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Shumikhina SI, Kozhukhov SA, Bondar IV. Dose-dependent changes in orientation amplitude maps in the cat visual cortex after propofol bolus injections. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:224-240. [PMID: 38352699 PMCID: PMC10862412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A general intravenous anesthetic propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is widely used in clinical, veterinary practice and animal experiments. It activates gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABAa) receptors. Though the cerebral cortex is one of the major targets of propofol action, no study of dose dependency of propofol action on cat visual cortex was performed yet. Also, no such investigation was done until now using intrinsic signal optical imaging. Here, we report for the first time on the dependency of optical signal in the visual cortex (area 17/area 18) on the propofol dose. Optical imaging of intrinsic responses to visual stimuli was performed in cats before and after propofol bolus injections at different doses on the background of continuous propofol infusion. Orientation amplitude maps were recorded. We found that amplitude of optical signal significantly decreased after a bolus dose of propofol. The effect was dose- and time-dependent producing stronger suppression of optical signal under the highest bolus propofol doses and short time interval after injection. In each hemisphere, amplitude at cardinal and oblique orientations decreased almost equally. However, surprisingly, amplitude at cardinal orientations in the ipsilateral hemisphere was depressed stronger than in contralateral cortex at most time intervals. As the magnitude of optical signal represents the strength of orientation tuned component, these our data give new insights on the mechanisms of generation of orientation selectivity. Our results also provide new data toward understanding brain dynamics under anesthesia and suggest a recommendation for conducting intrinsic signal optical imaging experiments on cortical functioning under propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana I. Shumikhina
- Functional Neurocytology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5a Butlerova Street, 117485 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei A. Kozhukhov
- Physiology of Sensory Systems, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5a Butlerova Street, 117485 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V. Bondar
- Physiology of Sensory Systems, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5a Butlerova Street, 117485 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Cuniberti B, Huuskonen V, Hughes JL. Comparison between continuous rate infusion and target-controlled infusion of propofol in dogs: a randomized clinical trial. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:21-30. [PMID: 35123874 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare a propofol continuous rate infusion (CRI) with a target-controlled infusion (TCI) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Randomized prospective double-blinded clinical study. ANIMALS A total of 38 healthy client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs premedicated intramuscularly with acepromazine (0.03 mg kg-1) and an opioid (pethidine 3 mg kg-1, morphine 0.2 mg kg-1 or methadone 0.2 mg kg-1) were allocated to P-CRI group (propofol 4 mg kg-1 intravenously followed by CRI at 0.2 mg kg-1 minute-1), or P-TCI group [propofol predicted plasma concentration (Cp) of 3.5 μg mL-1 for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia via TCI]. Plane of anaesthesia, heart rate, respiratory rate, invasive blood pressure, oxygen haemoglobin saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide and body temperature were monitored by an anaesthetist blinded to the group. Numerical data were analysed by unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett's post hoc test. Categorical data were analysed with Fisher's exact test. Significance was set for p < 0.005. RESULTS Overall, propofol induced a significant incidence of relative hypotension (mean arterial pressure 20% below baseline, 45%), apnoea (71%) and haemoglobin desaturation (65%) at induction of anaesthesia, with a higher incidence of hypotension and apnoea in the P-CRI than P-TCI group (68% versus 21%, p = 0.008; 84% versus 58%, p = 0.0151, respectively). Propofol Cp was significantly higher at intubation in the P-CRI than P-TCI group (4.83 versus 3.5 μg mL-1, p < 0.0001), but decreased during infusion, while Cp remained steady in the P-TCI group. Total propofol administered was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both techniques provided a smooth induction of anaesthesia but caused a high incidence of side effects. Titration of anaesthesia with TCI caused fewer fluctuations in Cp and lower risk of hypotension compared with CRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cuniberti
