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Tian X, Su X, Li C, Zhou Y, Li S, Guo J, Fan Q, Lü S, Zhang Y. Draft genome of the blister beetle, Epicauta chinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1694-1706. [PMID: 34742848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Existence of cantharidin (CTD) in blister beetles is a significant ecological adaptive mechanism that defends against predators and regulates courtship and mating behaviors. To better understand CTD biosynthetic information as well as its biology and pharmacology, we assembled a genome of 151.88 Mb for Epicauta chinensis using PacBio sequencing technology. Gene annotation yielded 249,238 repeats, 527 non-coding RNAs and 12,520 protein-coding genes. Compared to other 11 insects, expansions of gene families in E. chinensis for most core gene families likely associated with environmental adaptation, such as chemoreception, immunity, and detoxification. We further annotated P450s and immune-related genes, a total of 117 putative P450s comprising 7 CYP2, 67 CYP3, 36 CYP4, and 7 mitochondrial P450s and 281 immune-related genes were identified. Comparative analysis of the insect immune repertoires indicated presence of immune genes detected only from Coleopteran insects such as MD2-like. This suggested a lineage-specific gene evolution for Coleopteran insects. Based on the gene family evolution analysis, we identified two probable candidate genes including CYP4TT1 and phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase for CTD biosynthesis. The high-quality reference genome of E. chinensis provides the genetic basis for further investigation of CTD biosynthesis and in-depth studies of the development and evolution of blister beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinxin Su
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chenjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiamin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiqi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shumin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Pyser J, Chakrabarty S, Romero EO, Narayan ARH. State-of-the-Art Biocatalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1105-1116. [PMID: 34345663 PMCID: PMC8323117 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzyme-mediated reactions has transcended ancient food production to the laboratory synthesis of complex molecules. This evolution has been accelerated by developments in sequencing and DNA synthesis technology, bioinformatic and protein engineering tools, and the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of scientific research. Biocatalysis has become an indispensable tool applied in academic and industrial spheres, enabling synthetic strategies that leverage the exquisite selectivity of enzymes to access target molecules. In this Outlook, we outline the technological advances that have led to the field's current state. Integration of biocatalysis into mainstream synthetic chemistry hinges on increased access to well-characterized enzymes and the permeation of biocatalysis into retrosynthetic logic. Ultimately, we anticipate that biocatalysis is poised to enable the synthesis of increasingly complex molecules at new levels of efficiency and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
B. Pyser
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, and Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, and Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Evan O. Romero
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, and Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, and Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
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Polakovič M, Švitel J, Bučko M, Filip J, Neděla V, Ansorge-Schumacher MB, Gemeiner P. Progress in biocatalysis with immobilized viable whole cells: systems development, reaction engineering and applications. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:667-683. [PMID: 28181062 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viable microbial cells are important biocatalysts in the production of fine chemicals and biofuels, in environmental applications and also in emerging applications such as biosensors or medicine. Their increasing significance is driven mainly by the intensive development of high performance recombinant strains supplying multienzyme cascade reaction pathways, and by advances in preservation of the native state and stability of whole-cell biocatalysts throughout their application. In many cases, the stability and performance of whole-cell biocatalysts can be highly improved by controlled immobilization techniques. This review summarizes the current progress in the development of immobilized whole-cell biocatalysts, the immobilization methods as well as in the bioreaction engineering aspects and economical aspects of their biocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Polakovič
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Švitel
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Bučko
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Filip
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Academy of Sciences Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Peter Gemeiner
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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4
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Rich JO, Anderson AM, Berhow MA. Laccase-mediator catalyzed conversion of model lignin compounds. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Klein LL, Petukhova V, Wan B, Wang Y, Santasiero BD, Lankin DC, Pauli GF, Franzblau SG. A novel indigoid anti-tuberculosis agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:268-70. [PMID: 24314672 PMCID: PMC3922930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a novel indigoid component was characterized by X-ray crystallography. This compound exhibited excellent anti-tuberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in whole cell culture showing a submicromolar minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). A synthesis of this molecule was designed and carried out to produce sufficient material for further testing. The in vitro profile, structure, and first synthesis of this indigoid component is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry L Klein
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago 60612, USA.
