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Sihoka C, Wagenaar I. Model-based serial blood sampling protocol for minimal mortality and better recovery in small to medium sized tilapia. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.037978. [PMID: 30305283 PMCID: PMC6310880 DOI: 10.1242/bio.037978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial blood sampling involving sampling blood from the same individual at different time points is essential in time-based studies including xenobiotic toxicokinetics and biochemical studies. However, high fish mortality due to phlebotomy-induced anaemia (PIA) constrains serial blood sampling in small to medium sized fish. The aim of the study was to develop and implement a model-based serial blood sampling protocol that minimises fish mortality by regulating anaemia within levels that sustain fish survival and recovery. A model simulating the reduction in haemoglobin was developed from blood sampling data of sixteen (N=16) medium sized Oreochromis mossambicus The model was incorporated into a serial blood sampling protocol whose performance was tested on eight (N=8) fish. The protocol avoided fish mortality and the fish recovered from PIA within three weeks of the post-sampling period. Therefore, managing anaemia minimises mortality and improves the applicability of serial blood sampling in small to medium sized fish.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Yamaguchi Y, Moriyama S, Lerner DT, Grau EG, Seale AP. Autocrine Positive Feedback Regulation of Prolactin Release From Tilapia Prolactin Cells and Its Modulation by Extracellular Osmolality. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3505-16. [PMID: 27379370 PMCID: PMC6285229 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a vertebrate hormone with diverse actions in osmoregulation, metabolism, reproduction, and in growth and development. Osmoregulation is fundamental to maintaining the functional structure of the macromolecules that conduct the business of life. In teleost fish, PRL plays a critical role in osmoregulation in fresh water. Appropriately, PRL cells of the tilapia are directly osmosensitive, with PRL secretion increasing as extracellular osmolality falls. Using a model system that employs dispersed PRL cells from the euryhaline teleost fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, we investigated the autocrine regulation of PRL cell function. Unknown was whether these PRL cells might also be sensitive to autocrine feedback and whether possible autocrine regulation might interact with the well-established regulation by physiologically relevant changes in extracellular osmolality. In the cell-perfusion system, ovine PRL and two isoforms of tilapia PRL (tPRL), tPRL177 and tPRL188, stimulated the release of tPRLs from the dispersed PRL cells. These effects were significant within 5-10 minutes and lasted the entire course of exposure, ceasing within 5-10 minutes of removal of tested PRLs from the perifusion medium. The magnitude of response varied between tPRL177 and tPRL188 and was modulated by extracellular osmolality. On the other hand, the gene expression of tPRLs was mainly unchanged or suppressed by static incubations of PRL cells with added PRLs. By demonstrating the regulatory complexity driven by positive autocrine feedback and its interaction with osmotic stimuli, these findings expand upon the knowledge that pituitary PRL cells are regulated complexly through multiple factors and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamaguchi
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology (Y.Y., D.T.L., E.G.G., A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, Hawai'i 96744; School of Marine Biosciences (S.M.), Kitasato University, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; and University of Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program (D.T.L.) and Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences (A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822
| | - Shunsuke Moriyama
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology (Y.Y., D.T.L., E.G.G., A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, Hawai'i 96744; School of Marine Biosciences (S.M.), Kitasato University, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; and University of Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program (D.T.L.) and Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences (A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822
| | - Darren T Lerner
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology (Y.Y., D.T.L., E.G.G., A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, Hawai'i 96744; School of Marine Biosciences (S.M.), Kitasato University, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; and University of Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program (D.T.L.) and Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences (A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822
| | - E Gordon Grau
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology (Y.Y., D.T.L., E.G.G., A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, Hawai'i 96744; School of Marine Biosciences (S.M.), Kitasato University, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; and University of Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program (D.T.L.) and Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences (A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822
| | - Andre P Seale
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology (Y.Y., D.T.L., E.G.G., A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, Hawai'i 96744; School of Marine Biosciences (S.M.), Kitasato University, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; and University of Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program (D.T.L.) and Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences (A.P.S.), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822
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Takei Y, Hiroi J, Takahashi H, Sakamoto T. Diverse mechanisms for body fluid regulation in teleost fishes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R778-92. [PMID: 24965789 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00104.