of Dermatology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, BG Nagara, Karnataka, India
| | - Mr Swaroop
- Department of Dermatology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, BG Nagara, Karnataka, India
| | - Np Umashankar
- Department of Dermatology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, BG Nagara, Karnataka, India
| | - Suchetha S Swamy
- Department of Dermatology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, BG Nagara, Karnataka, India
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16
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Saritha M, Chandrashekar L, Thappa DM, Ramesh A, Basu D. Late onset epidermal nevus with hypertrichosis and facial hemihypertrophy. Indian J Dermatol 2014; 59:210. [PMID: 24700959 PMCID: PMC3969701 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.127713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal nevus syndromes are rare conditions, characterized by different types of keratinocytic or organoid epidermal nevi in association with ocular, neurological, and skeletal manifestations. We present a case of late onset epidermal nevus with hypertrichosis and hemihypertrophy of face. Genetic analysis did not reveal presence of FGFR3 or PIK3CA mutations. The patient has features that cannot be categorized into the present well-known syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saritha
- Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Laxmisha Chandrashekar
- Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Devinder Mohan Thappa
- Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - A Ramesh
- Department of Radiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Debdatta Basu
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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17
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Therapeutic effects of CO2 laser therapy of linear nevus sebaceous in the course of the Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2013; 30:320-3. [PMID: 24353494 PMCID: PMC3858662 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2013.38363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims (SFM) syndrome is a rare phakomatosis which comprises a nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn, seizures and developmental delay associated with a wide spectrum of extracutaneous abnormalities including neurological, skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular and urogenital defects. We are presenting a case of an 18-year-old patient with systemic features of the SFM syndrome and an extensive linear nevus sebaceous partially removed with a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. The treatment options of skin lesions in patients with SFM are discussed.
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18
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Cairns DM, Pignolo RJ, Uchimura T, Brennan TA, Lindborg CM, Xu M, Kaplan FS, Shore EM, Zeng L. Somitic disruption of GNAS in chick embryos mimics progressive osseous heteroplasia. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3624-33. [PMID: 23863715 DOI: 10.1172/jci69746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) is a rare developmental disorder of heterotopic ossification (HO) caused by heterozygous inactivating germline mutations in the paternal allele of the GNAS gene. Interestingly, POH lesions have a bewildering mosaic distribution. Using clinical, radiographic, and photographic documentation, we found that most of the 12 individuals studied had a lesional bias toward one side or the other, even showing exclusive sidedness. Most strikingly, all had a dermomyotomal distribution of HO lesions. We hypothesized that somatic mutations in a progenitor cell of somitic origin may act on a background of germline haploinsufficiency to cause loss of heterozygosity at the GNAS locus and lead to the unilateral distribution of POH lesions. Taking advantage of the chick system, we examined our hypothesis by mimicking loss of heterozygosity of GNAS expression using dominant-negative GNAS that was introduced into a subset of chick somites, the progenitors that give rise to dermis and muscle. We observed rapid ectopic cartilage and bone induction at the axial and lateral positions in a unilateral distribution corresponding to the injected somites, which suggests that blocking GNAS activity in a targeted population of progenitor cells can lead to mosaic ectopic ossification reminiscent of that seen in POH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Cairns
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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19
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Boente MDC, Asial R, Primc NB, Happle R. Angora hair nevus. A further case of an unusual epidermal nevus representing a hallmark of angora hair nevus syndrome. J Dermatol Case Rep 2013; 7:49-51. [PMID: 23858341 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2013.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of Blaschko lines with genetic mosaicism has lead to the concept that this pattern represents the manifestation of genetically abnormal skin tissue contrasting with the genetically normal skin. Various mosaic defects affecting not only the skin but also extracutaneous tissues have lead to the description of different types of epidermal nevus syndromes. We present a further case of an unusual organoid epidermal nevus characterized by depigmented hypertrichosis. MAIN OBSERVATIONS We describe a 2-year-old boy with a systematized angora hair nevus being characterized by bands covered with soft white hair arranged along Blaschko's lines, involving the scalp, face, and trunk. A biopsy obtained from a scalp lesion showed mild epidermal acanthosis and increased pigmentation of the basal layer. Trichoscopy the affected scalp hair demonstrated fine light coloured shafts. The boy had slight macrocephaly and body asymmetry, a sacral pit, and koilonychia of the big toes. CONCLUSIONS The angora hair nevus is a peculiar type of organoid epidermal nevus, representing the cutaneous hallmark of a distinctive syndrome, the angora hair nevus syndrome (Schauder syndrome). In cases of epidermal nevi showing hypertrichosis, this unusual entity should be borne in mind for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Boente