| | - Valentina Petukhova
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago 60612, USA
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago 60612, USA
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago 60612, USA
| | - Bernard D Santasiero
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - David C Lankin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago 60612, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago 60612, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago 60612, USA
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago 60612, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago 60612, USA
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Glycosynthase with Broad Substrate Specificity - an Efficient Biocatalyst for the Construction of Oligosaccharide Library. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rej R, Jana N, Kar S, Nanda S. Stereoselective synthesis of a novel natural carbasugar and analogues from hydroxymethylated cycloalkenone scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Bhuniya R, Nanda S. Enantiomeric scaffolding of α-tetralone and related scaffolds by EKR (Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution) and stereoselective ketoreduction with ketoreductases. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:536-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06545a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Mahapatra T, Jana N, Nanda S. Stereoselective Desymmetrization of 2,2-Bishydroxymethyl-1-tetralones by Iodocyclization, Synthesis of Novel Enantiopure [6.6.5] Tricyclic Framework and Chemoenzymatic Diversity Generation. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Singhania RR, Patel AK, Pandey A. The Industrial Production of Enzymes. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527630233.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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11
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Chen N, Zhang J, Liu J, Yu B. Highly Efficient and Regio-selective Glucosylation of 25(S) Ruscogenin byGliocladium deliquescensNRRL1086. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Rich JO, Budde CL, McConeghey LD, Cotterill IC, Mozhaev VV, Singh SB, Goetz MA, Zhao A, Michels PC, Khmelnitsky YL. Application of combinatorial biocatalysis for a unique ring expansion of dihydroxymethylzearalenone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3059-62. [PMID: 19394221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial biocatalysis was applied to generate a diverse set of dihydroxymethylzearalenone analogs with modified ring structure. In one representative chemoenzymatic reaction sequence, dihydroxymethylzearalenone was first subjected to a unique enzyme-catalyzed oxidative ring opening reaction that creates two new carboxylic groups on the molecule. These groups served as reaction sites for further derivatization involving biocatalytic ring closure reactions with structurally diverse bifunctional reagents, including different diols and diamines. As a result, a library of cyclic bislactones and bislactams was created, with modified ring structures covering chemical space and structure activity relationships unattainable by conventional synthetic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Rich
- Department of Metabolism and Biotransformations, AMRI, Albany, NY 12212, USA.
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13
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Le Roes-Hill M, Goodwin C, Burton S. Phenoxazinone synthase: what's in a name? Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:248-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Cabrera Z, Fernandez-Lorente G, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Palomo JM, Guisan JM. Enhancement of Novozym-435 catalytic properties by physical or chemical modification. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Enantioselective enzymatic desymmetrization of prochiral 1,3-diols and enzymatic resolution of monoprotected 1,3-diols based on α-tetralone and related multifunctional scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Cotterill IC, Rich JO, Scholten MD, Mozhaeva L, Michels PC. Reversible derivatization to enhance enzymatic synthesis: Chemoenzymatic synthesis of doxorubicin-14-O-esters. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:435-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Chen X, Zhang J, Liu JH, Yu BY. Biotransformation of p-, m-, and o-hydroxybenzoic acids by Panax ginseng hairy root cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis and resolution of compounds containing a quaternary stereocenters adjacent to a carbonyl group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Yu HL, Xu JH, Wang YX, Lu WY, Lin GQ. Assembly of a three-dimensional array of glycoconjugates by combinatorial biocatalysis in nonaqueous media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 10:79-87. [PMID: 18062672 DOI: 10.1021/cc7001606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates can be artificially synthesized by combinatorial biocatalysis. An example is given in this paper describing the construction of glycoconjugates array by using glycosidase and lipase in nonaqueous media. This array was started from glucose, with three aryl alcohols as the aglycone moiety of glycosides and five acids or esters as acyl donors for combinatorial acylation of glycosides, affording a three-dimensional array containing about 30 members with diverse structures. The array would be more abundant if more aglycones and acyl donors with other structures were filled in. Indeed, diverse classes of carbohydrates besides glucose can also be employed for generating diverse glycoconjugates due to their different roles in numerous physiological responses. The composition and distribution of the demonstration glycoconjugates array was detected and evaluated by HPLC-MS with electrospray ionization. And also, the distribution of the artificial array can be adjusted by changing the molar ratio of the auxiliary materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China.
