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Liu N, Tu J, Huang Y, Yang W, Wang Q, Li Z, Sheng C. Target- and prodrug-based design for fungal diseases and cancer-associated fungal infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114819. [PMID: 37024014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are emerging as a serious threat to public health and are associated with high incidence and mortality. IFIs also represent a frequent complication in patients with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy. However, effective and safe antifungal agents remain limited, and the development of severe drug resistance further undermines the efficacy of antifungal therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel antifungal agents to treat life-threatening fungal diseases, especially those with new mode of action, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and anti-resistance activity. In this review, we summarize new antifungal targets and target-based inhibitor design, with a focus on their antifungal activity, selectivity, and mechanism. We also illustrate the prodrug design strategy used to improve the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of antifungal agents. Dual-targeting antifungal agents offer a new strategy for the treatment of resistant infections and cancer-associated fungal infections.
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Li C, Tu J, Han G, Liu N, Sheng C. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)/Histone deacetylase (HDAC) dual inhibitors for the treatment of azoles-resistant Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113961. [PMID: 34742014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical treatment of candidiasis has suffered from increasingly severe drug resistance and limited efficacy. Thus, novel strategies to deal with drug resistance are highly desired to develop effective therapeutic agents. Herein, dual inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) was validated as a new strategy to potentiate efficacy of fluconazole against resistant Candida albicans infections. The first generation of Hsp90/HDAC dual inhibitors were designed as synergistic enhancers to treat azoles-resistant candidiasis. In particular, compound J5 exhibited fungal-selective inhibitory effects on Hsp90 and HDACs, leading to low toxicity and excellent in vitro (FICI = 0.266) and in vivo synergistic antifungal potency to treat fluconazole resistant candidiasis. Antifungal-mechanistic investigation revealed that compound J5 suppressed important virulence factors and down-regulated expression of resistance-associated genes. Therefore, Hsp90/HDAC dual inhibitors represent a new strategy for the development of novel antifungal therapeutics to combat azole-resistant candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochen Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Tu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guiyan Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Yuan R, Tu J, Sheng C, Chen X, Liu N. Effects of Hsp90 Inhibitor Ganetespib on Inhibition of Azole-Resistant Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:680382. [PMID: 34093502 PMCID: PMC8174564 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.680382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen. Recently, drug resistance of C. albicans is increasingly severe. Hsp90 is a promising antifungal target to overcome this problem. To evaluate the effects of Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib on the inhibition of azole-resistant C. albicans, the microdilution checkerboard method was used to measure the in vitro synergistic efficacy of ganetespib. The XTT/menadione reduction assay, microscopic observation, and Rh6G efflux assay were established to investigate the effects of ganetespib on azole-resistant C. albicans biofilm formation, filamentation, and efflux pump. Real-time RT-PCR analysis was employed to clarify the mechanism of antagonizing drug resistance. The in vivo antifungal efficacy of ganetespib was determined by the infectious model of azole-resistant C. albicans. Ganetespib showed an excellent synergistic antifungal activity in vitro and significantly inhibited the fungal biofilm formation, whereas it had no inhibitory effect on fungal hypha formation. Expression of azole-targeting enzyme gene ERG11 and efflux pump genes CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 was significantly down-regulated when ganetespib was used in combination with FLC. In a mouse model infected with FLC-resistant C. albicans, the combination of ganetespib and FLC effectively reversed the FLC resistance and significantly decreased the kidney fungal load of mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Zhu T, Chen X, Li C, Tu J, Liu N, Xu D, Sheng C. Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51)/histone deacetylase (HDAC) dual inhibitors for treatment of Candida tropicalis and Cryptococcus neoformans infections. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113524. [PMID: 33992927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections remain a challenge due to lack of effective antifungal agents and serious drug resistance. Discovery of antifungal agents with novel antifungal mechanism is important and urgent. Previously, we designed the first CYP51/HDAC dual inhibitors with potent activity against resistant Candida albicans infections. To better understand the antifungal spectrum and synergistic mechanism, herein new CYP51/HDAC dual inhibitors were designed which showed potent in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against C. neoformans and C. tropicalis infections. Antifungal mechanism studies revealed that the CYP51/HDAC dual inhibitors acted by inhibiting various virulence factors of C. tropicalis and C. neoformans and down-regulating resistance-associated genes. This study highlights the potential of CYP51/HDAC dual inhibitors as a promising strategy for the discovery of novel broad-spectrum antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Zhu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Refining and High-quality Utilization of Biomass, School of Pharmacy, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Chenglan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Defeng Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Refining and High-quality Utilization of Biomass, School of Pharmacy, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Joshi T, Pundir H, Chandra S. Deep-learning based repurposing of FDA-approved drugs against Candida albicans dihydrofolate reductase and molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8420-8436. [PMID: 33879017 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1911851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans causes the fatal fungal bloodstream infection in humans called Candidiasis. Most of the Candida species are resistant to the antifungals used to treat them. Drug-resistant C. albicans poses very serious public health issues. To overcome this, the development of effective drugs with novel mechanism(s) of action is requisite. Drug repurposing is considered a viable alternative approach to overcome the above issue. In the present study, we have attempted to identify drugs that could target the essential enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase of C. albicans (CaDHFR) to find out potent and selective antifungal antifolates. FDA-approved-drug-library from the Selleck database containing 1930 drugs was screened against CaDHFR using deep-learning, molecular docking, X-score and similarity search methods. The screened compounds showing better binding with CaDHFR were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). The results of post-MDS analysis like RMSD, RMSF, RG, SASA, the number of hydrogen bonds and PCA suggest that Paritaprevir, Lumacaftor and Rifampin can make good interaction with CaDHFR. Furthermore, analysis of binding free energy corroborated the stability of interactions as they had binding energy of -114.91 kJ mol-1, -79.22 kJ mol-1 and -78.52 kJ mol-1 for Paritaprevir, Lumacaftor and Rifampin respectively as compared to the reference (-63.10 kJ mol-1). From the results, we conclude that these drugs have great potential to inhibit CaDHFR and would add to the drug discovery against candidiasis, and hence these drugs for repurposing should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Joshi