- UCD Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Vilhelmiina Huuskonen
- UCD Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jm Lynne Hughes
- UCD Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Obirikorang KA, Asante-Tuoh DT, Agbo NW, Amponsah AK, Skov PV. Anaesthetic potential of propofol for nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Effect of anaesthetic concentration and body weight. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ido C, Silva P, Silva H, Biteli E, Carneiro R, Lopes P, Gering A, Nunes N. Hemodynamic variables in piglets anesthetized with isoflurane or propofol, kept under spontaneous ventilation and FIO2 of 0.5. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate comparatively the effects of propofol or isoflurane on hemodynamic variables in piglets that received inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) of 0.5 under spontaneous ventilation. Therefore, sixteen piglets weighing 16±1.1kg, were randomly divided into two groups: GI (Isoflurane and FIO2 of 0.5) and GP (Propofol and FIO2 of 0.5). Heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP and MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and mean capillary pulmonary pressure (mCPP) were assessed 40 minutes after anesthetic induction (T0), followed by 15 minutes intervals (from T15 to T60). The variables cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), total peripheral resistance (TPR), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) were calculated. SAP and TPRI were significantly different between groups at T30 and T60 (P< 0.05) with higher GP values being recorded. There were no differences in the other variables, however, GP presented mean closer to normality on most of the analyzed variables. Therefore, we conclude that total intravenous anesthesia with propofol presented greater stability of the hemodynamic variables evaluated.
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BISHT DEVENDERSINGH, JADON NARENDRASINGH, BODH DEEPTI, KANDPAL MANJUL. Clinicophysiological and haematobiochemical effects of dexmedetomidinepropofol-sevoflurane anaesthesia in dogs. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i8.82910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinicophysiological and haematobiochemical effects of dexmedetomidine in dogs undergoing propofol-sevoflurane anaesthesia. Twelve apparently healthy adult dogs were divided into two groups having 6 animals each. Animals of group I received atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/kg s.c. + dexmedetomidine @ 10 μg/kg i.v. while animals of group II were administered atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/ kg s.c. + dexmedetomidine @ 15 μg/kg i.v. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (as i.v. bolus till effect) and maintained with sevoflurane. Clinicophysiological and haematobiochemical parameters were recorded at different intervals. Quicker attenuation of clinical reflexes was observed in both groups. Induction time was significantly lower while duration of anaesthesia, recovery time, standing time, complete recovery time and percent reduction in MAC of sevoflurane was significantly higher in group II. Non-significant differences in induction dose of propofol, physiological and haematobiochemical parameters were observed in both groups. Significant decrease in heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, haemoglobin oxygen saturation and significant increase in mean arterial pressure was recorded in both the groups. Transient significant decrease in haemoglobin, total leukocyte count, total erythrocyte count and transient significant increase in glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and cortisol was recorded in both the groups. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased significantly while insulin level decreased significantly in both groups. Both anaesthetic combinations used in the present study produced satisfactory anaesthesia and muscle relaxation, therefore can be suggested for clinical use in canine patients undergoing propofol-sevoflurane anaesthesia.