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20
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Zhang J, Sun Y, Liu JH, Yu BY, Xu Q. Microbial transformation of three bufadienolides by Nocardia sp. and some insight for the cytotoxic structure–activity relationship (SAR). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6062-5. [PMID: 17911017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Resibufogenin, cinobufagin, and bufalin are cytotoxic steroids isolated from the Chinese drug Chan'su. Biotransformation of these three bufadienolides by Nocardia sp. NRRL 5646 was investigated. Notably, resibufogenin was converted to 3-acetyl 15beta-hydroxyl bufotalin, via an unprecedented 14beta,15beta-epoxy ring cleavage and a regio-selective acetoxylation. This product showed significantly increased cytotoxic activity. The regio-selective acetylation of the 3-OH was also involved in the other reactions. The structures of metabolites were established by ESI-LC/MS and 2D NMR techniques. The in vitro cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines of the substrates and the transformed products were determined by the MTT method and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) was discussed. This investigation provided a useful approach to prepare new bufadienolides and the SAR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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21
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Improving Activity of Salt-Lyophilized Enzymes in Organic Media. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 146:215-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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23
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Cipolla L, Lotti M, De Gioia L, Nicotra F. Application of Site‐Directed Lipase Mutants on Regioselective Acylation of Monosaccharides. J Carbohydr Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120026464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cipolla
- a Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences , University of Milano‐Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 , Milano , Italy
| | - Marina Lotti
- a Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences , University of Milano‐Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 , Milano , Italy
| | - Luca De Gioia
- a Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences , University of Milano‐Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 , Milano , Italy
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- a Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences , University of Milano‐Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 , Milano , Italy
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Woodley JM. Microbial Biocatalytic Processes and Their Development. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2006; 60:1-15. [PMID: 17157631 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)60001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Woodley
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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Baldwin CVF, Woodley JM. On oxygen limitation in a whole cell biocatalytic Baeyer–Villiger oxidation process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:362-9. [PMID: 16862597 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a recombinant cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO), overexpressed in Escherichia coli has been used to study the oxidation of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one to its two corresponding lactones at very high enantiomeric excess. The reaction is a useful model for the study of biocatalytic oxidations to create optically pure molecules. The major limitations to a highly productive biocatalytic oxidation in this case are oxygen supply, product inhibition, and biocatalyst stability. In this article, we investigate the effects of whole cell biocatalyst concentration on the rate of reaction at a range of scales from shake flasks to 75 L bioreactors. At low cell concentrations (<2 g(dcw)/L) the maximum specific rate (0.65 g/g(dcw).h) is observed. However, at higher cell concentrations (> 2 g(dcw)/L), the reaction becomes oxygen limited and both the specific rate and absolute rate decrease with further increases in cell concentration. The role of oxygen limitation in reducing the rate of reaction with scale was investigated by increasing the maximum oxygen transfer rate in the reactor at a high cell concentration and observing the increase in product formation rate. We propose a qualitative model demonstrating the relationship between oxygen limitation, biocatalyst concentration, and the rate of reaction. This conceptual model will be a useful guide in the industrial scale-up of whole cell mediated Baeyer-Villiger biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V F Baldwin
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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García-Junceda E, García-García JF, Bastida A, Fernández-Mayoralas A. Enzymes in the synthesis of bioactive compounds: the prodigious decades. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1817-34. [PMID: 15051051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand for enantiomerically pure pharmaceuticals has impelled research on enzymes as catalysts for asymmetric synthetic transformations. However, the use of enzymes for this purpose was rather limited until the discovery that enzymes can work in organic solvents. Since the advent of the PCR the number of available enzymes has been growing rapidly and the tailor-made biocatalysts are becoming a reality. Thus, it has been possible the use of enzymes for the synthesis of new innovative medicines such as carbohydrates and their incorporation to modern methods for drug development, such as combinatorial chemistry. Finally, the genomic research is allowing the manipulation of whole genomes opening the door to the combinatorial biosynthesis of compounds. In this review, our intention is to highlight the main landmarks that have led to transfer the chemical efficiency shown by the enzymes in the cell to the synthesis of bioactive molecules in the lab during the last 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo García-Junceda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva 3. Madrid 28006, Spain.