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hemlata Pundir
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
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Tagle-Olmedo T, Andrade-Pavón D, Martínez-Gamboa A, Gómez-García O, García-Sierra F, Hernández-Rodríguez C, Villa-Tanaca L. Inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases I and II applied to Candida dubliniensis reduce growth, viability, the generation of petite mutants and toxicity, while acting synergistically with fluconazole. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6219866. [PMID: 33837766 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance of Candida species to azoles emphasizes the urgent need for new antifungal agents with novel mechanisms of action. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of three DNA topoisomerase inhibitors of plant origin (camptothecin, etoposide and curcumin) on the growth of Candida dubliniensis. The phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship between the topoisomerase enzymes of C. dubliniensis and Candida albicans. The alignment of the amino acid sequences of topoisomerase I and II of yeasts and humans evidenced conserved domains. The docking study revealed affinity of the test compounds for the active site of topoisomerase I and II in C. dubliniensis. Curcumin and camptothecin demonstrated a stronger in vitro antifungal effect than the reference drugs (fluconazole and itraconazole). Significant synergistic activity between the topoisomerase inhibitors and fluconazole at the highest concentration (750 µM) was observed. Fluconazole induced the petite phenotype to a greater degree than the topoisomerase inhibitors, indicating a tendency to generate resistance. Lower toxicity was found for such inhibitors versus reference drugs on Galleria mellonella larva. The topoisomerase inhibitors exhibited promising antifungal activity, and the DNA topoisomerase enzymes of C. dubliniensis proved to be an excellent model for evaluating new antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Tagle-Olmedo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Bacterias y Levaduras, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala. Col. Sto. Tomás, 11340 México City, México
| | - Dulce Andrade-Pavón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Bacterias y Levaduras, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala. Col. Sto. Tomás, 11340 México City, México
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/N Unidad Profesional "Adolfo López Mateos", Zacatenco. Col. Lindavista, Venustiano Carranza, Del, CP 07700, D.F., México
| | - Areli Martínez-Gamboa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, 15 Vasco de Quiroga Ave, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City, Mexico
| | - Omar Gómez-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala. Col. Sto. Tomás, 11340 México City, México
| | - Francisco García-Sierra
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de investigación y estudios avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), México City, México
| | - César Hernández-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Bacterias y Levaduras, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala. Col. Sto. Tomás, 11340 México City, México
| | - Lourdes Villa-Tanaca
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Bacterias y Levaduras, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala. Col. Sto. Tomás, 11340 México City, México
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Yang W, Tu J, Ji C, Li Z, Han G, Liu N, Li J, Sheng C. Discovery of Piperidol Derivatives for Combinational Treatment of Azole-Resistant Candidiasis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:650-660. [PMID: 33593060 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective strategies are needed to deal with invasive fungal infections caused by drug-resistant fungi. Previously, we designed a series of antifungal benzocyclane derivatives based on the drug repurposing of haloperidol. Herein, further structural optimization and antifungal mechanism studies were performed, leading to the discovery of new piperidol derivative B2 with improved synergistic antifungal potency, selectivity, and water solubility. In particular, the combination of compound B2 and fluconazole showed potent in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against azole-resistant Candida albicans. Compound B2 inhibited important virulence factors by regulating virulence-associated genes and improved the efficacy of fluconazole by down-regulating the CYP51-coding gene and efflux pump gene. Taken together, the piperidol derivative B2 represents a promising lead compound for the combinational treatment of azole-resistant candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Tu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changjin Ji
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guiyan Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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do Carmo Silva L, de Oliveira AA, de Souza DR, Barbosa KLB, Freitas e Silva KS, Carvalho Júnior MAB, Rocha OB, Lima RM, Santos TG, Soares CMDA, Pereira M. Overview of Antifungal Drugs against Paracoccidioidomycosis: How Do We Start, Where Are We, and Where Are We Going? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040300. [PMID: 33228010 PMCID: PMC7712482 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a neglected disease that causes economic and social impacts, mainly affecting people of certain social segments, such as rural workers. The limitations of antifungals, such as toxicity, drug interactions, restricted routes of administration, and the reduced bioavailability in target tissues, have become evident in clinical settings. These factors, added to the fact that Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) therapy is a long process, lasting from months to years, emphasize the need for the research and development of new molecules. Researchers have concentrated efforts on the identification of new compounds using numerous tools and targeting important proteins from Paracoccidioides, with the emphasis on enzymatic pathways absent in humans. This review aims to discuss the aspects related to the identification of compounds, methodologies, and perspectives when proposing new antifungal agents against PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia do Carmo Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.d.C.S.); (M.P.); Tel./Fax: +55-62-3521-1110 (M.P.)
