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Yu Q, Liu J, Jiang J, Liu F, Zhang Z, Yu X, Li M, Alam I, Ge L. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of SPIRAL1 Family Genes in Legume Species. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043958. [PMID: 36835373 PMCID: PMC9959322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The SPIRAL1 (SPR1) gene family encodes microtubule-associated proteins that are essential for the anisotropic growth of plant cells and abiotic stress resistance. Currently, little is known about the characteristics and roles of the gene family outside of Arabidopsis thaliana. This study intended to investigate the SPR1 gene family in legumes. In contrast to that of A. thaliana, the gene family has undergone shrinking in the model legume species Medicago truncatula and Glycine max. While the orthologues of SPR1 were lost, very few SPR1-Like (SP1L) genes were identified given the genome size of the two species. Specifically, the M. truncatula and G. max genomes only harbor two MtSP1L and eight GmSP1L genes, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment showed that all these members contain conserved N- and C-terminal regions. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the legume SP1L proteins into three clades. The SP1L genes showed similar exon-intron organizations and similar architectures in their conserved motifs. Many essential cis-elements are present in the promoter regions of the MtSP1L and GmSP1L genes associated with growth and development, plant hormones, light, and stress. The expression analysis revealed that clade 1 and clade 2 SP1L genes have relatively high expression in all tested tissues in Medicago and soybean, suggesting their function in plant growth and development. MtSP1L-2, as well as clade 1 and clade 2 GmSP1L genes, display a light-dependent expression pattern. The SP1L genes in clade 2 (MtSP1L-2, GmSP1L-3, and GmSP1L-4) were significantly induced by sodium chloride treatment, suggesting a potential role in the salt-stress response. Our research provides essential information for the functional studies of SP1L genes in legume species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxia Yu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiayu Jiang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoye Yu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengru Li
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Intikhab Alam
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (L.G.)
| | - Liangfa Ge
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (L.G.)
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Xiaoxia L, Zhang J, Jinkai S, Ying L, Guodong R. The Salix SmSPR1 Involved in Light-Regulated Cell Expansion by Modulating Microtubule Arrangement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:309. [PMID: 31850345 PMCID: PMC6892981 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Light signaling and cortical microtubule (MT) arrays are essential to the anisotropic growth of plant cells. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) function as regulators that mediate plant cell expansion or elongation by altering the arrangements of the MT arrays. However, current understanding of the molecular mechanism of MAPs in relation to light to regulate cell expansion or elongation is limited. Here, we show that the MPS SPR1 is involved in light-regulated directional cell expansion by modulating microtubule arrangement. Overexpression of SmSPR1 in Arabidopsis results in right-handed helical orientation of hypocotyls in dark-grown etiolated seedlings, whereas the phenotype of transgenic plants was indistinguishable from those of wild-type plants under light conditions. Phenotypic characterization of the transgenic plants showed reduced anisotropic growth and left-handed helical MT arrays in etiolated hypocotyl cells. Protein interaction assays revealed that SPR1, CSN5A (subunits of COP9 signalosome, a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis), and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5, a transcription factor that promotes photomorphogenesis) interacted with each other in vivo. The phenotype of Arabidopsis AtSPR1-overexpressing transgenic lines was similar to that of SmSPR1-overexpressing transgenic plants, and overexpression of Salix SmSPR1 can rescue the spr1 mutant phenotype, thereby revealing the function of SPR1 in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xiaoxia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Sui Jinkai
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Rao Guodong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Ding L, Zhao K, Zhang X, Song A, Su J, Hu Y, Zhao W, Jiang J, Chen F. Comprehensive characterization of a floral mutant reveals the mechanism of hooked petal morphogenesis in Chrysanthemum morifolium. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:2325-2340. [PMID: 31050173 PMCID: PMC6835125 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of form of the chrysanthemum flower makes this species an ideal model for studying petal morphogenesis, but as yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying petal shape development remain largely unexplored. Here, a floral mutant, which arose as a bud sport in a plant of the variety 'Anastasia Dark Green', and formed straight, rather than hooked petals, was subjected to both comparative morphological analysis and transcriptome profiling. The hooked petals only became discernible during a late stage of flower development. At the late stage of 'Anastasia Dark Green', genes related to chloroplast, hormone metabolism, cell wall and microtubules were active, as were cell division-promoting factors. Auxin concentration was significantly reduced, and a positive regulator of cell expansion was down-regulated. Two types of critical candidates, boundary genes and adaxial-abaxial regulators, were identified from 7937 differentially expressed genes in pairwise comparisons, which were up-regulated at the late stage in 'Anastasia Dark Green' and another two hooked varieties. Ectopic expression of a candidate abaxial