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Stein R, Beuren T, Cela LR, Ferrari F. Farmacogenômica e Doença Cardiovascular: Onde Estamos e Para Onde Vamos. Arq Bras Cardiol 2020; 115:690-700. [PMID: 33111871 PMCID: PMC8386961 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A farmacogenômica (FGx) investiga a interação entre genes e medicamentos. Através da análise de regiões específicas do DNA, informações sobre o perfil de metabolização do paciente para um determinado fármaco podem ser descritas, assim como o perfil esperado de resposta ao tratamento. Objetivamente, esse tipo de teste pode ter impacto no tratamento de pacientes que não estão respondendo adequadamente a um determinado medicamento, seja pela ausência dos efeitos esperados ou em virtude do aparecimento de efeitos adversos. Neste cenário, o objetivo desta revisão é o de informar o cardiologista clínico sobre esta importante área do conhecimento e atualizá-lo sobre o tema, procurando preencher as lacunas no que diz respeito à relação custo-benefício da aplicação da FGx nas doenças cardiovasculares, além de fornecer informações para a implementação da terapia guiada pela FGx na prática clínica.
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Toy AC, Anderson BA, McKinnon RA, Gilbert AL. Possible Role for Clinical Pharmacists in Identifying Pharmacogenomic Interventions. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2055-2335.2006.tb00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew L Gilbert
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, Sansom Institute; University of South Australia
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Shahabi P, Siest G, Visvikis-Siest S. Clinical interest of point-of-care pharmacogenomic testing: clopidogrel behind warfarin. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 13:1215-8. [PMID: 22920390 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Wallace AM, Sandford AJ. Therapeutic response to asthma medications: genotype predictors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 3:161-71. [PMID: 15219175 DOI: 10.2165/00151829-200403030-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a major social and economic burden. Studies have shown that genetic polymorphisms can influence drug efficacy and/or toxicity. The understanding of the pharmacogenetics of asthma will allow therapeutic regimens to be tailored on an individual basis. It is hoped that linkage and association studies will define new therapeutic targets for asthma but until then, studies have focused on improving response to beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist and leukotriene modifier therapy. Genetic polymorphism may account for interindividual differences in toxicity and efficacy of asthma medications. To date, single nucleotide polymorphism and limited haplotype analysis have provided inconclusive evidence as to how genotype predictors can be used to optimize current asthma therapies based on each patient's genetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Wallace
- University of British Columbia, James Hogg iCapture Centre, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Liu CY, Spicer M, Apuzzo MLJ. The genesis of neurosurgery and the evolution of the neurosurgical operative environment: part II--concepts for future development, 2003 and beyond. Neurosurgery 2003; 52:20-33; discussion 33-5. [PMID: 12493098 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200301000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2002] [Accepted: 09/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The future development of the neurosurgical operative environment is driven principally by concurrent development in science and technology. In the new millennium, these developments are taking on a Jules Verne quality, with the ability to construct and manipulate the human organism and its surroundings at the level of atoms and molecules seemingly at hand. Thus, an examination of currents in technology advancement from the neurosurgical perspective can provide insight into the evolution of the neurosurgical operative environment. In the future, the optimal design solution for the operative environment requirements of specialized neurosurgery may take the form of composites of venues that are currently mutually distinct. Advances in microfabrication technology and laser optical manipulators are expanding the scope and role of robotics, with novel opportunities for bionic integration. Assimilation of biosensor technology into the operative environment promises to provide neurosurgeons of the future with a vastly expanded set of physiological data, which will require concurrent simplification and optimization of analysis and presentation schemes to facilitate practical usefulness. Nanotechnology derivatives are shattering the maximum limits of resolution and magnification allowed by conventional microscopes. Furthermore, quantum computing and molecular electronics promise to greatly enhance computational power, allowing the emerging reality of simulation and virtual neurosurgery for rehearsal and training purposes. Progressive minimalism is evident throughout, leading ultimately to a paradigm shift as the nanoscale is approached. At the interface between the old and new technological paradigms, issues related to integration may dictate the ultimate emergence of the products of the new paradigm. Once initiated, however, history suggests that the process of change will proceed rapidly and dramatically, with the ultimate neurosurgical operative environment of the future being far more complex in functional capacity but strikingly simple in apparent form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Liu CY, Spicer M, Apuzzo ML. The Genesis of Neurosurgery and the Evolution of the Neurosurgical Operative Environment: Part II—Concepts for Future Development, 2003 and Beyond. Neurosurgery 2003. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200301000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Rodríguez-Marañón MJ, Bush RM, Peterson EM, Schirmer T, de la Maza LM. Prediction of the membrane-spanning beta-strands of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia. Protein Sci 2002; 11:1854-61. [PMID: 12070338 PMCID: PMC2373662 DOI: 10.1110/ps.3650102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
There is preliminary experimental evidence indicating that the major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia is a porin. We tested this hypothesis for the MOMP of the mouse pneumonitis serovar of Chlamydia trachomatis using two secondary structure prediction methods. First, an algorithm that calculates the mean hydrophobicity of one side of putative beta-strands predicted the positions of 16 transmembrane segments, a structure common to known porins. Second, outer loops typical of porins were assigned using an artificial neural network trained to predict the topology of bacterial outer-membrane proteins with a predominance of beta-strands. A topology model based on these results locates the four variable domains (VDs) of the MOMP on the outer loops and the five constant domains on beta-strands and the periplasmic turns. This model is consistent with genetic analysis and immunological and biochemical data that indicate the VDs are surface exposed. Furthermore, it shows significant homology with the consensus porin model of the program FORESST, which contrasts a proposed secondary structure against a data set of 349 proteins of known structure. Analysis of the MOMP of other chlamydial species corroborated our predicted model.