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Niño Jesús, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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20
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Abstract
The recent discovery that nevus sebaceus is a mosaic RASopathy represents a major breakthrough in research on epidermal nevi. In this issue, both Levinsohn et al. and Sun et al. confirm this advancement with results obtained through whole-exome sequencing. Further molecular studies will almost certainly show that sebaceous and keratinocytic nevi are different disorders, although there is some clinical overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Happle
- Department of Dermatology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Hato N, Tsujimura M, Takagi T, Okada M, Gyo K, Tohyama M, Tauchi H. Infantile inflammatory pseudotumor of the facial nerve as a complication of epidermal nevus syndrome with cholesteatoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2013; 40:569-72. [PMID: 23433476 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first reported case of facial paralysis due to an inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the facial nerve as a complication of epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) is herein presented. A 10-month-old female patient was diagnosed with ENS at 3 months of age. She was referred to us because of moderate left facial paralysis. Epidermal nevi of her left auricle extended deep into the external ear canal. Otoscopy revealed polypous nevi and cholesteatoma debris filling the left ear. Computed tomography showed a soft mass filling the ear canal, including the middle ear, and an enormously enlarged facial nerve. Surgical exploration revealed numerous polypous nevi, external ear cholesteatoma, and tumorous swelling of the facial nerve. The middle ear ossicles were completely lost. The facial paralysis was improved after decompression surgery, but recurred 5 months later. A second operation was conducted 10 months after the first. During this operation, facial nerve decompression was completed from the geniculate ganglion to near the stylomastoid foramen. Histological diagnosis of the facial nerve tumor was IPT probably caused by chronic external ear inflammation induced by epidermal nevi. The facial paralysis gradually improved to House-Blackmann grade III 5 years after the second operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Hato
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
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Abstract
Epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) is an inclusive term for a heterogeneous group of congenital disorders characterized by the presence of epidermal nevi associated with systemic involvement. These disorders, as are all primary neurocutaneous syndromes, are neurocristopathies. The epidermal nevi that follow the lines of Blaschko and most systemic anomalies in skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular, endocrine, and orodental tissues, as well as lipomas, are due to defective neural crest. The most important and frequent anomaly in the brain in all forms of epidermal nevus syndromes (ENSs) is hemimegalencephaly (HME). This malformation often is not recognized, despite being the principal cause of neurological manifestations in ENSs. They consist mainly of epilepsy and developmental delay or intellectual disability. The onset of epilepsy in ENS usually is in early infancy, often as infantile spasms. Several syndromic forms have been delineated. I propose the term "Heide's syndrome" for those distinctive cases with the typical triad of hemifacial epidermal nevus, ipsilateral facial lipoma, and hemimegalencephaly. Most ENSs are sporadic. The mechanism is thought to be genetic mosaicism with a lethal autosomal dominant gene. Specific genetic mutations (PTEN, FGFR3, PIK3CA, and AKT1) have been documented in some patients. The large number of contributors for over more than a century and a half to the description of these disorders precludes the use of new author eponyms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flores-Sarnat Laura
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Neurology, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
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Pavlidis E, Cantalupo G, Boria S, Cossu G, Pisani F. Hemimegalencephalic variant of epidermal nevus syndrome: case report and literature review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012; 16:332-42. [PMID: 22200538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) is an uncommon neurocutaneous disorder in which epidermal nevi are found in association with congenital abnormalities of the brain, eye, and/or skeleton. The association of epidermal nevi and neurologic abnormalities was comprehensively described by Schimmelpenning in 1957. Pavone et al. (1991) identified a homogeneous variant of ENS with hemimegalencephaly, gyral malformation, mental retardation, seizures and facial hemihypertrophy. A 13-year-old boy with the neurologic variant of ENS with hemimegalencephaly, facial asymmetry, febrile seizures and mental retardation is reported. Additionally, we performed a literature review using the search terms "epidermal nevus syndrome" and "hemimegalencephaly", including secondary sources of data such as reference lists of articles reviewed. We found 57 previously reported cases with the hemimegalencephalic variant of epidermal nevus syndrome, in which the most frequent associated features are severe epilepsy, in about half of cases with neonatal onset, mental retardation/developmental delay, ocular/visual involvement, and facial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pavlidis