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Bolaji-Alabi FB, Solanke OI, Adetunji A. Effect of oxygen supplementation on propofol anesthesia in acepromazine/tramadol premedicated dogs. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:239-242. [PMID: 30564602 PMCID: PMC6286402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the area of injectable anesthetics in dogs requires mindfulness of ventilation, in order to supply artificial oxygen, which is often achieved with special equipment which may be unaffordable for veterinarians in developing countries. This study evaluated the effect of oxygen supplementation in dogs anesthetized with acepromazine-tramadol-propofol. Six Nigerian indigenous dogs were premedicated with intramuscular injection of acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg) and tramadol (5 mg/kg), followed by induction of anesthesia with propofol (4 mg/kg) IV 20 min later. Maintenance of anesthesia for 2 h was achieved with repeated bolus injections of propofol (2 mg/kg) at 10 min interval and anesthetized dogs breathed oxygen. This experimental trial was repeated a week later without oxygen supply as a control. Anesthetic indices, cardiopulmonary parameters, and rectal temperature were recorded at 10 min intervals for 2 h. Duration of anesthesia, duration of recumbency, time to extubation, and time to standing were not significantly (P > .05) different from their respective control values. Mean heart rate progressively decreased from the 60 min interval in both groups of anesthetized dogs. Mean arterial pressure in dogs with supplemented oxygen was similar to the control group. The mean oxygen-haemoglobin saturation was similar in both experimental trials. There was a progressive decrease in rectal temperature from the 60 min interval in both groups of anesthetized dogs. It was concluded that bolus injection of propofol, with and without supplemental oxygen, appeared to be efficacious and relatively safe in acepromazine-tramadol premedicated healthy dogs not undergoing any surgical or diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foluso B Bolaji-Alabi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oladipo I Solanke
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeniran Adetunji
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Reed RA, Seddighi MR, Odoi A, Cox SK, Egger CM, Doherty TJ. Effect of ketamine on the minimum infusion rate of propofol needed to prevent motor movement in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016; 76:1022-30. [PMID: 26618726 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.12.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the minimum infusion rate (MIR) of propofol required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus in dogs anesthetized with propofol alone or propofol in combination with a constant rate infusion (CRI) of ketamine. ANIMALS 6 male Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs were anesthetized on 3 occasions, at weekly intervals, with propofol alone (loading dose, 6 mg/kg; initial CRI, 0.45 mg/kg/min), propofol (loading dose, 5 mg/kg; initial CRI, 0.35 mg/kg/min) and a low dose of ketamine (loading dose, 2 mg/kg; CRI, 0.025 mg/kg/min), or propofol (loading dose, 4 mg/kg; initial CRI, 0.3 mg/kg/min) and a high dose of ketamine (loading dose, 3 mg/kg; CRI, 0.05 mg/kg/min). After 60 minutes, the propofol MIR required to prevent movement in response to a noxious electrical stimulus was determined in duplicate. RESULTS Least squares mean ± SEM propofol MIRs required to prevent movement in response to the noxious stimulus were 0.76 ± 0.1 mg/kg/min, 0.60 ± 0.1 mg/kg/min, and 0.41 ± 0.1 mg/kg/min when dogs were anesthetized with propofol alone, propofol and low-dose ketamine, and propofol and high-dose ketamine, respectively. There were significant decreases in the propofol MIR required to prevent movement in response to the noxious stimulus when dogs were anesthetized with propofol and low-dose ketamine (27 ± 10%) or with propofol and high-dose ketamine (30 ± 10%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ketamine, at the doses studied, significantly decreased the propofol MIR required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus in dogs.
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Montefiori F, Pawson P, Auckburally A, Scott M, Flaherty D. An evaluation of a target-controlled infusion of propofol or propofol-alfentanil admixture for sedation in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:181-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Montefiori
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Glasgow G12 8QQ
| | - P. Pawson
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Glasgow G12 8QQ
| | - A. Auckburally
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Glasgow G12 8QQ
| | - M. Scott
- School of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Glasgow G12 8QW
| | - D. Flaherty
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Glasgow G12 8QQ
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Ferreira JP, Dzikit TB, Zeiler GE, Buck R, Nevill B, Gummow B, Bester L. Anaesthetic induction and recovery characteristics of a diazepam-ketamine combination compared with propofol in dogs. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2015; 86:1258. [PMID: 26244579 PMCID: PMC6138176 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of anaesthesia occasionally has been associated with undesirable behaviour in dogs. High quality of induction of anaesthesia with propofol has been well described while in contrast variable induction and recovery quality has been associated with diazepam-ketamine. In this study, anaesthetic induction and recovery characteristics of diazepam-ketamine combination with propofol alone were compared in dogs undergoing elective orchidectomy. Thirty-six healthy adult male dogs were used. After habitus scoring (simple descriptive scale [SDS]), the dogs were sedated with morphine and acepromazine. Forty minutes later a premedication score (SDS) was allocated and general anaesthesia was induced using a combination of diazepam-ketamine (Group D/K) or propofol (Group P) and maintained with isoflurane. Scores for the quality of induction, intubation and degree of myoclonus were allocated (SDS). Orchidectomy was performed after which recovery from anaesthesia was scored (SDS) and times to extubation and standing were recorded. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Kappa Reliability and Kendall Tau B tests. Both groups were associated with acceptable quality of induction and recovery from anaesthesia. Group P, however, was associated with a poorer quality of induction (p = 0.014), prolonged induction period (p = 0.0018) and more pronounced myoclonus (p = 0.003), but had better quality of recovery (p = 0.000002) and shorter recovery times (p = 0.035) compared with Group D/K. Diazepam-ketamine and propofol are associated with acceptable induction and recovery from anaesthesia. Propofol had inferior anaesthetic induction characteristics, but superior and quicker recovery from anaesthesia compared with diazepam-ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques P Ferreira
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria.
