1
|
Yang C, Shen B, Zhang J, Zhang Q. Sperm-associated antigen 9 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis and insensitive to Taxol treatment in breast cancer. Biomarkers 2015; 21:62-7. [PMID: 26631164 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1118534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) has been reported to express in several cancers and have clinical significance. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that there was a strong association among SPAG9 expression and tumor size, TNM stage, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence. It suggested that SPAG9-elevated expression was an independently prognostic indicator for both OS and DFS. Furthermore, the selected treatment of chemotherapy with Taxol/non-Taxol significantly affects OS and DFS. To sum up, SPAG9-elevated expression contributes to malignant behavior and poor prognosis of breast cancer and may support a potential indicator in treatment selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Yang
- a Department of General Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China and
| | - Bin Shen
- a Department of General Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China and
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- a Department of General Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China and
| | - Qifan Zhang
- b Department of Surgical Oncology , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Expression and clinical significance of sperm-associated antigen 9 in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22:87-93. [PMID: 22146769 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e3182370f2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression and humoral immune response of sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) in endometri al carcinoma. METHODS Sperm-associated antigen 9 gene expression levels were evaluated in endometrial carcinoma, endometrial hyperplasia, adjacent tissues, and normal endometrial tissues by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. Sperm-associated antigen 9 concentration in serum samples from 10 healthy women, 20 women with benign diseases, and 50 women with endometrial carcinoma was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS (1) Sperm-associated antigen 9 antibodies were detected in approximately 72% of patients with endometrial cancer but not in healthy controls. (2) A significant difference has been found among pathological types and degrees (P < 0.05), and it was also found to be expressed in transferred lymph nodes. (3) Sperm-associated antigen 9 serum concentration (ng/mL) of patients with endometrial carcinoma is significantly higher than those of the healthy group (P < 0.05). Patients harboring grade 3 endometrial carcinoma were found to have significantly higher SPAG9 concentrations than those of grade 1/grade 2 (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS SPAG9 is positively expressed in endometrial cancer, and with a high humoral immune response in patients. It may serve as a new type of endometrial cancer markers for early detection, diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kotarska K, Styrna J. Can the partial deletion in the Y chromosome of male mice affect the reproductive efficiency of their daughters? Syst Biol Reprod Med 2011; 58:81-7. [PMID: 22149694 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2011.638969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that cumuli oophori around ovulated oocytes of B10.BR-Y(del) female mice (sired by males with the deleted Y chromosome) are more resistant to enzymatic treatment than cumuli oophori around eggs of control B10.BR females (having fathers with the intact Y chromosome). This can imply that some genes which influence the establishment of the imprinting pattern in male gametes are located in the region covered by the deletion. We hypothesize that the Y-dependent imprinting pattern, inherited by female offspring, affects stability of periovum layers within them. In the present study, cumulus-oocyte complexes ovulated by females from consomic strains: DBA, DBA-Y(BR), DBA-Y(del), and CBA, CBA-Y(BR), CBA-Y(del) were tested for their susceptibility to hyaluronidase digestion. The mean times for dispersal of cumulus cells surrounding oocytes of females from the backcross lines were convergent with the times typical for oocytes from strains being the donors of the Y chromosome (B10.BR or B10.BR-Y(del)) and differed clearly from pure DBA and CBA strains. It confirmed previous findings that Y chromosomes of fathers influence the properties of cumulus-oocyte complexes ovulated by their daughters. This influence is definitely stronger than the influence of the genetic background. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the cumuli oophori surrounding oocytes of B10.BR-Y(del) females exhibit increased resistance to penetration by spermatozoa in vitro, in comparison to the control B10.BR strain. This regularity was reflected in the decreased proportion of fertilized ova recovered from oviducts of B10.BR-Y(del) females mated with B10.BR-Y(del) males and in the lower litter sizes recorded for these pairs. The excessive stability of cumuli oophori typical for oocytes of females having Y(del) fathers may negatively affect their fertility, if they have partners producing poor quality sperm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kotarska
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Although the general events surrounding fertilization in many species are well described, the molecular underpinnings of fertilization are still poorly understood. Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a powerful model system for addressing the molecular and cell biological mechanism of fertilization. A primary advantage is the ability to isolate and propagate mutants that effect gametes and no other cells. This chapter provides conceptual guidelines for the identification, maintenance, and experimental approaches for the study fertility mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Geldziler
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
| | - Matthew R. Marcello
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
