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Thermal adaptation and fatty acid profiles of bone marrow and muscles in mammals: Implications of a study of caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268593. [PMID: 36454772 PMCID: PMC9714762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals have evolved several physiological mechanisms to cope with changes in ambient temperature. Particularly critical among them is the process of keeping the membrane of cells in a fluid phase to prevent metabolic dysfunction. In this paper, we examine variation in the fatty acid composition of bone marrow and muscle tissues in the cold-adapted caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) to determine whether there are systematic differences in fatty acid profiles between anatomical regions that could potentially be explained by thermal adaptation as influenced by cell function, including hematopoiesis. Our results indicate that the bone marrow and muscle tissues from the appendicular skeleton are more unsaturated than the same tissues in the axial skeleton, a finding that is consistent with physiological adaptation of the appendicular regions to thermal challenges. Because mechanisms of thermal adaptation appear to be widely shared among terrestrial mammals, we suggest that the same patterns may prevail in other species, possibly including humans.
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Steiner-Bogdaszewska Ż, Tajchman K, Domaradzki P, Florek M. Composition of Fatty Acids in Bone Marrow of Red Deer from Various Ecosystems and Different Categories. Molecules 2022; 27:2511. [PMID: 35458708 PMCID: PMC9027502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the influence of the living conditions of red deer (Cervus elaphus) fawns (wild vs. farmed) and effect of the category of free-living animals (fawns vs. does) on the fatty acid (FA) profile of the leg bone marrow was assessed. The composition of FAs in the deer bone marrow was determined by the gas chromatography method. In all groups, oleic acid (18:1 c9) was the most abundant in deer bone marrow and comprised of approximately 37% of total FAs. The bone marrow of young wild deer was characterized by a significantly (p < 0.001) higher fat content and saturated FAs proportion, while farmed fawns contained more moisture (p < 0.005) and fat-free dry matter (p < 0.001), as well as more monounsaturated FAs cis branched-chain FAs and monounsaturated FAs trans (p < 0.001). Although no significant (p > 0.05) differences were found between fawns, in terms of partial sums of PUFA, a significantly (p < 0.001) higher level of the sum of n-3 and n-6 FAs and more favorable n-6/n-3 ratio in the bone marrow of wild fawns were determined. In general, the legs of wild fawns were better prepared for wintering than farmed ones. In turn, comparing the category-related FAs composition in the bone marrow of free-living animals, a more favorable profile was observed in the adult (does) than in the young (fawns) animals, as the bone marrow of the wild does was characterized by significantly (p < 0.001) lower percentages of saturated FAs and a higher percentage of monounsaturated FAs cis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Steiner-Bogdaszewska
- Institute of Parasitology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Research Station in Kosewo Górne, 11-700 Mrągowo, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Tajchman
- Department of Animal Ethology and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Domaradzki
- Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Florek
- Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Bone Marrow in Farmed Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) Depending on Diet. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080941. [PMID: 35454188 PMCID: PMC9031054 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few studies on the composition of fatty acids and how they change the bone marrow fat of young animals depending on nutrition. Therefore, the proximate and fatty acid composition of metatarsal bone marrow from fawns of farm fallow deer after a summer of grazing and the winter feeding was compared. Due to the size and nature of the data, parametric or nonparametric tests were used. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatographic analysis. After the winter feeding, bone marrow contained more fat (83.11% vs. 75.09%, p < 0.05) and less fat free dry matter (5.61% vs. 13.76%, p < 0.05) compared to the pasture period. Moreover, there was a significantly higher amount of saturated fatty acids (23.34% vs. 21.60%, p < 0.001), more trans fatty acids (2.99% vs. 2.34%, p < 0.005), and conjugated linoleic acid isomers (1.04% vs. 0.83%, p < 0.01), compared to post winter feeding, which in turn contained significantly more total cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (54.65% vs. 58.90%, p < 0.001). The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (including n-3 and n-6) was not affected by feeding season. In conclusion, it was shown that young male farm fallow deer were better nourished after the winter period, during which they were kept in properly prepared rooms and fed fodder prepared by people.