| | - Amanda Alves de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil
| | - Dienny Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil
| | - Katheryne Lohany Barros Barbosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil
| | - Kleber Santiago Freitas e Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Marcos Antonio Batista Carvalho Júnior
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Olívia Basso Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Raisa Melo Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Gonzaga Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (A.A.d.O.); (D.R.d.S.); (K.L.B.B.); (K.S.F.eS.); (M.A.B.C.J.); (O.B.R.); (R.M.L.); (T.G.S.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.d.C.S.); (M.P.); Tel./Fax: +55-62-3521-1110 (M.P.)
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9
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Ji C, Liu N, Tu J, Li Z, Han G, Li J, Sheng C. Drug Repurposing of Haloperidol: Discovery of New Benzocyclane Derivatives as Potent Antifungal Agents against Cryptococcosis and Candidiasis. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:768-786. [PMID: 31550886 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high morbidity and mortality of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), effective and safe antifungal agents are rather limited. Starting from antifungal lead compound haloperidol that was identified by drug repurposing, a series of novel benzocyclane derivatives were designed, synthesized, and assayed. Several compounds showed improved antifungal potency and broader antifungal spectra. Particularly, compound B10 showed good inhibitory activities against a variety of fungal pathogens and was proven to be an inhibitor of several virulence factors important for drug resistance. In the in vivo cryptococcosis and candidiasis models, compound B10 could effectively reduce the brain fungal burden of Cryptococcus neoformans and synergize with fluconazole to treat resistant Candida albicans infections. Preliminary antifungal mechanism studies revealed that compound B10 regained cell membrane damage and down-regulated the overexpression of ERG11 and MDR1 genes when used in combination with fluconazole. Taken together, haloperidol derivative B10 represents a promising lead compound for the development of a new generation of antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Ji
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Tu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Li
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiyan Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of biphenyl imidazole analogues as potent antifungal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2448-2451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Rabelo VWH, Viegas DDJ, Tucci EMN, Romeiro NC, Abreu PA. Virtual screening and drug repositioning as strategies for the discovery of new antifungal inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:189-199. [PMID: 30193921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in immunocompromised patients, and Candida albicans is the fourth leading agent of nosocomial infections. Mortality from this infection is significant; however, the therapeutic treatment is limited, which demands the search for new drugs and new targets. In this context, oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) catalyzes the cyclization of the 2,3-oxidosqualene to form lanosterol, an intermediate of ergosterol biosynthesis. Therefore, this enzyme constitutes an attractive therapeutic target. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify potential inhibitors of C. albicans OSC (CaOSC) from a marketed drugs database in order to discover new antifungal agents. The CaOSC 3D model was constructed using the Swiss-Model server and important features for CaOSC inhibition were identified by molecular docking of known inhibitors using Autodock Vina 1.1.2. Subsequently, virtual screening helped to identify calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, and other four drugs, as potential inhibitors of CaOSC. The selected drugs presented an interesting pattern of interactions with this enzyme, including hydrogen bond with Asp450, a key residue in the active site. Thus, the antifungal activity of calcitriol was evaluated in vitro against Candida spp strains. Calcitriol showed antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis, which reinforces the potential of this compound as candidate of CaOSC inhibitor. In short, the present study provides important insights for the development of new oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors as antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé, 27965-045, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé Professor Aloísio Teixeira, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daiane de Jesus Viegas
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé, 27965-045, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé Professor Aloísio Teixeira, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Erline Machado Neves Tucci
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé, 27965-045, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelilma Correia Romeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Computação Científica, LICC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Macaé, RJ, 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé, 27965-045, RJ, Brazil.
