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Predation risk is a function of seasonality rather than habitat complexity in a tropical semiarid forest. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16670. [PMID: 34404872 PMCID: PMC8371019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey dynamics are some of the most important species' interactions in the natural structuring of communities, and are among the more complex ecological processes studied by ecologists. We measured predation risk using artificial lizard replicas to test two competing hypotheses regarding predation pressure in semi-arid environments: (1) predation risk is dependent on the habitat structural complexity; and (2) predation risk is dependent on seasonality. We placed 960 lizard replicas along three sites with different physical structures and in both dry and rainy seasons for seven consecutive days in a caatinga area in northeastern Brazil at Grota do Angico Natural Monument (GANM). Birds were responsible for the majority of attacks and more frequently on artificial lizards placed in trees. Attacks focused on the most vulnerable areas of the body (head and torso), proving that were perceived by predators as true prey items. We found that predation risk is not dependent on the habitat structural complexity, but rather dependent on the caatinga seasonality, with the overall attack rate being 19% higher in the dry season. Our study suggests that potential predation risk is highly context-dependent and that seasonality consistently drives of trophic interactions strength in the caatinga, an important ecological finding that could contribute to better understanding the complex evolution of predator-prey interactions within communities of animals living in different habitats.
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Hansen NA, Sato CF, Michael DR, Lindenmayer DB, Driscoll DA. Predation risk for reptiles is highest at remnant edges in agricultural landscapes. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Hansen
- Fenner School of Environmental and SocietyThe Australian National University Acton ACT Australia
| | - Chloe F. Sato
- Fenner School of Environmental and SocietyThe Australian National University Acton ACT Australia
| | - Damian R. Michael
- Fenner School of Environmental and SocietyThe Australian National University Acton ACT Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environmental and SocietyThe Australian National University Acton ACT Australia
- Sustainable FarmsFenner School of Environmental and SocietyThe Australian National University Acton ACT Australia
| | - Don A. Driscoll
- Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesCentre for Integrative Ecology Burwood VIC Australia
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Constanzo-Chávez J, Penna M, Labra A. Comparing the antipredator behaviour of two sympatric, but not syntopic, Liolaemus lizards. Behav Processes 2018; 148:34-40. [PMID: 29330087 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microhabitat preferences of prey animals can modulate how they perceive predation risk, and therefore, their antipredator behaviour. We tested under standardized conditions how microhabitat preferences of two Liolaemus lizards affected their responses when confronted with two types of ambush predators (raptor vs. snake), under two levels of predation risk (low vs. high). These lizard species are sympatric, but not syntopic; L. chiliensis basks on bushes, a complex microhabitat that may provide protection against visual predators, while L. nitidus prefers open microhabitats, basking on the top of large bare rocks, highly exposed to visual predators. If microhabitat complexity modulates the antipredator response, L. chiliensis may perceive lower predation risk, exhibiting lower intensity of antipredator responses than L. nitidus. Both species reduced their activity after being exposed to both predators, but lizards differed in the assessment of predation risk; L. nitidus reduced its activity independently of the predation risk experienced, while L. chiliensis only reduced its activity in the high-risk condition. The microhabitat preferences shaped during the evolution of these species seem to modulate their perception of predation risk, which may cause interspecific differences in the associated costs of their antipredator responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Penna
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Antonieta Labra
- Organización No Gubernamental, ONG Vida Nativa, Chile; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Bateman PW, Fleming PA, Wolfe AK. A different kind of ecological modelling: the use of clay model organisms to explore predator–prey interactions in vertebrates. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. W. Bateman
- Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University Perth, Bentley WA Australia
| | - P. A. Fleming
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Perth, Murdoch WA Australia
| | - A. K. Wolfe
- Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University Perth, Bentley WA Australia
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Brandt R, de Barros FC, Noronha C, Tulli MJ, Kohlsdorf T. Sexual differences in locomotor performance inTropidurus catalanensislizards (Squamata: Tropiduridae) - body shape, size and limb musculature explain variation between males and females. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Brandt
- Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto-SP Brazil
| | - Fabio Cury de Barros
- Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto-SP Brazil
| | - Carolina Noronha
- Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto-SP Brazil
| | - Maria Jose Tulli
- UnidadEjecutoraLillo- CONICET; Instituto de Herpetología-Fundación Miguel Lillo; Tucumán Argentina
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto-SP Brazil
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Microhabitat choice in island lizards enhances camouflage against avian predators. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19815. [PMID: 26804463 PMCID: PMC4726299 DOI: 10.1038/srep19815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Camouflage can often be enhanced by genetic adaptation to different local environments. However, it is less clear how individual behaviour improves camouflage effectiveness. We investigated whether individual Aegean wall lizards (Podarcis erhardii) inhabiting different islands rest on backgrounds that improve camouflage against avian predators. In free-ranging lizards, we found that dorsal regions were better matched against chosen backgrounds than against other backgrounds on the same island. This suggests that P. erhardii make background choices that heighten individual-specific concealment. In achromatic camouflage, this effect was more evident in females and was less distinct in an island population with lower predation risk. This suggests that behavioural enhancement of camouflage may be more important in females than in sexually competing males and related to predation risk. However, in an arena experiment, lizards did not choose the background that improved camouflage, most likely due to the artificial conditions. Overall, our results provide evidence that behavioural preferences for substrates can enhance individual camouflage of lizards in natural microhabitats, and that such adaptations may be sexually dimorphic and dependent on local environments. This research emphasizes the importance of considering links between ecology, behaviour, and appearance in studies of intraspecific colour variation and local adaptation.
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Marshall KLA, Philpot KE, Damas-Moreira I, Stevens M. Intraspecific Colour Variation among Lizards in Distinct Island Environments Enhances Local Camouflage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135241. [PMID: 26372454 PMCID: PMC4570707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within-species colour variation is widespread among animals. Understanding how this arises can elucidate evolutionary mechanisms, such as those underlying reproductive isolation and speciation. Here, we investigated whether five island populations of Aegean wall lizards (Podarcis erhardii) have more effective camouflage against their own (local) island substrates than against other (non-local) island substrates to avian predators, and whether this was linked to island differences in substrate appearance. We also investigated whether degree of local substrate matching varied among island populations and between sexes. In most populations, both sexes were better matched against local backgrounds than against non-local backgrounds, particularly in terms of luminance (perceived lightness), which usually occurred when local and non-local backgrounds were different in appearance. This was found even between island populations that historically had a land connection and in populations that have been isolated relatively recently, suggesting that isolation in these distinct island environments has been sufficient to cause enhanced local background matching, sometimes on a rapid evolutionary time-scale. However, heightened local matching was poorer in populations inhabiting more variable and unstable environments with a prolonged history of volcanic activity. Overall, these results show that lizard coloration is tuned to provide camouflage in local environments, either due to genetic adaptation or changes during development. Yet, the occurrence and extent of selection for local matching may depend on specific conditions associated with local ecology and biogeographic history. These results emphasize how anti-predator adaptations to different environments can drive divergence within a species, which may contribute to reproductive isolation among populations and lead to ecological speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. A. Marshall
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate E. Philpot
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Damas-Moreira
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Martin Stevens
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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Marshall KLA, Philpot KE, Stevens M. Conspicuous male coloration impairs survival against avian predators in Aegean wall lizards, Podarcis erhardii. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4115-31. [PMID: 26442582 PMCID: PMC4588654 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal coloration is strikingly diverse in nature. Within-species color variation can arise through local adaptation for camouflage, sexual dimorphism and conspicuous sexual signals, which often have conflicting effects on survival. Here, we tested whether color variation between two island populations of Aegean wall lizards (Podarcis erhardii) is due to sexual dimorphism and differential survival of individuals varying in appearance. On both islands, we measured attack rates by wild avian predators on clay models matching the coloration of real male and female P. erhardii from each island population, modeled to avian predator vision. Avian predator attack rates differed among model treatments, although only on one island. Male-colored models, which were more