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Multiple oncogenic mutations and clonal relationship in spatially distinct benign human epidermal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20780-5. [PMID: 21078999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008365107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors result from the accumulation of genetic alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Much less is known about the genetic changes in benign tumors. Seborrheic keratoses (SK) are very frequent benign human epidermal tumors without malignant potential. We performed a comprehensive mutational screen of genes in the FGFR3-RAS-MAPK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathways from 175 SK, including multiple lesions from each patient. SK commonly harbored multiple bona fide oncogenic mutations in FGFR3, PIK3CA, KRAS, HRAS, EGFR, and AKT1 oncogenes but not in tumor suppressor genes TSC1 and PTEN. Despite the occurrence of oncogenic mutations and the evidence for downstream ERK/MAPK and PI3K pathway signaling, we did not find induction of senescence or a DNA damage response. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis revealed that SK are genetically stable. The pattern of oncogenic mutations and X chromosome inactivation departs significantly from randomness and indicates that spatially independent lesions from a given patient share a clonal relationship. Our findings show that multiple oncogenic mutations in the major signaling pathways involved in cancer are not sufficient to drive malignant tumor progression. Furthermore, our data provide clues on the origin and spread of oncogenic mutations in tissues, suggesting that apparently independent (multicentric) adult benign tumors may have a clonal origin.
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Rijntjes-Jacobs EG, Lopriore E, Steggerda SJ, Kant SG, Walther FJ. Discordance for Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome in monochorionic twins supports the concept of a postzygotic mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2816-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Nevi or nests of cells may be made up of a variety of cell types. The cell types that live in the epidermis include epidermal cells or keratinocytes, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, apocrine and eccrine glands, and smooth muscle cells. This article discusses epidermal or keratinocyte nevi, nevus sebaceous, nevus comedonicus, smooth muscle hamartomas, and inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevi. Syndromes associated with epidermal nevi are also reviewed.
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Happle R. The group of epidermal nevus syndromes Part I. Well defined phenotypes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:1-22; quiz 23-4. [PMID: 20542174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The epidermal nevus syndromes represent a group of distinct disorders that can be distinguished by the type of associated epidermal nevus and by the criterion of presence or absence of heritability. Well defined syndromes characterized by organoid epidermal nevi include Schimmelpenning syndrome, phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica, nevus comedonicus syndrome, angora hair nevus syndrome, and Becker nevus syndrome. The molecular basis of these disorders has so far not been identified. By contrast, the group of syndromes characterized by keratinocytic nevi comprises three phenotypes with a known molecular etiology in the form of CHILD (congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform nevus and limb defects) syndrome, type 2 segmental Cowden disease, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 epidermal nevus syndrome (García-Hafner-Happle syndrome), whereas Proteus syndrome is still of unknown origin. From this overview, it is clear that a specific type of these disorders cannot be classified by the name "epidermal nevus syndrome" nor by the terms "organoid nevus syndrome" or "keratinocytic nevus syndrome." LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completing this learning activity, participants should be able to distinguish nine different epidermal nevus syndromes by their characteristic features, understand the practical significance of avoiding terms like "epidermal nevus syndrome" or "keratinocytic nevus syndrome" to define any specific entity within this group of disorders, and differentiate between nonhereditary traits and those bearing a genetic risk because of either Mendelian or non-Mendelian inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Happle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Amato C, Elia M, Schepis C. Schimmelpenning syndrome: a kind of craniofacial epidermal nevus associated with cerebral and ocular MR imaging abnormalities. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010; 31:E47-8. [PMID: 20299435 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tesi D, Ficarra G. Oral linear epidermal nevus: a review of the literature and report of two new cases. Head Neck Pathol 2010; 4:139-43. [PMID: 20512640 PMCID: PMC2878623 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-010-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Linear epidermal nevus (LEN) is a sporadic hamartomatous lesion of the skin due to the proliferation of clones of embryonic ectodermal cells, which are arranged according to a typical linear configuration known as Blaschko's lines. Oral involvement of LEN is very rare and few cases have been reported in the medical literature. We report two new cases of LEN with exclusive oral involvement, which presented with the typical unilateral or midline distribution. Oral LEN presents as an exophytic lesion with well defined borders and a verrucous or papillary surface which correspond, histologically, to epithelial papillomatosis with a moderate degree of hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. Oral LEN appears mainly at birth, grows slowly during childhood and stabilize by adolescence. Localized lesions do not show any recurrence after surgical removal but widespread lesions seem to have more risk of recurrence and are more difficult to manage. Functional problems and malignant transformation have not been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tesi