gene, CmYAB1, in chrysanthemum led to changes in petal curvature and inflorescence morphology. Our findings provide new insights into the regulatory networks underlying chrysanthemum petal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiangshuo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yueheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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OsKinesin-13A is an active microtubule depolymerase involved in glume length regulation via affecting cell elongation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9457. [PMID: 25807460 DOI: 10.1038/srep09457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain size is an important trait influencing both the yield and quality of rice and its major determinant is glume size. However, how glume size is regulated remains largely unknown. Here, we report the characterization of OsKinesin-13A, which regulates cell elongation and glume length in rice. The mutant of OsKinesin-13A, sar1, displayed length reduction in grains and other organs including internodes, leaves and roots. The grain phenotype in sar1 was directly caused by reduction in glume length, which in turn restricted caryopsis size. Histological results revealed that length decrease in sar1 organs resulted from abnormalities in cell elongation. The orientation of cellulose microfibrils was defective in sar1. Consistently, sar1 showed reduced transverse orientation of cortical microtubules. Further observations demonstrated that microtubule turnover was decreased in sar1. OsKinesin-13A was shown to be an active microtubule depolymerase and mainly distributed on vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus and destined for the cell surface. Thus, our results suggest that OsKinesin-13A utilizes its microtubule depolymerization activity to promote microtubule turnover, which may not only influence transverse orientation of cortical microtubules but also facilitate vesicle transport from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface, and thus affects cellulose microfibril orientation and cell elongation.
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Studart AR, Erb RM. Bioinspired materials that self-shape through programmed microstructures. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1284-94. [PMID: 24651249 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51883c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nature displays numerous examples of materials that can autonomously change their shape in response to external stimuli. Remarkably, shape changes in biological systems can be programmed within the material's microstructure to enable self-shaping capabilities even in the absence of cellular control. Here, we revisit recent attempts to replicate in synthetic materials the shape-changing behavior of selected natural materials displaying deliberately tuned fibrous architectures. Simple processing methods like drawing, spinning or casting under magnetic fields are shown to be effective in mimicking the orientation and spatial distribution of reinforcing fibers of natural materials, thus enabling unique shape-changing features in synthetic systems. The bioinspired design and creation of self-shaping microstructures represent a new pathway to program shape changes in synthetic materials. In contrast to shape-memory polymers and metallic alloys, the self-shaping capabilities in these bioinspired materials originate at the microstructural level rather than the molecular scale. This enables the creation of programmable shape changes using building blocks that would otherwise not display the intrinsic molecular/atomic phase transitions required in conventional shape-memory materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Li W, Guan Q, Wang ZY, Wang Y, Zhu J. A bi-functional xyloglucan galactosyltransferase is an indispensable salt stress tolerance determinant in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1344-54. [PMID: 23571490 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is an abiotic stress that substantially limits crop production worldwide. To identify salt stress tolerance determinants, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants that are hypersensitive to salt stress and designated these mutants as short root in salt medium (rsa). One of these mutants, rsa3-1, is hypersensitive to NaCl and LiCl but not to CsCl or to general osmotic stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) over-accumulate in rsa3-1 plants under salt stress. Gene expression profiling with Affymetrix microarray analysis revealed that RSA3 controls expression of many genes including genes encoding proteins for ROS detoxification under salt stress. Map-based cloning showed that RSA3 encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase, which is allelic to a gene previously named MUR3/KAM1. The RSA3/MUR3/KAM1-encoded xylogluscan galactosyltransferase regulates actin microfilament organization (and thereby contributes to endomembrane distribution) and is also involved in cell wall biosynthesis. In rsa3-1, actin cannot assemble and form bundles as it does in the wild-type but instead aggregates in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, addition of phalloidin, which prevents actin depolymerization, can rescue salt hypersensitivity of rsa3-1. Together, these results suggest that RSA3/MUR3/KAM1 along with other cell wall-associated proteins plays a critical role in salt stress tolerance by maintaining the proper organization of actin microfilaments in order to minimize damage caused by excessive ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Locascio A, Blázquez MA, Alabadí D. Dynamic regulation of cortical microtubule organization through prefoldin-DELLA interaction. Curr Biol 2013; 23:804-9. [PMID: 23583555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis relies on specific patterns of cell division and expansion. It is well established that cortical microtubules influence the direction of cell expansion, but less is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate microtubule arrangement. Here we show