conspicuous against their experimental backgrounds to avian predators, were accordingly detected and attacked more frequently by birds than less conspicuous female-colored models. This suggests that female coloration has evolved primarily under selection for camouflage, whereas sexually competing males exhibit costly conspicuous coloration. Unexpectedly, there was no difference in avian attack frequency between local and non-local model types. This may have arisen if the models did not resemble lizard coloration with sufficient precision, or if real lizards behaviorally choose backgrounds that improve camouflage. Overall, these results show that sexually dimorphic coloration can affect the risk of predator attacks, indicating that color variation within a species can be caused by interactions between natural and sexual selection. However, more work is needed to determine how these findings depend on the island environment that each population inhabits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Stevens
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
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Stellatelli OA, Block C, Vega LE, Cruz FB. Nonnative Vegetation Induces Changes in Predation Pressure and Escape Behavior of Two Sand Lizards (Liolaemidae:Liolaemus). HERPETOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-14-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Santos MBD, Oliveira MCLMD, Gonçalves TP, Almeida FDM, Loebmann D, Tozetti AM. Does human influence on coastal grasslands habitats affect predation pressure on snakes? BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032013000100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The loss and modification of habitats by humans have been considered key factors in the decline of diversity of species worldwide. However, the real effect caused by these disturbances on the biota is still poorly understood. The assessment of the changes in the network of interspecific interactions, such as predation rates on the native fauna, can be an important tool to diagnose the functionality of disturbed ecosystems. In this study we evaluate the predation rate on snakes in coastal grasslands in South America under human influence. Predation rate of artificial snakes, unlike that obtained in other studies, was lower in human-altered areas than preserved ones. Our findings may be due to a reduction in the abundance and/or richness of species of native predators in more disturbed areas.
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Kaliontzopoulou A, Bandeira V, Carretero MA. Sexual dimorphism in locomotor performance and its relation to morphology in wall lizards (Podarcis bocagei
). J Zool (1987) 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kaliontzopoulou
- CIBIO/UP; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - V. Bandeira
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - M. A. Carretero
- CIBIO/UP; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
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14
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Spatial Distribution and Habitat Utilization of the Zebra-tailed Lizard (Callisaurus draconoides). J HERPETOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1670/10-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Pafilis P, Foufopoulos J, Sagonas K, Runemark A, Svensson E, Valakos ED. Reproductive Biology of Insular Reptiles: Marine Subsidies Modulate Expression of the “Island Syndrome”. COPEIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-10-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Vervust B, Grbac I, Van Damme R. Differences in morphology, performance and behaviour between recently diverged populations ofPodarcis siculamirror differences in predation pressure. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Costantini D, Bruner E, Fanfani A, Dell'Omo G. Male-biased predation of western green lizards by Eurasian kestrels. Naturwissenschaften 2007; 94:1015-20. [PMID: 17634907 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-007-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective predation can be an important force driving the evolution of organisms. In particular, sex-biased predation is expected to have implications for sexual selection, sex allocation and population dynamics. In this study, we analysed sex differences in the predation of the western green lizard (Lacerta bilineata) by the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) during the reproductive season. In addition, we investigated whether the rate of predation differed during the 8-year study period and among the three habitats studied. We collected lizard remains from nest boxes of kestrels. Freshly killed lizards were sexed by visual inspection, whilst the sex of head remains was assigned by analysing the cephalic scale morphology using geometric morphometrics. Our results show that the risk of being predated by a kestrel in our population was overall about 3.55 times higher for males than for females. To our knowledge this is the first study showing a male-biased predation in a lizard species. The selective predation of males was consistent between years over the 8-year study period (1999-2006) and also consistent between the three types of kestrel hunting habitat. Overall predation rates on lizards differed between habitats, depending on the year. We propose that the observed sex-biased predation is mainly due to sex differences in lizard behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Costantini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università La Sapienza, Viale dell'Università 32, Rome, Italy.