- Reference Center for the study of Oral Diseases, University of Florence, Florence, Italy ,Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Florence, Italy ,Department of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ficarra
- Reference Center for the study of Oral Diseases, University of Florence, Florence, Italy ,Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Florence, Italy ,Department of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, Florence, Italy
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Haberland-Carrodeguas C, Allen CM, Lovas JGL, Hicks J, Flaitz CM, Carlos R, Stal S. Review of linear epidermal nevus with oral mucosal involvement – series of five new cases. Oral Dis 2008; 14:131-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hafner C, Landthaler M, Happle R, Vogt T. Nevus marginatus: a distinct type of epidermal nevus or merely a variant of nevus sebaceus? Dermatology 2008; 216:236-8. [PMID: 18182817 DOI: 10.1159/000112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal nevi (EN) represent a heterogeneous group of mosaic skin lesions frequently following the lines of Blaschko. They are divided into organoid and nonorganoid types. Herein we report on a 35-year-old man with a rather unusual type of EN. A linear lesion involving the trunk and following Blaschko's lines was conspicuously bordered by dark brown papules. The flat reddish central area histopathologically showed sebaceous hyperplasia consistent with nevus sebaceus, an organoid EN type, whereas the elevated margin showed features of a common nonorganoid keratinocytic EN. For this peculiar disorder, we propose the term 'nevus marginatus'. So far it is not clear whether nevus marginatus represents a distinct entity or merely an unusual clinical variant of nevus sebaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
A 14-year-old boy had giant confluent brown patches that were bilaterally distributed on his back, chest, and upper arms, and partially covered by dark coarse hairs. A clinical diagnosis of Becker nevus was made and confirmed histopathologically. We report this patient for the rarity of presentation. Different clinical features of Becker nevi, associated findings, differential diagnoses, and treatment options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khatami
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Majmudar V, Loffeld A, Happle R, Salim A. Phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica associated with a suprasellar dermoid cyst and leg hypertrophy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007; 32:690-2. [PMID: 17868392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica (PP) is a mosaic disorder that represents a distinct epidermal naevus syndrome. Its defining features are an epidermal naevus that is usually of the sebaceous type and a speckled lentiginous naevus arranged in a chequerboard pattern. In addition, there are neurological, ophthalmological and skeletal abnormalities, including limb hemiatrophy with muscular weakness, ptosis, seizures and ipsilateral segmental hyperaesthesia and hyperhidrosis. We report a 44-year-old man with an extensive epidermal naevus and an ipsilateral speckled lentiginous naevus. He also had ipsilateral right leg hypertrophy and a suprasellar dermoid cyst with associated neurological abnormalities. We propose that this case represents an unusual example of PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Majmudar
- Department of Dermatology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Solihull, West Midlands, UK.
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Abstract
The epidermal nevus syndrome is a disease complex consisting of the association of an epidermal nevus with various developmental abnormalities of the skin, eyes, nervous, skeletal, cardiovascular, and urogenital systems. The epidermal nevi are classified according to their predominant component; nevus sebaceus (sebaceous glands), nevus comedonicus (hair follicles), and nevus verrucosus (keratinocytes). We report a neonate who presented with a nevus sebaceus on the scalp and face as well as a coloboma and dermoid on his left eye. Within the sebaceous nevus on the scalp, circumscribed lesions of aplasia cutis congenita were detected, which is consistent with the recently proposed term in the literature didymosis aplasticosebacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravka Demerdjieva
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract
Epidermal nevus syndrome is a group of congenital neurocutaneous disorders characterized by epidermal nevi in association with cerebral, ocular, skeletal, and sometimes cardiac and renal abnormalities. These nevi have been classified according to their predominant component. We described a child presenting with inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus on the head, which is an uncommon location. He also encountered ocular and central nervous system structural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheera Chatproedprai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Abstract
Nevus sebaceous syndrome is a member of the epidermal nevus syndromes group, and is characterized by extensive nevus sebaceous, seizures, and mental retardation. We present an affected 5-month-old boy who had facial hemi-hypertrophy and recurrent seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Ogunbiyi