that the phytohormones gibberellins (GAs) regulate microtubule orientation through physical interaction between the nuclear-localized DELLA proteins and the prefoldin complex, a cochaperone required for tubulin folding. In the presence of GA, DELLA proteins are degraded, and the prefoldin complex stays in the cytoplasm and is functional. In the absence of GA, the prefoldin complex is localized to the nucleus, which severely compromises α/β-tubulin heterodimer availability, affecting microtubule organization. The physiological relevance of this molecular mechanism was confirmed by the observation that the daily rhythm of plant growth was accompanied by coordinated oscillation of DELLA accumulation, prefoldin subcellular localization, and cortical microtubule reorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Locascio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Krasylenko YA, Yemets AI, Blume YB. Plant microtubules reorganization under the indirect UV-B exposure and during UV-B-induced programmed cell death. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24031. [PMID: 23438586 PMCID: PMC3907430 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of microtubules in cellular pathways of UV-B signaling in plants as well as in related structural cell response become into focus of few last publications. As microtubules in plant cell reorient/reorganize (become randomized, fragmented or depolymerized) in a response to direct UV-B exposure, these cytoskeletal components could be involved into UV-B signaling pathways as highly responsive players. In the current addendum, indirect UV-B-induced microtubules reorganization in cells of shielded Arabidopsis thaliana (GFP-MAP4) primary roots and the correspondence of microtubules depolymerization with the typical hallmarks of the programmed cell death in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 (GFP-MBD) cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya A. Krasylenko
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biotechnology; Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla I. Yemets
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biotechnology; Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav B. Blume
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biotechnology; Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Kyiv, Ukraine
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Zhang L, Li L, Wu J, Peng J, Zhang L, Wang X. Cell expansion and microtubule behavior in ray floret petals of Gerbera hybrida: Responses to light and gibberellic acid. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:279-88. [PMID: 22020373 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05218g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Polko JK, van Zanten M, van Rooij JA, Marée AFM, Voesenek LACJ, Peeters AJM, Pierik R. Ethylene-induced differential petiole growth in Arabidopsis thaliana involves local microtubule reorientation and cell expansion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:339-48. [PMID: 21973123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
• Hyponastic growth is an upward petiole movement induced by plants in response to various external stimuli. It is caused by unequal growth rates between adaxial and abaxial sides of the petiole, which bring rosette leaves to a more vertical position. The volatile hormone ethylene is a key regulator inducing hyponasty in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we studied whether ethylene-mediated hyponasty occurs through local stimulation of cell expansion and whether this involves the reorientation of cortical microtubules (CMTs). • To study cell size differences between the two sides of a petiole in ethylene and control conditions, we analyzed epidermal imprints. We studied the involvement of CMT orientation in epidermal cells using the tubulin marker line as well as genetic and pharmacological means of CMT manipulation. • Our results demonstrate that ethylene induces cell expansion at the abaxial side of the- petiole and that this can account for the observed differential growth. At the abaxial side, ethylene induces CMT reorientation from longitudinal to transverse, whereas, at the adaxial side, it has an opposite effect. The inhibition of CMTs disturbed ethylene-induced hyponastic growth. • This work provides evidence that ethylene stimulates cell expansion in a tissue-specific manner and that it is associated with tissue-specific changes in the arrangement of CMTs along the petiole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Polko
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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11
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Yemets AI, Krasylenko YA, Lytvyn DI, Sheremet YA, Blume YB. Nitric oxide signalling via cytoskeleton in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:545-54. [PMID: 21893251 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) in plant cell mediates processes of growth and development starting from seed germination to pollination, as well as biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. However, proper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of NO signalling in plants has just begun to emerge. Accumulated evidence suggests that in eukaryotic cells NO regulates functions of proteins by their post-translational modifications, namely tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosylation. Among the candidates for NO-downstream effectors are cytoskeletal proteins because of their involvement in many processes regulated by NO. This review discusses new insights in plant NO signalling focused mainly on the involvement of cytoskeleton components into NO-cascades. Herein, examples of NO-related post-translational modifications of cytoskeletal proteins, and also indirect NO impact, are discussed. Special attention is paid to plant α-tubulin tyrosine nitration as an emerging topic in plant NO research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla I Yemets
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osipovskogo Str., 2a, Kyiv 04123, Ukraine.