| | | | - Andrew Singson
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jagadish N, Rana R, Selvi R, Mishra D, Garg M, Yadav S, Herr J, Okumura K, Hasegawa A, Koyama K, Suri A. Characterization of a novel human sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) having structural homology with c-Jun N-terminal kinase-interacting protein. Biochem J 2005; 389:73-82. [PMID: 15693750 PMCID: PMC1184539 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel SPAG9 (sperm-associated antigen 9) protein having structural homology with JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)-interacting protein 3. SPAG9, a single copy gene mapped to the human chromosome 17q21.33 syntenic with location of mouse chromosome 11, was earlier shown to be expressed exclusively in testis [Shankar, Mohapatra and Suri (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243, 561-565]. The SPAG9 amino acid sequence analysis revealed identity with the JNK-binding domain and predicted coiled-coil, leucine zipper and transmembrane domains. The secondary structure analysis predicted an alpha-helical structure for SPAG9 that was confirmed by CD spectra. Microsequencing of higher-order aggregates of recombinant SPAG9 by tandem MS confirmed the amino acid sequence and mono atomic mass of 83.9 kDa. Transient expression of SPAG9 and its deletion mutants revealed that both leucine zipper with extended coiled-coil domains and transmembrane domain of SPAG9 were essential for dimerization and proper localization. Studies of MAPK (mitogenactivated protein kinase) interactions demonstrated that SPAG9 interacted with higher binding affinity to JNK3 and JNK2 compared with JNK1. No interaction was observed with p38alpha or extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathways. Polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant SPAG9 recognized native protein in human sperm extracts and localized specifically on the acrosomal compartment of intact human spermatozoa. Acrosome-reacted spermatozoa demonstrated SPAG9 immunofluorescence, indicating its retention on the equatorial segment after the acrosome reaction. Further, anti-SPAG9 antibodies inhibited the binding of human spermatozoa to intact human oocytes as well as to matched hemizona. This is the first report of sperm-associated JNK-binding protein that may have a role in spermatozoa-egg interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Jagadish
- *Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ritu Rana
- *Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ramasamy Selvi
- *Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Deepshikha Mishra
- *Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- *Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Yadav
- *Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - John C. Herr
- †Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research in Contraceptive and Reproductive Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, U.S.A
| | - Katsuzumi Okumura
- ‡Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Akiko Hasegawa
- §Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Reproduction, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koji Koyama
- §Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Reproduction, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- ∥Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Anil Suri
- *Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kroft TL, Gleason EJ, L'Hernault SW. The spe-42 gene is required for sperm–egg interactions during C. elegans fertilization and encodes a sperm-specific transmembrane protein. Dev Biol 2005; 286:169-81. [PMID: 16120437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization, the union of sperm and egg to form a new organism, is a critical process that bridges generations. Although the cytological and physiological aspects of fertilization are relatively well understood, little is known about the molecular interactions that occur between gametes. C. elegans has emerged as a powerful system for the identification of genes that are necessary for fertilization. C. elegans spe-42 mutants are sterile, producing cytologically normal spermatozoa that fail to fertilize oocytes. Indeed, male mating behavior, sperm transfer to hermaphrodites, sperm migration to the spermatheca, which is the site of fertilization and sperm competition are normal in spe-42 mutants. spe-42 mutant sperm make direct contact with oocytes in the spermatheca, suggesting that SPE-42 plays a role during sperm-egg interactions just prior to fertilization. No other obvious defects were observed in spe-42 mutant worms. Cloning and sequence analysis revealed that SPE-42 is a novel predicted 7-pass integral membrane protein with homologs in many metazoan species, suggesting that its mechanism of action could be conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim L Kroft
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chatterjee I, Richmond A, Putiri E, Shakes DC, Singson A. TheCaenorhabditis elegans spe-38gene encodes a novel four-pass integral membrane protein required for sperm function at fertilization. Development 2005; 132:2795-808. [PMID: 15930110 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A mutation in the Caenorhabditis elegans spe-38 gene results in a sperm-specific fertility defect. spe-38 sperm are indistinguishable from wild-type sperm with regards to their morphology, motility and migratory behavior. spe-38 sperm make close contact with oocytes but fail to fertilize them. spe-38 sperm can also stimulate ovulation and engage in sperm competition. The spe-38 gene is predicted to encode a novel four-pass (tetraspan) integral membrane protein. Structurally similar tetraspan molecules have been implicated in processes such as gamete adhesion/fusion in mammals, membrane adhesion/fusion during yeast mating, and the formation/function of tight-junctions in metazoa. In antibody localization experiments, SPE-38 was found to concentrate on the pseudopod of mature sperm,consistent with it playing a direct role in gamete interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Chatterjee