- Dermatology unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Cambiaghi S, Gianotti R, Caputo R. Widespread porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus along Blaschko lines. Pediatr Dermatol 2007; 24:162-7. [PMID: 17461816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus is a congenital hamartoma of possible eccrine origin with no malignant potential. It is usually localized at the extremity of a single limb, while wider systematized distribution has rarely been documented. A child with an unusually widespread nevus following Blaschko lines is reported. The disorder had a striking presentation in the form of a systematized linear epidermal nevus composed of multiple tiny filiform keratotic spines, which histologically corresponded to columns of porokeratosis. Serial histopathologic sections of a 4-mm punch biopsy specimen barely demonstrated an anatomic relationship between the porokeratotic columns and the underlying acrosyringeal duct. This report provides further evidence of porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus being distributed along Blaschko lines, thus confirming it is a peculiar epidermal nevus due to a mosaic cutaneous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cambiaghi
- Istituto di Scienze Dermatologiche, Università di Milano, Servizio di Dermatologia Pediatrica, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Shah KN, Honig PJ, Yan AC. Bilateral symmetric facial epidermal nevus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56:S51-3. [PMID: 17224387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Hemimegalencephaly syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)87010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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41
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Widelitz RB, Baker R, Plikus M, Lin C, Maini P, Paus R, Chuong CM. Distinct mechanisms underlie pattern formation in the skin and skin appendages. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2006; 78:280-91. [PMID: 17061271 PMCID: PMC4380182 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Patterns form with the break of homogeneity and lead to the emergence of new structure or arrangement. There are different physiological and pathological mechanisms that lead to the formation of patterns. Here, we first introduce the basics of pattern formation and their possible biological basis. We then discuss different categories of skin patterns and their potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Some patterns, such as the lines of Blaschko and Naevus, are based on cell lineage and genetic mosaicism. Other patterns, such as regionally specific skin appendages, can be set by distinct combinatorial molecular codes, which in turn may be set by morphogenetic gradients. There are also some patterns, such as the arrangement of hair follicles (hair whorls) and fingerprints, which involve genetics as well as stochastic epigenetic events based on physiochemical principles. Many appendage primordia are laid out in developmental waves. In the adult, some patterns, such as those involving cycling hair follicles, may appear as traveling waves in mice. Since skin appendages can renew themselves in regeneration, their size and shape can still change in the adult via regulation by hormones and the environment. Some lesion patterns are based on pathological changes involving the above processes and can be used as diagnostic criteria in medicine. Understanding the different mechanisms that lead to patterns in the skin will help us appreciate their full significance in morphogenesis and medical research. Much remains to be learned about complex pattern formation, if we are to bridge the gap between molecular biology and organism phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, Univ. Southern California, USA
| | - Ruth Baker
- Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, 24-29 St Giles’, Oxford OX1 3LB, UK
| | - Maksim Plikus
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, Univ. Southern California, USA
| | - Chihmin Lin
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, Univ. Southern California, USA
| | - Philip Maini
- Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, 24-29 St Giles’, Oxford OX1 3LB, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dept. of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cheng Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, Univ. Southern California, USA
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Viewpoint 4. Exp Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00448_5.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Paus R, Chuong CM, Dhouailly D, Gilmore S, Forest L, Shelley WB, Stenn KS, Maini P, Michon F, Parimoo S, Cadau S, Demongeot J, Zheng Y, Paus R, Happle R. What is the biological basis of pattern formation of skin lesions? Exp Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Viewpoint 1. Exp Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00448_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Heike CL, Cunningham ML, Steiner RD, Wenkert D, Hornung RL, Gruss JS, Gannon FH, McAlister WH, Mumm S, Whyte MP. Skeletal changes in epidermal nevus syndrome: does focal bone disease harbor clues concerning pathogenesis? Am J Med Genet A 2006; 139A:67-77. [PMID: 16222671 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) is a rare, sporadic, congenital disorder of unknown etiology featuring a complex and highly variable phenotype that can include focal or generalized skeletal disease. We describe a young man with ENS manifesting right-sided linear skin lesions, generalized weakness, diffuse osteopenia associated with hypophosphatemic rickets, and distinctive focal bone lesions ipsilateral to the skin findings. Review of the literature concerning ENS-associated skeletal disease suggested such focal bone defects are fibrous dysplasia, but our patient did not have the typical radiographic or histopathologic findings of fibrous dysplasia. Nevertheless, his circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) level was elevated, likely functioning as a "phosphatonin," yet no activating mutations in GNAS previously reported in fibrous dysplasia or McCune-Albright syndrome were detected in his leukocytes or affected skin. We postulate that the focal skeletal disease, although different than fibrous dysplasia, may be a source of FGF-23 in ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Craniofacial Center, University of Washington and Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98105-5371, USA.