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12
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Dong G, Liu Y, Wu Y, Tu J, Chen S, Liu N, Sheng C. Novel non-peptidic small molecule inhibitors of secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2) for the treatment of resistant fungal infections. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13535-13538. [PMID: 30431632 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07810f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Targeting secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2), a kind of virulence factor, represents a new strategy for antifungal drug discovery. In this report, the first-generation of small molecule SAP2 inhibitors was rationally designed and optimized using a structure-based approach. In particular, inhibitor 23h was highly potent and selective and showed good antifungal potency for the treatment of resistant Candida albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, No. 401 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Tu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuqiang Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Khan MM, Saigal, Khan S, Shareef S, Danish M. Organocatalyzed Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Fully Substituted 1,4-Dihydropyridines. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Musawwer Khan
- Department of Chemistry; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh - 202002 India
| | - Saigal
- Department of Chemistry; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh - 202002 India
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Department of Chemistry; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh - 202002 India
| | | | - Mohammad Danish
- Department of Botany; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh - 202002 India
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14
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Abstract
Cutaneous fungal infections affect more than one-fourth of world's population. The pathogenesis and severity of fungal infection depend on various immunological and nonimmunological factors. The rampant use of antifungal therapy in immunocompromised individuals marked the onset of antifungal drug resistance. Fungal resistance can be microbiological or clinical. Microbiological resistance depends on various fungal factors which have established due to genetic alteration in the fungi. Clinical resistance is due to host- or drug-related factors. All these factors may cause fungal resistance individually or in tandem. In addition to standardized susceptibility testing and appropriate drug dosing, one of the ways to avoid resistance is the use of combinational antifungal therapy. Combination therapy also offers advantages in increased synergistic action with enhanced spectrum activity. Newer insights into mechanisms of drug resistance will help in the development of appropriate antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadraj Pai
- Department of Dermatology, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Ajantha Ganavalli
- Department of Microbiology, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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15
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Rabelo VWH, Romeiro NC, Abreu PA. Design strategies of oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors: Targeting the sterol biosynthetic pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:305-317. [PMID: 28479228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the sterol biosynthesis pathway has been explored for the development of new bioactive compounds. Among the enzymes of this pathway, oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) which catalyzes lanosterol cyclization from 2,3-oxidosqualene has emerged as an attractive target. In this work, we reviewed the most promising OSC inhibitors from different organisms and their potential for the development of new antiparasitic, antifungal, hypocholesterolemic and anticancer drugs. Different strategies have been adopted for the discovery of new OSC inhibitors, such as structural modifications of the natural substrate or the reaction intermediates, the use of the enzyme's structural information to discover compounds with novel chemotypes, modifications of known inhibitors and the use of molecular modeling techniques such as docking and virtual screening to search for new inhibitors. This review brings new perspectives on structural insights of OSC from different organisms and reveals the broad structural diversity of OSC inhibitors which may help evidence lead compounds for further investigations with various therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé 27965-045, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé Professor Aloísio Teixeira, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelilma Correia Romeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Computação Científica, LICC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Macaé, RJ, 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Pesquisa em Ciências Farmacêuticas, LaMCiFar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto, Macaé 27965-045, RJ, Brazil.
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16
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Aylward J, Steenkamp ET, Dreyer LL, Roets F, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. A plant pathology perspective of fungal genome sequencing. IMA Fungus 2017; 8:1-15. [PMID: 28824836 PMCID: PMC5493528 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of plant pathogens are fungi and many of these adversely affect food security. This mini-review aims to provide an analysis of the plant pathogenic fungi for which genome sequences are publically available, to assess their general genome characteristics, and to consider how genomics has impacted plant pathology. A list of sequenced fungal species was assembled, the taxonomy of all species verified, and the potential reason for sequencing each of the species considered. The genomes of 1090 fungal species are currently (October 2016) in the public domain and this number is rapidly rising. Pathogenic species comprised the largest category (35.5 %) and, amongst these, plant pathogens are predominant. Of the 191 plant pathogenic fungal species with available genomes, 61.3 % cause diseases on food crops, more than half of which are staple crops. The genomes of plant pathogens are slightly larger than those of other fungal species sequenced to date and they contain fewer coding sequences in relation to their genome size. Both of these factors can be attributed to the expansion of repeat elements. Sequenced genomes of plant pathogens provide blueprints from which potential virulence factors were identified and from which genes associated with different pathogenic strategies could be predicted. Genome sequences have also made it possible to evaluate adaptability of pathogen genomes and genomic regions that experience selection pressures. Some genomic patterns, however, remain poorly understood and plant pathogen genomes alone are not sufficient to unravel complex pathogen-host interactions. Genomes, therefore, cannot replace experimental studies that can be complex and tedious. Ultimately, the most promising application lies in using fungal plant pathogen genomics to inform disease management and risk assessment strategies. This will ultimately minimize the risks of future disease outbreaks and assist in preparation for emerging pathogen outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Aylward