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Weldenegodguad M, Pokharel K, Niiranen L, Soppela P, Ammosov I, Honkatukia M, Lindeberg H, Peippo J, Reilas T, Mazzullo N, Mäkelä KA, Nyman T, Tervahauta A, Herzig KH, Stammler F, Kantanen J. Adipose gene expression profiles reveal insights into the adaptation of northern Eurasian semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Commun Biol 2021; 4:1170. [PMID: 34620965 PMCID: PMC8497613 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are semi-domesticated animals adapted to the challenging conditions of northern Eurasia. Adipose tissues play a crucial role in northern animals by altering gene expression in their tissues to regulate energy homoeostasis and thermogenic activity. Here, we perform transcriptome profiling by RNA sequencing of adipose tissues from three different anatomical depots: metacarpal (bone marrow), perirenal, and prescapular fat in Finnish and Even reindeer (in Sakha) during spring and winter. A total of 16,212 genes are expressed in our data. Gene expression profiles in metacarpal tissue are distinct from perirenal and prescapular adipose tissues. Notably, metacarpal adipose tissue appears to have a significant role in the regulation of the energy metabolism of reindeer in spring when their nutritional condition is poor after winter. During spring, genes associated with the immune system are upregulated in the perirenal and prescapular adipose tissue. Blood and tissue parameters reflecting general physiological and metabolic status show less seasonal variation in Even reindeer than in Finnish reindeer. This study identifies candidate genes potentially involved in immune response, fat deposition, and energy metabolism and provides new information on the mechanisms by which reindeer adapt to harsh arctic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melak Weldenegodguad
- grid.22642.300000 0004 4668 6757Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland ,grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kisun Pokharel
- grid.22642.300000 0004 4668 6757Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Laura Niiranen
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Päivi Soppela
- grid.37430.330000 0001 0744 995XArctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Innokentyi Ammosov
- grid.495192.2Laboratory of Reindeer Husbandry and Traditional Industries, Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Yakutsk, The Sakha Republic (Yakutia) Russia
| | | | - Heli Lindeberg
- grid.22642.300000 0004 4668 6757Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Maaninka, Finland
| | - Jaana Peippo
- grid.22642.300000 0004 4668 6757Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland ,NordGen—Nordic Genetic Resource Center, Ås, Norway
| | - Tiina Reilas
- grid.22642.300000 0004 4668 6757Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Nuccio Mazzullo
- grid.37430.330000 0001 0744 995XArctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Kari A. Mäkelä
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- grid.454322.60000 0004 4910 9859Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
| | - Arja Tervahauta
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Florian Stammler
- grid.37430.330000 0001 0744 995XArctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Juha Kantanen
- grid.22642.300000 0004 4668 6757Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
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Pelletier M, Niinimäki S, Salmi AK. Influence of captivity and selection on limb long bone cross-sectional morphology of reindeer. J Morphol 2021; 282:1533-1556. [PMID: 34323317 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of pastoralism and animal husbandry has been a critical point in the history of human evolution. Beyond profound behavioural changes in domesticated animals compared to wild ones, characterising the morphological changes associated with domestication process remains challenging. Because reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) can be considered to still be in the early phases of the domestication process, the study of modern populations provides a unique opportunity to examine the impact of captivity and selective breeding on skeletal changes. In this work, we investigated the morphological changes in long limb bone cross-sections using 137 wild and domestic reindeer individuals bred in free-range, in captivity or used for racing and pulling. The shape and shaft cortical thickness of the six long limb bones (i.e., humerus, radioulna, metacarpal, femur, tibia and metatarsal) were measured using a 2D-geometric morphometrics approach taking into account subspecies, sex, body mass and lifestyle differences. These bones are important to understanding functional morphological changes because they can provide information on feeding and locomotor behaviours, as well as on body propulsion and weight bearing. Apart from the effects of taxonomy, etho-ecology and sex, we have found that captivity and selection induced important variations in the size and body mass of modern reindeer. Our results also showed that patterns of variation in cortical bone thickness of long limb bone cross-sections were strongly impacted by body mass and human-imposed restrictions in roaming. This demonstrates that bone cross-sections can provide information on changes in locomotor, reproductive and feeding behaviours induced by the domestication process. These results are valuable not only for (paleo) biologists studying the impact of captivity and selection in ungulates but also for archaeologists exploring the origins of domestication and early herding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pelletier
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirpa Niinimäki
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Salmi
- Archaeology, History, Culture and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Raglus TI, De Groef B, Rochfort S, Rawlin G, McCowan C. Bone marrow fat analysis as a diagnostic tool to document ante-mortem starvation. Vet J 2018; 243:1-7. [PMID: 30606433 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary diagnostic clinicians are increasingly presented with emaciated animals involved in suspected neglect cases. A rise in public awareness and media attention towards animal welfare, combined with changes in legislation and a demand for a higher standard of evidence be presented in animal neglect cases submitted for prosecutions, have created a need for an objective measurement of starvation, particularly given the lack of quantitative assessments at post-mortem examinations. Bone marrow fat (BMF) is the final fat reserve to be mobilised for energy by a calorie-deprived animal during a state of emaciation. Percentage of BMF has been used to study starvation in several species and may provide an objective measure of ante-mortem body condition. This paper reviews the literature on the use of BMF analysis as a post-mortem diagnostic test for ante-mortem starvation. Beginning with a general overview of starvation and usual methods of assessment to describe animals in poor condition, the analysis of BMF is then introduced. Various methods of BMF analysis are discussed, as well as factors that influence the amount of BMF. This review also discusses the limitations of BMF analysis and makes suggestions where future research should be primarily focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy I Raglus
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Bert De Groef
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Simone Rochfort