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Rodríguez-Díaz E, Alvarez-Cuesta CC, Blanco S, Galache C, Hidalgo Y. Nevo de Becker asociado a nevo epidérmico: ¿un ejemplo más de «manchas gemelas»? ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2006; 97:200-2. [PMID: 16796968 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(06)73380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear epidermal nevi are believed to be caused by an autosomal dominant lethal mutation that can only be expressed by mosaicism. Becker's nevus can be explained by paradominant inheritance which is only manifested clinically by an acquired loss of heterozygosity. We present the case of a 16-year-old female with an epidermal nevus located on the left side of the neck, and also a Becker's nevus located on the ipsilateral shoulder. It is interesting to speculate that this supposed double mosaicism could be another example of "twin spotting" or non-allelic didymosis, although the possibility that this is a chance association cannot be ruled out, as the lesions are not closely associated.
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Warnke PH, Schimmelpenning GW, Happle R, Springer ING, Hauschild A, Wiltfang J, Acil Y, Sherry E, Proksch E, Luettges J, Russo PAJ. Intraoral lesions associated with sebaceous nevus syndrome. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33:175-80. [PMID: 16420315 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2006.00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The sebaceous nevus syndrome describes the rare association of a sebaceous nevus with systemic features such as mental retardation, seizures and colobomas (among others). It is thought to be a cutaneous mosaic inherited as a paradominant trait. Three cases are provided illustrating the intraoral manifestations of the syndrome. The first histological comparison of contiguous mucosal and cutaneous lesions is provided. We also describe the possible association of SFM syndrome with a benign fibrous histiocytic lesion of the mandible. This and other mandibular tumors associated with the sebaceous nevus syndrome may have significant implications for patients. Awareness of the potential presence or development of significant intraoral lesions in association with the sebaceous nevus syndrome is important for those involved in the care of patients with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Warnke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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García-Alix Pérez A, de Lucas Laguna R, Quero Jiménez J. [The skin as an expression of neurological alterations in the neonate]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2005; 62:548-63. [PMID: 15927121 DOI: 10.1157/13075548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is involved in many different genetic syndromes and diseases with multiple organ involvement. Neurodevelopmental disorders appear in many of these entities and knowledge of these cutaneous alterations may provide clues to their diagnosis. Recognizing these skin disorders in the newborn allows early identification of neonates with a biological risk of epilepsy and motor and/or cognitive disorders and enables them to be followed up. This helps to plan the management of these patients and, in many entities, to predict their natural history and provide genetic counseling to the family. This review examines the cutaneous signs that may provide important clues in the neonate that help to identify entities that carry a risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Alix Pérez
- Departamento de Pediatría, Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28036 Madrid, España.
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Kishida ES, Muniz Silva MA, da Costa Pereira F, Sanches JA, Sotto MN. Epidermal nevus syndrome associated with adnexal tumors, spitz nevus, and hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets. Pediatr Dermatol 2005; 22:48-54. [PMID: 15660898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2005.22111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal nevus syndrome is the association of epidermal nevi with abnormalities in other organ systems, most commonly the central nervous system, the skeletal system, and the eyes. We present a patient with epidermal nevus syndrome associated with hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets and multiple adnexal and spindle cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sanae Kishida
- Departament of Dermatology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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Abstract
The term "epidermal nevus syndrome" (ENS) has been used to describe the association of epidermal hamartomas and extra-cutaneous abnormalities. Epidermal nevi follow the lines of Blaschko. The majority of the extra-cutaneous manifestations involve the brain, eye, and skeletal systems. Several subsets with characteristic features have been delineated including the nevus sebaceous syndrome, Proteus syndrome, CHILD syndrome, Becker nevus syndrome, nevus comedonicus syndrome, and phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica. Epidermal nevi have been associated with benign and malignant neoplasms. Advances in molecular biology have revealed that the manifestations of ENS are due to genomic mosaicism. It is likely that the varied clinical manifestations of ENS are due in great part to the functional effects of specific genetic defects. Optimal management of the patient with ENS involves an interdisciplinary approach. Amelioration of the cutaneous features of ENS has been difficult but there have been advances, especially in the use of lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Sugarman
- Departments of Dermatology and Community and Family Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 95404, USA.
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