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Emma T. Steenkamp
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Léanne L. Dreyer
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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17
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Chen HJ, Jiang YJ, Zhang YQ, Jing QW, Liu N, Wang Y, Zhang WN, Sheng CQ. New triazole derivatives containing substituted 1,2,3-triazole side chains: Design, synthesis and antifungal activity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The high incidence and mortality of invasive fungal infections and serious drug resistance have become a global public health issue. The ability of fungal cells to form biofilms is an important reason for the emergence of severe resistance to most clinically available antifungal agents. Targeting fungal biofilm formation by small molecules represents a promising new strategy for the development of novel antifungal agents. This perspective will provide a comprehensive review of fungal biofilm inhibitors. In particular, discovery strategies, chemical structures, antibiofilm/antifungal activities, and structure-activity relationship studies will be discussed. Development of inhibitors to treat biofilm-related resistant fungal infections is a new yet clinically unexploited paradigm, and there is still a long way to go to clinical application. Better understanding of fungal biofilms in combination with systematic drug discovery efforts will pave the way for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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19
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Abstract
The development of next-generation antifungal agents with novel chemical scaffolds and new mechanisms of action is vital due to increased incidence and mortality of invasive fungal infections and severe drug resistance. This review will summarize current strategies to discover novel antifungal scaffolds. In particular, high-throughput screening, drug repurposing, antifungal natural products and new antifungal targets are focused on. New scaffolds with validated antifungal activity, their discovery and optimization process as well as structure–activity relationships are discussed in detail. Perspectives that could inspire future antifungal drug discovery are provided.
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20
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Trenin AS. [Microbial metabolites that inhibit sterol biosynthesis, their chemical diversity and characteristics of mode of action]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 39:633-57. [PMID: 25696927 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162013060095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis (ISB) are widespread in nature and characterized by appreciable diversity both in their chemical structure and mode of action. Many of these inhibitors express noticeable biological activity and approved themselves in development of various pharmaceuticals. In this review there is a detailed description of biologically active microbial metabolites with revealed chemical structure that have ability to inhibit sterol biosynthesis. Inhibitors of mevalonate pathway in fungous and mammalian cells, exhibiting hypolipidemic or antifungal activity, as well as inhibitors of alternative non-mevalonate (pyruvate gliceraldehyde phosphate) isoprenoid pathway, which are promising in the development of affective antimicrobial or antiparasitic drugs, are under consideration in this review. Chemical formulas of the main natural inhibitors and their semi-synthetic derivatives are represented. Mechanism of their action at cellular and biochemical level is discussed. Special attention is given to inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (group of lovastatin) and inhibitors of acyl-CoA-cholesterol-acyl transferase (ACAT) that possess hypolipidemic activity and could be affective in the treatment of atherosclerosis. In case of inhibitors of late stages of sterol biosynthesis (after squalene formation) special attention is paid to compounds possessing evident antifungal and antitumoral activity. Explanation of mechanism of anticancer and antiviral action of microbial ISB, as well as the description of their ability to induce apoptosis is given.
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21
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Kumari S, Jain P, Sharma B, Kadyan P, Dabur R. In vitro antifungal activity and probable fungicidal mechanism of aqueous extract of Barleria grandiflora. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3571-84. [PMID: 25672323 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Barleria grandiflora Dalz. (Acanthaceae) is being used in India to treat different types of disorders including skin infections. Therefore, there are good possibilities to find antifungal compounds in its extracts with novel mechanism of action. The main objectives of the present study were to evaluate the antifungal activity of plant extracts and to study its effects on metabolic pathways of A. fumigatus. The microbroth dilution assay was used to explore antifungal activity and MIC of various extracts. Metabolic profiles of control and treated cultures were collected from Q-TOF-MS interfaced with HPLC. Affected metabolic pathways of A. fumigatus after the treatment were analyzed by discrimination analysis of mass data. Antifungal activities were observed in hot and cold water extracts of the plant. Hot water extract of B. grandiflora showed significant activity against tested fungi in the range 0.625-1.25 mg/mL. Partial least discrimination analysis revealed that the hot water plant extract downregulated amino acid, glyoxylate pathway, and methylcitrate pathways at the same time due to the synergistic effects of secondary metabolites. Hot water extract also downregulated several other metabolic pathways unique to fungi indicating its specific activity toward fungi. B. grandiflora showed promising antifungal activity which can further be exploited by identification of active compounds, to inhibit the specific fungal pathways and development of novel therapeutic antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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22
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Jiang Z, Liu N, Hu D, Dong G, Miao Z, Yao J, He H, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Sheng C. The discovery of novel antifungal scaffolds by structural simplification of the natural product sampangine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14648-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05699c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural simplification of the natural product sampangine led to the discovery of two novel antifungal compounds with excellent activity and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Dandan Hu