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Putiri E, Zannoni S, Kadandale P, Singson A. Functional domains and temperature-sensitive mutations in SPE-9, an EGF repeat-containing protein required for fertility in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 2004; 272:448-59. [PMID: 15282160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Revised: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The spe-9 gene is required for fertility in Caenorhabditis elegans and encodes a sperm transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain (ECD) that contains 10 epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats. Deletion analysis reveals that the EGF repeats and the transmembrane domain are required for fertilization. In contrast, the cytoplasmic region of SPE-9 is not essential for fertilization. Individual point mutations in all 10 EGF motifs uncover a differential sensitivity of these sequences to alteration. Some EGF repeats cannot tolerate mutation leading to a complete lack of fertility. Other EGF repeats can be mutated to create animals with temperature-sensitive (ts) fertility phenotypes. All ts mutations were generated by changing either conserved cysteine or glycine residues in the EGF motifs. For two endogenous ts alleles of spe-9, loss of function at nonpermissive temperatures is not due to protein mislocalization or degradation. Additionally, the proper localization of SPE-9 in sperm is not altered in a genetically interacting fertility mutant (spe-13) or a mutant that affects sperm vesicle-plasma membrane fusion (fer-1). Like the EGF repeats in the Notch/LIN-12/GLP-1 receptors and their ligands, the EGF repeats in SPE-9 may carry out different functions. Because EGF motifs are found in many proteins in different species, similar experimental strategies could be used to generate useful temperature-sensitive mutations in other EGF motif-containing molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Putiri
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Functional domains and temperature-sensitive mutations in SPE-9, an EGF repeat-containing protein required for fertility in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.05.014 s0012160604003586[pii]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Zannoni S, L'Hernault SW, Singson AW. Dynamic localization of SPE-9 in sperm: a protein required for sperm-oocyte interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2003; 3:10. [PMID: 14653860 PMCID: PMC305347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans requires functional SPE-9 protein in sperm. SPE-9 is a transmembrane protein with a predicted extracellular domain that contains ten epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like motifs. The presence of these EGF-like motifs suggests that SPE-9 is likely to function in gamete adhesive and/or ligand-receptor interactions. Results We obtained specific antisera directed against different regions of SPE-9 in order to determine its subcellular localization. SPE-9 is segregated to spermatids with a pattern that is consistent with localization to the plasma membrane. During spermiogenesis, SPE-9 becomes localized to spiky projections that coalesce to form a pseudopod. This leads to an accumulation of SPE-9 on the pseudopod of mature sperm. Conclusions The wild type localization patterns of SPE-9 provide further evidence that like the sperm of other species, C. elegans sperm have molecularly mosaic and dynamic regions. SPE-9 is redistributed by what is likely to be a novel mechanism that is very fast (~5 minutes) and is coincident with dramatic rearrangements in the major sperm protein cytoskeleton. We conclude that SPE-9 ends up in a location on mature sperm where it can function during fertilization and this localization defines the sperm region required for these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zannoni
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | | | - Andrew W Singson
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Magiafoglou A, Schiffer M, Hoffmann AA, McKechnie SW. Immunocontraception for population control: will resistance evolve? Immunol Cell Biol 2003; 81:152-9. [PMID: 12631239 DOI: 10.1046/j.0818-9641.2002.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prospect for successful biocontrol using immunocontraception is threatened if there is adaptation to the vaccine through natural selection of individuals that are genetically resistant to the contraceptive agent. To assess this possibility we examined the literature and found that little relevant data are available for any species on the appropriate trait, fertility variation among immunized individuals, or about appropriate population and genetic parameters influencing the likelihood of a selection response. Some data are available on variation in antibody response to immunocontraceptives, but the relationship between antibody response and fertility levels is poorly documented. The antibody response data indicate low heritability for this trait suggesting that fertility levels of contraceptive-resistant individuals will also have a low heritability. Slow evolution of contraception resistance might therefore be anticipated. The absence of information about relevant parameters makes the construction of quantitative models premature. We discuss factors in particular need of investigation if predictions about resistance evolution are to be made. These include: 1. the genetic basis of fertility retention, 2. the proportion of the population resistant to the contraceptive agent and how this is affected by gene flow from refuge populations, 3. the genetically-based fitness tradeoffs of resistant individuals that often accompany selection, 4. cross-generation effects that can thwart the effects of selection, and 5. the efficiency of delivery of the contraceptive agent. An understanding of the above for particular species, and the development of appropriate divergently acting multiple vaccines that can be used in temporal rotation or in mixtures, should facilitate the development of management options to minimize resistance evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Magiafoglou
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR), La Trobe University and CESAR, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|