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Calzetta L, Rossi P, Bove P, Alfonsi P, Bonizzi L, Roncada P, Bernardini R, Ricciardi E, Montuori M, Pistocchini E, Mauti P, Mattei M. Novel and effective balanced intravenous-inhalant anaesthetic protocol in swine by using unrestricted drugs. Exp Anim 2014; 63:423-33. [PMID: 25030879 PMCID: PMC4244291 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, because of increasing employment of swine for experimental studies and medical
training, it is hopeful to investigate novel and effective anaesthetic protocols for
preserving the animal welfare in medical investigation and concurrently improving the
quality of research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate a novel and
effective anaesthetic protocol in swine undergoing major surgery, by translating know-how
of combined anaesthesia from human protocols. Seven landrace swine were anaesthetized for
three hours by a combined trial anaesthetic protocol (sedation: medetomidine,
acepromazine, atropine and tramadol; induction: propofol, medetomidine and acepromazine;
anaesthesia: isofluorane, propofol, medetomidine and acepromazine) and both clinical and
haemodynamic parameters were compared with those of five swine anaesthetized with a
control protocol (sedation: diazepam, ketamine and atropina; induction: diazepam and
ketamine; anaesthesia: isofluorane). Both cardiac frequency (CF) and mean blood pressure
(MBP) were significantly (P<0.05) more stable in trial protocol (CF:
78.3 ± 4.6-81.1 ± 5, MBP: 63.9 ± 10.7-96.4 ± 13.0) compared to control protocol (CF: 93.7
± 5.5-102.5 ± 8.5, MBP: 71.0 ± 6.6-108.7 ± 7.2). The body temperature remained stable in
trial protocol (°C: 36.9 ± 0.7-37.2 ± 0.3) compared to control anaesthesia (°C: 36.4 ±
0.3-37.3 ± 0.2, P<0.05). Haematosis improved undergoing combined
anaesthesia (+2%, P<0.05) whereas did not change in control animals.