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhenyuan Miao
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jianzhong Yao
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Haiying He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Lead Compound Research
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
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23
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Wu S, Zhang Y, He X, Che X, Wang S, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Liu N, Dong G, Yao J, Miao Z, Wang Y, Zhang W, Sheng C. From antidiabetic to antifungal: discovery of highly potent triazole-thiazolidinedione hybrids as novel antifungal agents. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2639-46. [PMID: 25196996 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to discover a new generation of triazole antifungal agents, a series of triazole-thiazolidinedione hybrids were designed and synthesized by molecular hybridization of the antifungal agent fluconazole and rosiglitazone (an antidiabetic). Most of the target compounds showed good to excellent inhibitory activity against a variety of clinically important fungal pathogens. In particular, compounds (Z)-5-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-3-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione) (15 c), (Z)-3-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-(furan-3-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (15 j), and (Z)-3-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-(furan-3-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (15 r) were highly active against Candida albicans, with MIC80 values in the range of 0.03-0.15 μM. Moreover, compounds 15 j and 15 r were found to be effective against four fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates; these two compounds are particularly promising antifungal leads for further optimization. Molecular docking studies revealed that the hydrogen bonding interactions between thiazolidinedione and CYP51 from C. albicans are important for antifungal activity. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of molecular hybridization in antifungal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433 (China)
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24
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Scaffold hopping of sampangine: Discovery of potent antifungal lead compound against Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4090-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Jiang Z, Gu J, Wang C, Wang S, Liu N, Jiang Y, Dong G, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yao J, Miao Z, Zhang W, Sheng C. Design, synthesis and antifungal activity of novel triazole derivatives containing substituted 1,2,3-triazole-piperdine side chains. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:490-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Wang S, Wang Y, Liu W, Liu N, Zhang Y, Dong G, Liu Y, Li Z, He X, Miao Z, Yao J, Li J, Zhang W, Sheng C. Novel carboline derivatives as potent antifungal lead compounds: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:506-11. [PMID: 24900870 DOI: 10.1021/ml400492t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel antifungal carboline derivatives was designed and synthesized, which showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Particularly, compound C38 showed comparable in vitro antifungal activity to fluconazole without toxicity to human embryonic lung cells. It also exhibited good fungicidal activity against both fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant Candida albicans cells and had potent inhibition activity against Candida albicans biofilm formation and hyphal growth. Moreover, C38 showed good synergistic antifungal activity in combination with fluconazole (FLC) against FLC-resistant Candida species. Preliminary mechanism studies revealed that C38 might act by inhibiting the synthesis of fungal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzheng Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- School
of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengang Li
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng He
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyuan Miao
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Yao
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Delattin N, Bardiot D, Marchand A, Chaltin P, De Brucker K, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Identification of fungicidal 2,6-disubstituted quinolines with activity against Candida biofilms. Molecules 2012; 17:12243-51. [PMID: 23079495 PMCID: PMC6268363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171012243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified two subseries of 2,6-disubstituted quinolines, consisting of 6-amide and 6-urea derivatives, which are characterized by fungicidal activity against Candida albicans with minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values < 15 µM. The 6-amide derivatives displayed the highest fungicidal activity against C. albicans, in particular compounds 1, 5 and 6 characterized by MFC values of 6.25–12.5 µM. Compounds 1 and 5 of this series displayed fungicidal activity against the emerging pathogen Candida glabrata(MFC < 50 µM). The 6-amide derivatives 1, 2, 5, and 6 and the 6-urea derivatives 10, 12, 13 and 15 could also eradicate C. albicans biofilms. We found that the 6-urea derivatives 10, 13, and 15 induced accumulation of endogenous reactive oxygen species in Candida albicans biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delattin
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dorothée Bardiot
- CISTIM Leuven vzw, Minderbroedersstraat 12, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchand
- CISTIM Leuven vzw, Minderbroedersstraat 12, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Chaltin
- CISTIM Leuven vzw, Minderbroedersstraat 12, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Drug Design and Discovery, Minderbroedersstraat 8a, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrijn De Brucker
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +32-16-329-682; Fax: +32-16-321-966
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Lynge ME, van der Westen R, Postma A, Städler B. Polydopamine--a nature-inspired polymer coating for biomedical science. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4916-28. [PMID: 22024699 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10969c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polymer coatings are of central importance for many biomedical applications. In the past few years, poly(dopamine) (PDA) has attracted considerable interest for various types of biomedical applications. This feature article outlines the basic chemistry and material science regarding PDA and discusses its successful application from coatings for interfacing with cells, to drug delivery and biosensing. Although many questions remain open, the primary aim of this feature article is to illustrate the advent of PDA on its way to become a popular polymer for bioengineering purposes.