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Abstract
Methods for combinatorial and parallel synthesis continue to evolve in order to meet the demands of modern synthetic organic chemistry. The nature of the support, while typically overlooked, is a key consideration for successful combinatorial organic synthesis. Developments in combinatorial synthesis technologies such as the 'lab-on-a-chip' concept and 96-well-plate-compatible resin plugs have been reported, which should contribute to meeting the increasing challenges of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Considerable heterogeneity exists in the way individuals respond to medications, in terms of both efficacy and safety. Inherited differences in the absorption, metabolism, excretion, and target for drug therapy have important effects on drug efficacy and safety. Pharmacogenomics aims to discover new therapeutic targets and understand genetic polymorphisms that determine the safety and efficacy of medications. The goal of pharmaco-genomics is customization of drug therapy with administration of a medication in an optimum dose that will be safe and effective with reduction in morbidity and mortality.
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Abstract
Genetic diversity in the form of single nucleotide DNA polymorphisms (SNPs) contributes to variable disease susceptibility and drug response. The candidate gene approach has been widely used to identify the genetic basis for pharmacogenetic traits and becomes increasingly more powerful with the recent advances in genomic technologies. High-throughput sequencing and SNP genotyping technologies allow the study of thousands of candidate genes and the identification of those involved in drug efficacy and toxicity. Expression-based genomic technologies such as DNA microarrays and proteomics also facilitate the understanding of important biological and pharmacological pathways, thus identifying more candidate genes for SNP studies. Candidate gene-based pharmacogenetic studies will lead to improved drug development, improved clinical trial design and therapeutics tailored to individual genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Z Ring
- Incyte Genomics, Inc., 3174 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Shenfield
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW
| | | | - Laurent P Rivory
- Sydney Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW
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Apuzzo ML, Liu CY. 2001: Things to Come. Neurosurgery 2001. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200110000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES elements in the definition of modernity and emerging futurism in neurological surgery. In particular, it describes evolution, discovery, and paradigm shifts in the field and forces responsible for their realization. It analyzes the cyclical reinvention of the discipline experienced during the past generation and attempts to identify apertures to the near and more remote future. Subsequently, it focuses on forces and discovery in computational science, imaging, molecular science, biomedical engineering, and information processing as they relate to the theme of minimalism that is evident in the field. These areas are explained in the light of future possibilities offered by the emerging field of nanotechnology with molecular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Apuzzo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abstract
The search for genes that predispose individuals to develop common chronic diseases such as asthma, diabetes and Alzheimer's promises to give insights into their molecular pathogenesis. This will lead to the development of therapies that modulate the pathology, rather than the physiology of these diseases. As academia and the pharmaceutical industry increasingly focus on this challenge, the genetic dissection of Alzheimer's is spearheading attempts to shift the therapeutic paradigm away from symptomatic to curative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Whittaker
- Novartis Respiratory Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, UK.
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Mirnics K, Middleton FA, Lewis DA, Levitt P. Analysis of complex brain disorders with gene expression microarrays: schizophrenia as a disease of the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24:479-86. [PMID: 11476888 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The level of cellular and molecular complexity of the nervous system creates unique problems for the neuroscientist in the design and implementation of functional genomic studies. Microarray technologies can be powerful, with limitations, when applied to the analysis of human brain disorders. Recently, using cDNA microarrays, altered gene expression patterns between subjects with schizophrenia and controls were shown. Functional data mining led to two novel discoveries: a consistent decrease in the group of transcripts encoding proteins that regulate presynaptic function; and the most changed gene, which has never been previously associated with schizophrenia, regulator of G-protein signaling 4. From these and other findings, a hypothesis has been formulated to suggest that schizophrenia is a disease of the synapse. In the context of a neurodevelopmental model, it is proposed that impaired mechanics of synaptic transmission in specific neural circuits during childhood and adolescence ultimately results in altered synapse formation or pruning, or both, which manifest in the clinical onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Piruzyan LA, Sukhanov VA, Kalinina EV, Saprin AN. Biomedical aspects of metabolic portraiture. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2001; 377:72-4. [PMID: 11712154 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011567304333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Piruzyan
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 38, Moscow, 117977 Russia
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2001. [PMCID: PMC2447194 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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