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fishes are the major group of ray-finned fishes and represent more than one-half of the total number of vertebrate species. They have experienced in their evolution an additional third-round whole genome duplication just after the divergence of their lineage, which endowed them with an extra adaptability to invade various aquatic habitats. Thus their physiology is also extremely diverse compared with other vertebrate groups as exemplified by the many patterns of body fluid regulation or osmoregulation. The key osmoregulatory organ for teleosts, whose body fluid composition is similar to mammals, is the gill, where ions are absorbed from or excreted into surrounding waters of various salinities against concentration gradients. It has been shown that the underlying molecular physiology of gill ionocytes responsible for ion regulation is highly variable among species. This variability is also seen in the endocrine control of osmoregulation where some hormones have distinct effects on body fluid regulation in different teleost species. A typical example is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); ANP is secreted in response to increased blood volume and acts on various osmoregulatory organs to restore volume in rainbow trout as it does in mammals, but it is secreted in response to increased plasma osmolality, and specifically decreases NaCl, and not water, in the body of eels. The distinct actions of other osmoregulatory hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, angiotensin II, and vasotocin among teleost species are also evident. We hypothesized that such diversity of ionocytes and hormone actions among species stems from their intrinsic differences in body fluid regulation that originated from their native habitats, either fresh water or seawater. In this review, we summarized remarkable differences in body fluid regulation and its endocrine control among teleost species, although the number of species is still limited to substantiate the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Takei
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Junya Hiroi
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan; and
| | - Hideya Takahashi
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Setouchi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Setouchi, Okayama, Japan
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Seale AP, Yamaguchi Y, Johnstone WM, Borski RJ, Lerner DT, Grau EG. Endocrine regulation of prolactin cell function and modulation of osmoreception in the Mozambique tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 192:191-203. [PMID: 23722201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) cells of the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, are osmoreceptors by virtue of their intrinsic osmosensitivity coupled with their ability to directly regulate hydromineral homeostasis through the actions of PRL. Layered upon this fundamental osmotic reflex is an array of endocrine control of PRL synthesis and secretion. Consistent with its role in fresh water (FW) osmoregulation, PRL release in tilapia increases as extracellular osmolality decreases. The hyposmotically-induced release of PRL can be enhanced or attenuated by a variety of hormones. Prolactin release has been shown to be stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 17-β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP), PRL-releasing peptide (PrRP), angiotensin II (ANG II), leptin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), ghrelin, and inhibited by somatostatin (SS), urotensin-II (U-II), dopamine, cortisol, ouabain and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). This review is aimed at providing an overview of the hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic hormones that regulate PRL release in euryhaline Mozambique tilapia, particularly in the context on how they may modulate osmoreception, and mediate the multifunctional actions of PRL. Also considered are the signal transduction pathways through which these secretagogues regulate PRL cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Seale
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA.
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Breves JP, Hasegawa S, Yoshioka M, Fox BK, Davis LK, Lerner DT, Takei Y, Hirano T, Grau EG. Acute salinity challenges in Mozambique and Nile tilapia: differential responses of plasma prolactin, growth hormone and branchial expression of ion transporters. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:135-42. [PMID: 20138183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The responses of Mozambique and Nile tilapia acclimated to fresh water (FW) and brackish water (BW; 17 per thousand) were compared following acute salinity challenges. In both species, plasma osmolality increased to above 450 mOsm by 2h after transfer from FW to seawater (SW); these increases in osmolality were accompanied by unexpected increases in plasma prolactin (PRL). Likewise, PRL receptor gene expression in the gill also increased in both species. In Nile tilapia, hyperosmotic transfers (FW to BW and SW) resulted in increased plasma growth hormone (GH) and in branchial GH receptor gene expression, responses that were absent in Mozambique tilapia. Branchial gene expression of osmotic stress transcription factor 1 (OSTF1) increased in both species following transfer from FW to SW, whereas transfer from BW to SW induced OSTF1 expression only in the Nile tilapia. Branchial expression of Na(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter was higher in FW in both species than in BW. Branchial gene expression of Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) increased after transfer from BW to SW in Mozambique tilapia, whereas expression was reduced in the Nile tilapia following the same transfer. The difference in the SW adaptability of these species may be related to a limited capacity of Nile tilapia to up-regulate NKCC gene expression, which is likely to be an essential component in the recruitment of SW-type chloride cells. The differential responses of GH and OSTF1 may also be associated with the disparate SW adaptability of these two tilapiine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Breves
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
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Yildiz H, Aydin S. Pathological effects of Arcobacter cryaerophilus infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Acta Vet Hung 2006; 54:191-9. [PMID: 16841757 DOI: 10.1556/avet.54.2006.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter cryaerophilus was isolated from naturally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), and its pathogenicity was tested by intramuscular injection into 40 healthy 1-year-old rainbow trout at 16 degrees C. The lethal dosage of 50% end point (LD50) for A. cryaerophilus was calculated 2.25 x 10(4) viable cells. Experimental infection caused deaths with gross clinical abnormalities such as degenerated opercula and gills, liver damage, haemorrhagic kidney and serous fluid in swollen intestines. The counts of A. cryaerophilus in kidney, liver and gills of experimentally infected fish ranged from 1.59 x 10(10) colony forming units (cfu)/g to 7.41 x 10(12) cfu/g. The means of erythrocyte (RBC) count, haematocrit level, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin and total protein concentrations in the blood of the experimentally infected rainbow trout group were significantly lower than in the healthy fish. Leukocyte (WBC) counts of the experimentally infected rainbow trout were significantly higher than those of healthy fish. The present work shows that the selected blood characteristics may be good indicators of response to infections in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yildiz
- Fisheries Faculty, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey
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