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Hegedus N, Leiter E, Kovács B, Tomori V, Kwon NJ, Emri T, Marx F, Batta G, Csernoch L, Haas H, Yu JH, Pócsi I. The small molecular mass antifungal protein of Penicillium chrysogenum--a mechanism of action oriented review. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 51:561-71. [PMID: 21780144 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The β-lactam producing filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum secretes a 6.25 kDa small molecular mass antifungal protein, PAF, which has a highly stable, compact 3D structure and is effective against a wide spectrum of plant and zoo pathogenic fungi. Its precise physiological functions and mode of action need to be elucidated before considering possible biomedical, agricultural or food technological applications. According to some more recent experimental data, PAF plays an important role in the fine-tuning of conidiogenesis in Penicillium chrysogenum. PAF triggers apoptotic cell death in sensitive fungi, and cell death signaling may be transmitted through two-component systems, heterotrimeric G protein coupled signal transduction and regulatory networks as well as via alteration of the Ca(2+) -homeostasis of the cells. Possible biotechnological applications of PAF are also outlined in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Hegedus
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Centre of Arts, Humanities and Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Fitzpatrick JM, Peak E, Perally S, Chalmers IW, Barrett J, Yoshino TP, Ivens AC, Hoffmann KF. Anti-schistosomal intervention targets identified by lifecycle transcriptomic analyses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e543. [PMID: 19885392 PMCID: PMC2764848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Novel methods to identify anthelmintic drug and vaccine targets are urgently needed, especially for those parasite species currently being controlled by singular, often limited strategies. A clearer understanding of the transcriptional components underpinning helminth development will enable identification of exploitable molecules essential for successful parasite/host interactions. Towards this end, we present a combinatorial, bioinformatics-led approach, employing both statistical and network analyses of transcriptomic data, for identifying new immunoprophylactic and therapeutic lead targets to combat schistosomiasis. Methodology/Principal Findings Utilisation of a Schistosoma mansoni oligonucleotide DNA microarray consisting of 37,632 elements enabled gene expression profiling from 15 distinct parasite lifecycle stages, spanning three unique ecological niches. Statistical approaches of data analysis revealed differential expression of 973 gene products that minimally describe the three major characteristics of schistosome development: asexual processes within intermediate snail hosts, sexual maturation within definitive vertebrate hosts and sexual dimorphism amongst adult male and female worms. Furthermore, we identified a group of 338 constitutively expressed schistosome gene products (including 41 transcripts sharing no sequence similarity outside the Platyhelminthes), which are likely to be essential for schistosome lifecycle progression. While highly informative, statistics-led bioinformatics mining of the transcriptional dataset has limitations, including the inability to identify higher order relationships between differentially expressed transcripts and lifecycle stages. Network analysis, coupled to Gene Ontology enrichment investigations, facilitated a re-examination of the dataset and identified 387 clusters (containing 12,132 gene products) displaying novel examples of developmentally regulated classes (including 294 schistosomula and/or adult transcripts with no known sequence similarity outside the Platyhelminthes), which were undetectable by the statistical comparisons. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, statistical and network-based exploratory analyses of transcriptomic datasets have led to a thorough characterisation of schistosome development. Information obtained from these experiments highlighted key transcriptional programs associated with lifecycle progression and identified numerous anti-schistosomal candidate molecules including G-protein coupled receptors, tetraspanins, Dyp-type peroxidases, fucosyltransferases, leishmanolysins and the netrin/netrin receptor complex. Despite the implementation of focused and well-funded chemotherapeutic control initiatives over the last decade, schistosomiasis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality within countries of the developing world. There is, therefore, an urgent need for the rapid translation of genomic information into viable vaccines or new drug classes capable of eradicating the parasitic schistosome worms responsible for this neglected tropical disease. In our effort to identify potential targets for novel chemotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic interventions, we detail a combined bioinformatics approach, comprising exploratory statistical and network analyses, to thoroughly describe the transcriptional progression of Schistosoma mansoni across three environmental niches. Our results indicate that, although schistosomes are masters at host deception and survival, there are numerous exploitable candidate molecules displaying either differential or constitutive expression throughout the parasite's lifecycle. Importantly, some of these transcripts represent gene families not commonly found outside—or expanded within—the phylum Platyhelminthes, and thus represent priority targets. Many of the candidates identified herein will be subjected to ongoing and future hypothesis-led functional investigations. The completion of such specific examinations ultimately will contribute to the successful development of novel control strategies useful in the alleviation of schistosome-induced immunopathologies, morbidities and mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Peak
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Samirah Perally
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Iain W. Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - John Barrett