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12
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Li J, Jiang J, Qian Q, Xu Y, Zhang C, Xiao J, Du C, Luo W, Zou G, Chen M, Huang Y, Feng Y, Cheng Z, Yuan M, Chong K. Mutation of rice BC12/GDD1, which encodes a kinesin-like protein that binds to a GA biosynthesis gene promoter, leads to dwarfism with impaired cell elongation. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:628-40. [PMID: 21325138 PMCID: PMC3077781 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The kinesins are a family of microtubule-based motor proteins that move directionally along microtubules and are involved in many crucial cellular processes, including cell elongation in plants. Less is known about kinesins directly regulating gene transcription to affect cellular physiological processes. Here, we describe a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, gibberellin-deficient dwarf1 (gdd1), that has a phenotype of greatly reduced length of root, stems, spikes, and seeds. This reduced length is due to decreased cell elongation and can be rescued by exogenous gibberellic acid (GA₃) treatment. GDD1 was cloned by a map-based approach, was expressed constitutively, and was found to encode the kinesin-like protein BRITTLE CULM12 (BC12). Microtubule cosedimentation assays revealed that BC12/GDD1 bound to microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Whole-genome microarray analysis revealed the expression of ent-kaurene oxidase (KO2), which encodes an enzyme involved in GA biosynthesis, was downregulated in gdd1. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that GDD1 bound to the element ACCAACTTGAA in the KO2 promoter. In addition, GDD1 was shown to have transactivation activity. The level of endogenous GAs was reduced in gdd1, and the reorganization of cortical microtubules was altered. Therefore, BC12/GDD1, a kinesin-like protein with transcription regulation activity, mediates cell elongation by regulating the GA biosynthesis pathway in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yunyuan Xu
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Du
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guoxing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Mingluan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yunqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhukuan Cheng
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Kang Chong
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100093, China
- Address correspondence to
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Xiao H, Radovich C, Welty N, Hsu J, Li D, Meulia T, van der Knaap E. Integration of tomato reproductive developmental landmarks and expression profiles, and the effect of SUN on fruit shape. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:49. [PMID: 19422692 PMCID: PMC2685393 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universally accepted landmark stages are necessary to highlight key events in plant reproductive development and to facilitate comparisons among species. Domestication and selection of tomato resulted in many varieties that differ in fruit shape and size. This diversity is useful to unravel underlying molecular and developmental mechanisms that control organ morphology and patterning. The tomato fruit shape gene SUN controls fruit elongation. The most dramatic effect of SUN on fruit shape occurs after pollination and fertilization although a detailed investigation into the timing of the fruit shape change as well as gene expression profiles during critical developmental stages has not been conducted. RESULTS We provide a description of floral and fruit development in a red-fruited closely related wild relative of tomato, Solanum pimpinellifolium accession LA1589. We use established and propose new floral and fruit landmarks to present a framework for tomato developmental studies. In addition, gene expression profiles of three key stages in floral and fruit development are presented, namely floral buds 10 days before anthesis (floral landmark 7), anthesis-stage flowers (floral landmark 10 and fruit landmark 1), and 5 days post anthesis fruit (fruit landmark 3). To demonstrate the utility of the landmarks, we characterize the tomato shape gene SUN in fruit development. SUN controls fruit shape predominantly after fertilization and its effect reaches a maximum at 8 days post-anthesis coinciding with fruit landmark 4 representing the globular embryo stage of seed development. The expression profiles of the NILs that differ at sun show that only 34 genes were differentially expressed and most of them at a less than 2-fold difference. CONCLUSION The landmarks for flower and fruit development in tomato were outlined and integrated with the effect of SUN on fruit shape. Although we did not identify many genes differentially expressed in the NILs that differ at the sun locus, higher or lower transcript levels for many genes involved in phytohormone biosynthesis or signaling as well as organ identity and patterning of tomato fruit were found between developmental time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Cheryll Radovich
- Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Nicholas Welty
- Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tea Meulia
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Esther van der Knaap
- Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Pickard BG. "Second extrinsic organizational mechanism" for orienting cellulose: modeling a role for the plasmalemmal reticulum. PROTOPLASMA 2008; 233:7-29. [PMID: 18648731 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-008-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oriented deposition of cellulose fibers by cellulose-synthesizing complexes typically occurs across the plasma membrane from microtubule bundles and is guided by them. However, aligned movement of the complexes can be shown even after applied oryzalin has depolymerized microtubules. Further, there is a claim that when (1) microtubules are depolymerized with oryzalin, (2) a microtubule-orienting stimulus is applied temporarily, and (3) oryzalin is washed out, the newly forming cellulose fibers are oriented with respect to the stimulus. With this in mind, the present paper gathers evidence from a diverse literature to suggest that the plasmalemmal reticulum, a major and structurally important form of cytoskeleton which connects cortical cytoplasm with wall, is a candidate to both independently and cooperatively participate in orienting microtubules and routing movements of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. Critical to this proposed function, the adhesion sites of the plasmalemmal reticulum have some morphological and molecular similarities to animal cell adhesion sites, known to play numerous integrative roles. The reticulum itself may be the morphological manifestation of the so-called lipid raft, previously known only on the basis of biochemical properties. According to the working model, the trusses interconnecting the adhesion sites shape the reticulum into apparently situation-dependent geometries. For example, in nongrowing or nonpolarized cells in which cellulose is deposited in brushy meshes, they form a nonpolar or weakly polar net; however, in elongating cells with oblique or otherwise polarized microtubules and newly forming cellulose fibers, there is suggestive evidence that net formation is dominated by trusses organized with correspondingly biased orientation. Consideration of such geometries and roles of the reticulum suggests several tests that could affirm, deny, or replace key aspects of this proposal to expand the theory of the peripheral cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Pickard
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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15
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Komorisono M, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Aichi I, Hasegawa Y, Ashikari M, Kitano H, Matsuoka M, Sazuka T. Analysis of the rice mutant dwarf and gladius leaf 1. Aberrant katanin-mediated microtubule organization causes up-regulation of gibberellin biosynthetic genes independently of gibberellin signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:1982-93. [PMID: 16040652 PMCID: PMC1183389 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.062968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular genetic studies of plant dwarf mutants have indicated that gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroid (BR) are two major factors that determine plant height; dwarf mutants that are caused by other defects are relatively rare, especially in monocot species. Here, we report a rice (Oryza sativa) dwarf mutant, dwarf and gladius leaf 1 (dgl1), which exhibits only minimal response to GA and BR. In addition to the dwarf phenotype, dgl1 produces leaves with abnormally rounded tip regions. Positional cloning of DGL1 revealed that it encodes a 60-kD microtubule-severing katanin-like protein. The protein was found to be important in cell elongation and division, based on the observed cell phenotypes. GA biosynthetic genes are up-regulated in dgl1, but the expression of BR biosynthetic genes is not enhanced. The enhanced expression of GA biosynthetic genes in dgl1 is not caused by inappropriate GA signaling because the expression of these genes was repressed by GA3 treatment, and degradation of the rice DELLA protein SLR1 was triggered by GA3 in this mutant. Instead, aberrant microtubule organization caused by the loss of the microtubule-severing function of DGL1 may result in enhanced expression of GA biosynthetic genes in that enhanced expression was also observed in a BR-deficient mutant with aberrant microtubule organization. These results suggest that the function of DGL1 is important for cell and organ elongation in rice, and aberrant DGL1-mediated microtubule organization causes up-regulation of gibberellin biosynthetic genes independently of gibberellin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Komorisono
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Nakajima K, Furutani I, Tachimoto H, Matsubara H, Hashimoto T. SPIRAL1 encodes a plant-specific microtubule-localized protein required for directional control of rapidly expanding Arabidopsis cells. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:1178-90. [PMID: 15084720 PMCID: PMC423208 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.017830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly organized interphase cortical microtubule (MT) arrays are essential for anisotropic growth of plant cells, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms that establish and maintain the order of these arrays. The Arabidopsis thaliana spiral1 (spr1) mutant shows right-handed helical growth in roots and etiolated hypocotyls. Characterization of the mutant phenotypes suggested that SPR1 may control anisotropic cell expansion through MT-dependent processes. SPR1 was identified by map-based cloning and found to encode a small protein with unknown function. Proteins homologous to SPR1 occur specifically and ubiquitously in plants. Genetic complementation with green fluorescent protein fusion proteins indicated that the SPR1 protein colocalizes with cortical MTs and that both MT localization and cell expansion control are conferred by the conserved N- and C-terminal regions. Strong SPR1 expression was found in tissues undergoing rapid cell elongation. Plants overexpressing SPR1 showed enhanced resistance to an MT drug and increased hypocotyl elongation. These observations suggest that SPR1 is a plant-specific MT-localized protein required for the maintenance of growth anisotropy in rapidly elongating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nakajima
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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