There were no differences in respiratory rate between trial and control protocols. This
study demonstrates that the proposed balanced intravenous-inhalant protocol permits to
carry out a very effective, stable and safe anaesthesia in swine undergoing deep
anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigino Calzetta
- Laboratory of Systems Approaches and Non-Communicable Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247-00166 Rome, Italy
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CALZETTA L, ROSSI P, BOVE P, ALFONSI P, BONIZZI L, RONCADA P, BERNARDINI R, RICCIARDI E, MONTUORI M, PISTOCCHINI E, MAUTI P, MATTEI M. A Novel and Effective Balanced Intravenous-Inhalant Anaesthetic Protocol in Swine by Using Unrestricted Drugs. Exp Anim 2014. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luigino CALZETTA
- Laboratory of Systems Approaches and Non-Communicable Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Piero ROSSI
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi BOVE
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro ALFONSI
- ASL Roma B, UOC Igiene degli Allevamenti e delle Produzioni Zootecniche, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi BONIZZI
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica (DIVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola RONCADA
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica (DIVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano L. Spallanzani, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta BERNARDINI
- Centro di Servizi Interdipartimentale, Stazione per la Tecnologia Animale, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo RICCIARDI
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro MONTUORI
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena PISTOCCHINI
- Centro di Servizi Interdipartimentale, Stazione per la Tecnologia Animale, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- CDVet, Laboratorio Analisi Veterinarie, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio MATTEI
- Centro di Servizi Interdipartimentale, Stazione per la Tecnologia Animale, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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Mazaheri-Khameneh R, Sarrafzadeh-Rezaei F, Asri-Rezaei S, Dalir-Naghadeh B. Comparison of time to loss of consciousness and maintenance of anesthesia following intraosseous and intravenous administration of propofol in rabbits. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:73-80. [PMID: 22720990 DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare time to loss of consciousness (LOC) and effective maintenance of anesthesia following intraosseous (IO) and IV administration of propofol in rabbits. DESIGN Evaluation study. ANIMALS 24 New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES Rabbits were selected to receive IO (n = 6) or IV (6) bolus administration of 1% propofol (12.5 mg/kg [5.67 mg/lb]) only or an identical bolus of propofol IO (6) or IV (6) followed by a constant rate infusion (CRI; 1 mg/kg/min [0.45 mg/lb/min]) by the same route for 30 minutes. Physiologic variables were monitored at predetermined time points; time to LOC and durations of anesthesia and recovery were recorded. RESULTS Following IO and IV bolus administration, mean time to LOC was 11.50 and 7.83 seconds, respectively; changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation (as measured by pulse oximetry), and mean arterial blood pressure values were evident, but findings did not differ between groups. For the IO- and IV-CRI groups, propofol-associated changes in heart rate, oxygen saturation, and mean arterial blood pressure values were similar, and although mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly from baseline, values remained > 60 mm Hg; respiratory rate decreased significantly during CRI in both groups, but remained higher in the IO-CRI group. Anesthesia and recovery time did not differ between the IO- and IV-CRI groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In all evaluated aspects of anesthesia, IO administration of propofol was as effective as IV administration in rabbits. Results suggested that total IO anesthesia can be performed in rabbits with limited vascular access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Mazaheri-Khameneh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57153-1177, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Nunes N, Leite A, Paula D, Nishimori C, Souza A, Santos P, Guerrero PH, Lopes P. Intracranial variables in propofol or sevoflurane-anesthestized dogs subjected to subarachnoid administration of iohexol. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of subarachnoid administration of iohexol on intracranial hemodynamic in dogs anesthetized with propofol or sevoflurane were evaluated. Thirty adult animals (10.9±2.9kg) were distributed into two groups: PG, where propofol was used for induction (10±0.5mg/kg), followed by a continuous rate infusion at 0.55±0.15mg/kg/hour, and SG, where sevoflurane was administered for induction (2.5 MAC) and for anesthetic maintenance (1.5 MAC). A fiberoptic catheter was implanted on the right superficial cerebral cortex to monitor intracranial pressure (ICP). After 30 minutes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected at the cisterna magna and iohexol was injected. The measurements were performed before CSF collection (TA), after the iohexol injection (T0), and at 10-minute intervals (T10 to T60). Intracranial pressure decreased at T0 in SG. Cerebral perfusion pressure at T0 was higher than at TA, T50 and T60 in PG, but in SG, the mean value at T0 was higher than the ones from T20 to T60. Mean arterial pressure at T0 was higher than at TA in PG, while in SG, the values from T20 to T60 were lower than at T0. The heart rate at T60 was lower than at T0 in PG. Cardiac output at TA was lower than at T60 in SG. The cerebrospinal fluid collection and administration of iohexol promoted decrease in intracranial pressure in sevolflurane-anesthetized dogs and increase in cerebral perfusion pressure in propofol-anesthetized dogs.