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P. Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Karl F. Hoffmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Caffrey CR, Rohwer A, Oellien F, Marhöfer RJ, Braschi S, Oliveira G, McKerrow JH, Selzer PM. A comparative chemogenomics strategy to predict potential drug targets in the metazoan pathogen, Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4413. [PMID: 19198654 PMCID: PMC2635471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a prevalent and chronic helmintic disease in tropical regions. Treatment and control relies on chemotherapy with just one drug, praziquantel and this reliance is of concern should clinically relevant drug resistance emerge and spread. Therefore, to identify potential target proteins for new avenues of drug discovery we have taken a comparative chemogenomics approach utilizing the putative proteome of Schistosoma mansoni compared to the proteomes of two model organisms, the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster. Using the genome comparison software Genlight, two separate in silico workflows were implemented to derive a set of parasite proteins for which gene disruption of the orthologs in both the model organisms yielded deleterious phenotypes (e.g., lethal, impairment of motility), i.e., are essential genes/proteins. Of the 67 and 68 sequences generated for each workflow, 63 were identical in both sets, leading to a final set of 72 parasite proteins. All but one of these were expressed in the relevant developmental stages of the parasite infecting humans. Subsequent in depth manual curation of the combined workflow output revealed 57 candidate proteins. Scrutiny of these for 'druggable' protein homologs in the literature identified 35 S. mansoni sequences, 18 of which were homologous to proteins with 3D structures including co-crystallized ligands that will allow further structure-based drug design studies. The comparative chemogenomics strategy presented generates a tractable set of S. mansoni proteins for experimental validation as drug targets against this insidious human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor R. Caffrey
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andreas Rohwer
- Intervet Innovation GmbH, BioChemInformatics, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Frank Oellien
- Intervet Innovation GmbH, BioChemInformatics, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | | | - Simon Braschi
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Parasitology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Selzer
- Intervet Innovation GmbH, BioChemInformatics, Schwabenheim, Germany
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Fungicidal activity of truncated analogues of dihydrosphingosine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3728-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Antifungal resistance mechanisms in dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:369-83. [PMID: 18478356 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although fungi do not cause outbreaks or pandemics, the incidence of severe systemic fungal infections has increased significantly, mainly because of the explosive growth in the number of patients with compromised immune system. Thus, drug resistance in pathogenic fungi, including dermatophytes, is gaining importance. The molecular aspects involved in the resistance of dermatophytes to marketed antifungals and other cytotoxic drugs, such as modifications of target enzymes, over-expression of genes encoding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and stress-response-related proteins are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms used by dermatophytes to overcome the inhibitory action of terbinafine and survival in the host environment. The relevance of identifying new molecular targets, of expanding the understanding about the molecular mechanisms of resistance and of using this information to design new drugs or to modify those that have become ineffective is also discussed.
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Matsumoto S, Hatano K, Maki K. [New advances in antifungal agents]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2007; 130:45-51. [PMID: 17634680 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.130.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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Sivashankari S, Shanmughavel P. Comparative genomics - a perspective. Bioinformation 2007; 1:376-8. [PMID: 17597925 PMCID: PMC1891719 DOI: 10.6026/97320630001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly emerging field of comparative genomics has yielded dramatic results. Comparative genome analysis has become feasible with the availability of a number of completely sequenced genomes. Comparison of complete genomes between organisms allow for global views on genome evolution and the availability of many completely sequenced genomes increases the predictive power in deciphering the hidden information in genome design, function and evolution. Thus, comparison of human genes with genes from other genomes in a genomic landscape could help assign novel functions for un-annotated genes. Here, we discuss the recently used techniques for comparative genomics and their derived inferences in genome biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piramanayagam Shanmughavel
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641046
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Garaizar J, Brena S, Bikandi J, Rementeria A, Pontón J. Use of DNA microarray technology and gene expression profiles to investigate the pathogenesis, cell biology, antifungal susceptibility and diagnosis of Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2006; 6:987-98. [PMID: 17042748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of DNA microarrays is becoming the method of choice for assaying gene expression, particularly as costs and complexity are being reduced as the technology becomes more widespread and better standardized. A DNA array is nothing but a collection of probes fixed on a solid support. The probes can be PCR products of ORFs or short intragenic oligonucleotides deposited or synthesized in situ by photolithographic methods. To date, sequencing projects for fungal genomes have yielded 10 complete genomes and 21 whole shotgun sequences, including Candida albicans strain SC5314. Sequencing of the C. albicans genome has led to the construction of whole-genome DNA microarrays for in vitro transcription profiling by several universities and companies. The use of microarray or DNA chip techniques for Candida research has started recently but the number of studies using this technology is increasing rapidly, in order to address important remaining questions about pathogenesis, cell biology, antifungal susceptibility, and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garaizar
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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