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27
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Ye M, Qu G, Guo H, Guo D. Novel cytotoxic bufadienolides derived from bufalin by microbial hydroxylation and their structure-activity relationships. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 91:87-98. [PMID: 15261311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transformation was used to prepare novel cytotoxic bufadienolides. Twelve products (3-14) were obtained from bufalin (1) by the fungus Mucor spinosus. Their structures were elucidated by high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS) and extensive NMR techniques, including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), two dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect correlation spectroscopy (NOESY), heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC), and heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC). Compounds 3, 4, 9 and 11-14 are new mono- or dihydroxylated derivatives of bufalin with novel oxyfunctionalities at C-1beta, C-7beta, C-11beta, C-12beta and C-16alpha positions. The in vitro cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines of 3-14, together with 16 biotransformed products derived from cinobufagin (15-30) were determined by the MTT method, and their structure-activity relationships (SAR) were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road #38, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Abstract
Enzyme catalysis in low water containing organic solvents is finding an increasing number of applications in diverse areas. This review focuses on some aspects which have not been reviewed elsewhere. Different strategies for obtaining higher activity and stability in such media are described. In this context, the damaging role of lyophilization and the means of overcoming such effects are discussed. Ultrasonication and microwave assistance are two emerging approaches for enhancing reaction rates in low water media. Control of water activity and medium engineering are two crucial approaches in optimization of catalytic behaviour in nonaqueous enzymology. Organometallics and synthesis/modification of polymers are two areas where nonaqueous enzymology can play a greater role in the coming years. The greater understanding of enzyme behaviour in nonaqueous media is expected to lead to larger and even more diverse kinds of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munishwar N Gupta
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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Usyatinsky AY, Astakhova NM, Khmelnitsky YL. Simple and efficient solid support scavenging of excess acyl donors after enzymatic acylations in organic solvents. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 82:379-85. [PMID: 12632393 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for removing excess acyl donors following enzymatic acylations in organic solvents was developed. This method is based on selective chemical scavenging of acyl donors using an amino-functionalized solid support, and does not affect the desired acylated product. A wide variety of different acyl donors, including vinyl and trifluoroethyl esters and vinyl carbonates, can be quantitatively removed by this method, thus providing a simple and highly efficient tool for purification of reaction products after enzymatic acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ya Usyatinsky
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212, USA
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Secundo F, Carrea G, De Amici M, Joppolo Di Ventimiglia S, Dordick JS. A combinatorial biocatalysis approach to an array of cholic acid derivatives. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 81:391-6. [PMID: 12491524 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 39-member library of bile acid derivatives was prepared starting from 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid methyl ester using a combinatorial biocatalytic approach. A regioselective oxidation step, catalyzed by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, followed by an acylation step with a series of different acyl donors catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B, led to the modification of the bile acid scaffold. Each member of the library was obtained in high purity and good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare del CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy.
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Lye GJ, Ayazi-Shamlou P, Baganz F, Dalby PA, Woodley JM. Accelerated design of bioconversion processes using automated microscale processing techniques. Trends Biotechnol 2003; 21:29-37. [PMID: 12480348 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(02)00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microscale processing techniques are rapidly emerging as a means to increase the speed of bioprocess design and reduce material requirements. Automation of these techniques can reduce labour intensity and enable a wider range of process variables to be examined. This article examines recent research on various individual microscale unit operations including microbial fermentation, bioconversion and product recovery techniques. It also explores the potential of automated whole process sequences operated in microwell formats. The power of the whole process approach is illustrated by reference to a particular bioconversion, namely the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one for the production of optically pure lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Lye
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Dept of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK WC1E 7JE.
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Abstract
The conventional notion that enzymes are only active in aqueous media has long been discarded, thanks to the numerous studies documenting enzyme activities in nonaqueous media, including pure organic solvents and supercritical fluids. Enzymatic reactions in nonaqueous solvents offer new possibilities for producing useful chemicals (emulsifiers, surfactants, wax esters, chiral drug molecules, biopolymers, peptides and proteins, modified fats and oils, structured lipids and flavor esters). The use of enzymes in both macro- and microaqueous systems has been investigated especially intensively in the last two decades. Although enzymes exhibit considerable activity in nonaqueous media, the activity is low compared to that in water. This observation has led to numerous studies to modify enzymes for specific purposes by various means including protein engineering. This review covers the historical developments, major technological advances and recent trends of enzyme catalysis in nonconventional media. A brief description of different classes of enzymes and their use in industry is provided with representative examples. Recent trends including use of novel solvent systems, role of water activity, stability issues, medium and biocatalyst engineering aspects have been discussed with examples. Special attention is given to protein engineering and directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajja Hari Krishna
- AK-Technische Chemie und Biotechnologie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 16, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Abstract
Enzymes are being used in numerous new applications in the food, feed, agriculture, paper, leather, and textiles industries, resulting in significant cost reductions. At the same time, rapid technological developments are now stimulating the chemistry and pharma industries to embrace enzyme technology, a trend strengthened by concerns regarding health, energy, raw materials, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B van Beilen
- Institute of Biotechnology, ETH-Hönggerberg, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Highly active enzyme formulations can be prepared for use in nonaqueous media. Considerable progress has been made in the past two years on gaining an improved mechanistic understanding of enzyme function and activation in dehydrated environments. This increased fundamental understanding has led to the development of a broad array of techniques for generating active, stable, and enantioselective and regioselective tailored enzymes for synthetically relevant transformations. This, in turn, is resulting in an exponential increase in the opportunities for enzymatic processes to be developed on a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 12180, Troy, New York, USA
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