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Cruz FSF, Carregaro AB, Raiser AG, Zimmerman M, Lukarsewski R, Steffen RPB. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and S(+)-ketamine in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:116-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that propofol can produce rapidly-reversible, dose-dependent standing sedation in horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial. ANIMALS Twelve healthy horses aged 12 +/- 6 years (mean +/- SD), weighing 565 +/- 20 kg, and with an equal distribution of mares and geldings. METHODS Propofol was administered as an intravenous bolus at one of three randomized doses (0.20, 0.35 and 0.50 mg kg(-1)). Cardiovascular and behavioral measurements were made by a single investigator, who was blinded to treatment dose, at 3 minute intervals until subjective behavior scores returned to pre-sedation baseline values. Continuous data were analyzed over time using repeated-measures anova and noncontinuous data were analyzed using Friedman tests. RESULTS There were no significant propofol dose or temporal effects on heart rate, respiratory rate, vertical head height, or jugular venous blood gases (pH(v), P(v)O(2), P(v)CO(2)). The 0.35 mg kg(-1) dose caused mild sedation lasting up to 6 minutes. The 0.50 mg kg(-1) dose increased sedation depth and duration, but with increased ataxia and apparent muscle weakness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intravenous 0.35 mg kg(-1) propofol provided brief, mild sedation in horses. Caution is warranted at higher doses due to increased risk of ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brosnan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Almeida R, Silva C, Zimmermann M, Maguilnik S. Propofol-cetamina racêmica e propofol-cetamina levógira em cadelas: parâmetros eletrocardiográficos e outras variáveis fisiológicas. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352008000600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estudaram-se os efeitos da infusão contínua da associação propofol e cetamina sobre variáveis fisiológicas e eletrocardiográficas e sua possível analgesia em 12 cadelas. Após indução com propofol, os animais receberam 0,4mg/kg/min de propofol + 0,2mg/kg/min de cetamina racêmica (n = 6, grupo PC) ou 0,4mg/kg/min de propofol + 0,1mg/kg/min de cetamina S+ (n = 6, grupo PCS). Avaliaram-se: teste álgico, freqüência cardíaca (FC), parâmetros eletrocardiográficos, freqüência respiratória (FR), pressão arterial sistólica, média e diastólica (PAS, PAM, PAD), saturação da oxiemoglobina (SpO2) e temperatura retal (TR). Houve elevação da FC sem alterações eletrocardiográficas, com exceção de aumento na amplitude da onda T em um animal de cada grupo. A FR diminuiu, e os valores de SpO2 ficaram abaixo de 90% em alguns momentos nos dois grupos. PAS, PAM e PAD diminuíram, mas não houve diferença entre os protocolos. Não se observou analgesia em sete animais, três cadelas apresentaram analgesia discreta, e apenas duas demonstraram analgesia favorável. Conclui-se que os protocolos são seguros em cadelas, contudo não há analgesia suficiente para procedimento cirúrgico. As alterações eletrocardiográficas foram relacionadas à FC e à amplitude de onda T, sendo esta sugestiva de hipóxia do miocárdio.