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Cooper WE, Whiting MJ. Universal Optimization of Flight Initiation Distance and Habitat-Driven Variation in Escape Tactics in a Namibian Lizard Assemblage. Ethology 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shepard DB. HABITAT BUT NOT BODY SHAPE AFFECTS PREDATOR ATTACK FREQUENCY ON LIZARD MODELS IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO. HERPETOLOGICA 2007. [DOI: 10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[193:hbnbsa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schoener TW, Losos JB, Spiller DA. Island Biogeography of Populations: An Introduced Species Transforms Survival Patterns. Science 2005; 310:1807-9. [PMID: 16357259 DOI: 10.1126/science.1120165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Population phenomena, which provide much of the underlying basis for the theoretical structure of island biogeography, have received little direct study. We determined a key population trait-survival-in the Bahamian lizard Anolis sagrei on islands with an experimentally introduced predatory lizard and on neighboring unmanipulated islands. On unmanipulated islands, survival declined with several variables, most notably vegetation height: The island with the shortest vegetation had nearly the highest survival recorded for any lizard. On islands with the introduced predator, which forages mostly on the ground, A. sagrei shifted to taller vegetation; unlike on unmanipulated islands, its survival was very low on islands with the shortest vegetation but was higher on the others. Thus, species introduction radically changed a resident species' relation of survival to a key island-biogeographical variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Schoener
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Conspicuous males suffer higher predation risk: visual modelling and experimental evidence from lizards. Anim Behav 2003. [DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2003.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cooper Jr. WE. Risk factors affecting escape behavior by the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis: speed and directness of predator approach, degree of cover, direction of turning by a predator, and temperature. CAN J ZOOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/z03-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Escape from predators by desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) conforms to predictions of optimal escape theory based on risk. I simulated an approaching predator to study risk factors. The primary response variable was approach distance (= flight-initiation distance), i.e., the distance between predator and prey when the prey initiates escape. In additional studies, I recorded whether lizards permitted me to approach close enough to noose them (an indicator of wariness) and the method of escape. Approach distance was greater when the predator approached rapidly than slowly and directly than indirectly, and when the predator turned toward the lizard rather than away. It was greater in open than in more densely covered habitats, which may reflect greater risk due to conspicuousness and (or) a greater distance to refuge. Early in the day at lower air temperatures, desert iguanas permitted a closer approach before initiating escape. While basking after emergence from burrows, lizards escaped into burrows; later in the day they fled. Lizards that fled had high body temperatures; a single individual captured immediately after entering a burrow had a lower body temperature. Lizards presumably enter burrows when low body temperature limits the running speed, but burrow use is costly because attainment of the activity temperature is delayed because of time elapsed and the temperature decrease in burrows.
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Diego-Rasilla FJ. Influence of predation pressure on the escape behaviour of Podarcis muralis lizards. Behav Processes 2003; 63:1-7. [PMID: 12763263 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between predator avoidance behaviour and predation pressure were investigated in the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis. The wariness of lizards belonging to high (1185m) and low elevation (308m) populations under two different predation pressure levels was compared. Wall lizards belonging to the lowland population experienced greater predation pressure than those belonging to the highland population. Lizards belonging to the population under higher predation pressure had higher frequency of refuge use, and had longer flight initiation distances (i.e. the distance lizards allowed the observer to approach before fleeing). In contrast, neither the distance fled (i.e. the total distance they fled in one continuous movement from the lizard's initial position until hiding or stopping at a safe distance) nor the distance to the nearest refuge were significantly different between populations. Escape responses were independent of ambient temperature in the lowland population, but animals belonging to the highland population had longer flight initiation distances when the ambient temperatures were higher. These findings suggest that predator avoidance behaviour may vary with predation pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J. Diego-Rasilla
- Departamento de Biologi;a Animal, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Edificio de Farmacia 5a planta, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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Taylor JE, Fox BJ. Disturbance effects from fire and mining produce different lizard communities in eastern Australian forests. AUSTRAL ECOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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