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Grant Rawlin
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Christina McCowan
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Dental microwear textural analyses to track feeding ecology of reindeer: a comparison of two contrasting populations in Norway. MAMMAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-016-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Murden D, Hunnam J, De Groef B, Rawlin G, McCowan C. Comparison of methodologies in determining bone marrow fat percentage under different environmental conditions. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 29:83-90. [PMID: 27927911 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716680250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bone marrow fat percentage has been recommended in assessing body condition at the time of death in wild and domestic ruminants, but few studies have looked at the effects of time and exposure on animal bone marrow. We investigated the utility of bone marrow fat extraction as a tool for establishing antemortem body condition in postmortem specimens from sheep and cattle, particularly after exposure to high heat, and compared different techniques of fat extraction for this purpose. Femora were collected from healthy and “skinny” sheep and cattle. The bones were either frozen or subjected to 40°C heat; heated bones were either wrapped in plastic to minimize desiccation or were left unwrapped. Marrow fat percentage was determined at different time intervals by oven-drying, or by solvent extraction using hexane in manual equipment or a Soxhlet apparatus. Extraction was performed, where possible, on both wet and dried tissue. Multiple samples were tested from each bone. Bone marrow fat analysis using a manual, hexane-based extraction technique was found to be a moderately sensitive method of assessing antemortem body condition of cattle up to 6 d after death. Multiple replicates should be analyzed where possible. Samples from “skinny” sheep showed a different response to heat from those of “healthy” sheep; “skinny” samples were so reduced in quantity by day 6 (the first sampling day) that no individual testing could be performed. Further work is required to understand the response of sheep marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Murden
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, De Groef)
- Regulation and Compliance Group (Hunnam) and Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, Rawlin, McCowan)
| | - Jaimie Hunnam
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, De Groef)
- Regulation and Compliance Group (Hunnam) and Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, Rawlin, McCowan)
| | - Bert De Groef
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, De Groef)
- Regulation and Compliance Group (Hunnam) and Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, Rawlin, McCowan)
| | - Grant Rawlin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, De Groef)
- Regulation and Compliance Group (Hunnam) and Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, Rawlin, McCowan)
| | - Christina McCowan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, De Groef)
- Regulation and Compliance Group (Hunnam) and Veterinary Pathobiology, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Murden, Rawlin, McCowan)
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Hassan AA, Sandanger TM, Brustad M. Level of selected nutrients in meat, liver, tallow and bone marrow from semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus L.). Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 71:17997. [PMID: 22456051 PMCID: PMC3417664 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.17997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To acquire new knowledge on the nutritional composition of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus L.) and their nutritional value for humans. The results could be useful in updating the Norwegian Food Composition Database, whose current data on reindeer is limited. Study design Cross-sectional study on population of semi-domesticated reindeer from 2 northern Norwegian counties (Finnmark and Nordland). Methods Semi-domesticated reindeer carcasses (n=31) were randomly selected, from which meat, liver, tallow and bone marrow samples were collected. Selected vitamins, minerals, fatty acids and total lipids were studied. Results As expected, reindeer meat was found to be lean (2% total lipid), thus it is a good source of low-fat meat. The meat was also found to be a good source of vitamin B12, docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in most of the nutrient levels between meat and the rest of the studied reindeer tissues were observed. In most cases, the liver, tallow and bone marrow had higher nutritional values when compared to meat. Liver had the highest concentrations of vitamin A, all vitamin B types, vitamin C, iron, selenium and the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3). Additionally, liver was the only edible tissue that contained vita-mins B9 and C. The vast majority of the vitamin concentrations in liver, tallow and bone marrow were significantly correlated with the concentrations in meat (p<0.05). Conclusions The studied tissues from reindeer demonstrated that reindeer is a valuable food source that could meet or contribute to the consumers’ nutritional recommended daily allowance (RDA).1
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Ali Hassan
- Centre for Sami Health Research, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Huston MA, Wolverton S. Regulation of animal size by eNPP, Bergmann's rule, and related phenomena. ECOL MONOGR 2011. [DOI: 10.1890/10-1523.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Soppela P, Nieminen M. Effect of moderate wintertime undernutrition on fatty acid composition of adipose tissues of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 132:403-9. [PMID: 12020656 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of moderate undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues in reindeer calves (<1 year) between early winter and late spring. Calves studied in early winter (December) had grazed on natural pastures and were in good condition, while the calves in spring (April) had been maintained on a negative energy balance since December, had lost approximately 16% of body weight and were in a moderate undernutritional state. The fatty acid composition of total lipids in adipose tissues (perirenal-abdominal, peristernal, scapular, intralumbar, and caudal locations) had a high proportion of oleic acid (35-47%) in both seasons. The proportion of oleic acid was significantly lower (29%), and that of palmitic acid (31%) was higher in the adipose tissue of cardiac groove as compared to other locations. There were only small differences in the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues between early winter and spring. However, the proportions of the principal C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid, were significantly lower in all adipose tissues in calves in poor than in good condition. The observations suggest that linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids may be selectively mobilized from adipose tissues of undernourished reindeer during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Soppela
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, P.O. Box 122, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland.
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