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Ethier MR, Mathews KA, Valverde A, Kerr C, Bersenas AM, Nykamp SG, Davis C. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety for use of two sedation and analgesia protocols to facilitate assisted ventilation of healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1351-9. [PMID: 18828695 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness and safety of 2 sedative-analgesic protocols to facilitate assisted ventilation in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 12 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Mean dosages for protocol 1 were diazepam (0.5 mg/kg/h [n = 3 dogs]) or midazolam (0.5 mg/kg/h [3]), morphine (0.6 mg/kg/h [6]), and medetomidine (1.0 microg/kg/h [6]). Mean dosages for protocol 2 were diazepam (0.5 mg/kg/h [n = 3]) or midazolam (0.5 mg/kg/h [3]), fentanyl (18 microg/kg/h [6]), and propofol (2.5 mg/kg/h [6]). Each dog received the drugs for 24 consecutive hours. All dogs were mechanically ventilated with adjustments in minute volume to maintain normocapnia and normoxemia. Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. A numeric comfort score was assigned hourly to assess efficacy. Mouth care, position change, and physiotherapy were performed every 6 hours. Urine output was measured every 4 hours. RESULTS Use of both protocols maintained dogs within optimal comfort ranges > 85% of the time. The first dog in each group was excluded from the study. Significant decreases in heart rate, oxygen consumption, and oxygen extraction ratio were evident for protocol 1. Cardiac index values in ventilated dogs were lower than values reported for healthy unsedated dogs. Oxygen delivery, lactate concentration, and arterial base excess remained within reference ranges for both protocols. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of both protocols was effective for facilitating mechanical ventilation. A reduction in cardiac index was detected for both protocols as a result of bradycardia. However, oxygen delivery and global tissue perfusion were not negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Ethier
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 2W1, Canada
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Ueyama Y, Ueyema Y, Waselau AC, Wiese AJ, Muir WW. Anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular morphine, medetomidine, ketamine injection in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2008; 35:480-7. [PMID: 18713225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the quality and duration of anesthesia and the cardiopulmonary effects of a morphine, medetomidine, ketamine (MMK) combination administered intramuscularly (IM) to dogs. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive injectable anesthetic protocol evaluation. ANIMALS Eight intact adult Beagle dogs: five males, three females. METHODS The electrocardiogram, heart rate, direct arterial blood pressure, and core body temperature were monitored in eight chronically instrumented dogs. Each dog received 0.2 mg kg(-1) morphine sulfate, 20 microg kg(-1) medetomidine hydrochloride, and 5 mg kg(-1) ketamine hydrochloride IM. Anesthetic and analgesic effects (clamping the tail and metatarsus) were categorized, and the times to lateral recumbency, orotracheal intubation, extubation, and sternal recumbency were recorded. Respiratory, cardiovascular, temperature, and acid-base variables were recorded 5 minutes before, and 3, 10, 20, 30, 45, 50, and 60 minutes after MMK. Atipamezole, 100 microg kg(-1) IM, was administered 60 minutes after MMK administration and data recorded 10 minutes later. RESULTS The onset of anesthesia was uneventful and rapid. Time to lateral recumbency was 7.1 +/- 4.1 minutes. The tracheas of four dogs were orally intubated in 5.1 +/- 0.8 minutes. After MMK administration most dogs were unresponsive to noxious stimulation from 20 to 60 minutes and heart rate, cardiac index and venous blood pH were significantly decreased from baseline values. Arterial blood pressure increased initially and then returned to baseline values. Times to extubation (four dogs) and return to sternal recumbency after atipamezole administration were 2.8 +/- 1.8 and 4.3 +/- 4.4 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION The IM administration of MMK produced anesthesia and analgesia in Beagle dogs. Hemodynamic data were within accepted normal values. Atipamezole administration produced rapid return to consciousness in all dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Morphine/medetomidine/ketamine may be used for minor medical and surgical procedures requiring short-term anesthesia and analgesia but it is not recommended for medical procedures that are painful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Ueyama
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Sams L, Braun C, Allman D, Hofmeister E. A comparison of the effects of propofol and etomidate on the induction of anesthesia and on cardiopulmonary parameters in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2008; 35:488-94. [PMID: 18713224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of propofol or etomidate on induction quality, arterial blood pressure, blood gases, and recovery quality in normal dogs. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded trial. ANIMALS Eighteen purpose-bred adult Beagles. METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to receive propofol at 8 mg kg(-1) or etomidate at 4 mg kg(-1) intravenously (IV) administered to effect. Midazolam was administered at 0.3 mg kg(-1) IV as pre-medication at least 1 minute prior to induction. Direct arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, and heart rate were obtained at baseline, before induction, after induction, and for every 5 minutes afterwards until the dog began to swallow and the trachea was extubated. The dogs were allowed to breathe room air with the endotracheal tube in place. RESULTS The systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was higher in the etomidate group compared with the propofol group after induction. The SAP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were higher in the etomidate group compared with the propofol group at 5 minutes. The recovery quality and ataxia score were worse in the etomidate group compared with the propofol group. Time from extubation to sternal recumbency and sternal recumbency to standing was longer in the etomidate group compared with the propofol group. The heart rate, PaCO(2), and HCO(3) were higher in the propofol group compared with the etomidate group after induction. The PaO(2) and SaO(2) were lower in the propofol group compared with the etomidate group after induction. The SAP and MAP were lower in the propofol group at 5 minutes compared with baseline. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Propofol caused a decrease in SAP and MAP which was not observed with etomidate. Etomidate caused longer and poorer recoveries than propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sams
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Pissinis DE, Marioli JM. Electrochemical Detection of 2,6‐Diisopropylphenol (Propofol) in Reversed Phase HPLC at High pH. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701360475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Pissinis
- a Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Marioli
- a Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Braun C, Hofmeister EH, Lockwood AA, Parfitt SL. Effects of Diazepam or Lidocaine Premedication on Propofol Induction and Cardiovascular Parameters in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2007; 43:8-12. [PMID: 17209079 DOI: 10.5326/0430008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of diazepam or lidocaine on the propofol induction dose and certain cardiovascular parameters were documented in this randomized, blinded study. Dogs received 0.9% saline (0.1 mL/kg intravenously [IV]), lidocaine (2 mg/kg IV), or diazepam (0.25 mg/kg IV) prior to propofol IV until loss of jaw tone was achieved (up to a maximum of 8 mg/kg). Propofol was followed by 0.3 mg/kg atracurium IV. Direct arterial blood pressures and heart rates were recorded before premedication, induction, and intubation. No statistically significant differences were found among the groups for cardiovascular measurements or for the propofol dose required for intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Braun
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Bergamasco L, Accatino A, Priano L, Neiger-Aeschbacher G, Cizinauskas S, Jaggy A. Quantitative electroencephalographic findings in beagles anaesthetized with propofol. Vet J 2003; 166:58-66. [PMID: 12788018 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(02)00254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess quantitative electroencephalography (q-EEG) in 10 healthy beagle dogs under propofol anaesthesia in order to determine objective guidelines for diagnostic electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings and interpretation. The basic pattern after preliminary visual examination of EEG recordings was characterized by spindles, k-complexes, vertex sharp transients, and positive occipital transients that were superimposed on the slow background activity. The results of the q-EEG were characterized by the prevalence of slow rhythms delta and theta, both in absolute and relative power spectrum analysis, while fast rhythms (alpha and beta) were poorly represented. The distribution of single frequency bands was widespread for delta, focal for frontal and central for theta, as well as for most alpha and beta patterns. The present study has shown that the use of quantitative EEG gives information on the frequency content of the bio-electrical activity and defines the distribution of the single frequency bands under a standardized anaesthetic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bergamasco
- Department of Veterinary Morphology and Physiology, University of Turin, Viale L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
This article provides an update on some of the recent advances in primate anesthesia. It focuses in particular on some of the newest information available regarding the effects of opioids and alpha-2 agonists in primates, and how these effects are different from what we might expect in other companion animals. It reviews the important properties of the latest induction and inhalation agents, and stresses the need for continuous monitoring of the anesthetized patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Horne
- Department of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences, and Radiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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Abstract
Management of the patient in respiratory distress requires an efficient and accurate diagnostic and therapeutic strategy. This article describes the approach to patients with respiratory compromise, including the indications and techniques for performing emergency surgical procedures. The clinical features of upper airway obstruction, thoracic wall trauma, and pleural space disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Ludwig
- Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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