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Da Silva Rodrigues R, Mullen KM. Surface-Assembled Mechanically Interlocked Architectures. Chempluschem 2017; 82:814-825. [PMID: 31961569 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of supramolecular chemistry, there has been keen interest in the synthesis of interlocked molecules, given their unique potential to act as receptors, molecular machines and even motors. Despite advances in the complexity of molecular machines that can be synthesised and operated in solution, reports of the operation or even attachment of complex supramolecular systems on solid surfaces are less common. Synthetic challenges and a lack of adequate characterisation techniques to monitor the thermodynamic and kinetic influences governing assembly at the solution-surface interface has slowed progress in this area of research. This Review looks at the developments in the field of covalently assembled interlocked architectures on gold, silica and polymer surfaces, highlighting the differences observed between solution and surface assembly of these unique structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Da Silva Rodrigues
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Mullen
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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Leung IKH, Brown Jr T, Schofield CJ, Claridge TDW. An approach to enzyme inhibition employing reversible boronate ester formation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00011j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Zhao L, Mullen KM, Chmielewski MJ, Brown A, Bampos N, Beer PD, Davis JJ. Anion templated assembly of an indolocarbazole containing pseudorotaxane on beads and silica nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b818854h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Gal M, Melian C, Demco DE, Blümich B, Frydman L. Solid-state single-scan 2D NMR under magic-angle-spinning. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Bernstein MA, Stoddart S. A program for the visualisation, extraction, and reporting of NMR data from plate chemistry samples. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44:1102-8. [PMID: 17001735 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe a program for the viewing, analysis, and reporting of 1D NMR spectra. The program provides an intuitive environment to display 1D NMR spectra, and assists with data reduction and reporting. It is particularly well suited for multiple NMR spectra derived from the recording of spectra of samples in microtitre plates, where it adopts a unique, effective, and user-friendly approach. This also allows for quick overviews of the underlying NMR data and offers an effective tool for quality control in parallel chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bernstein
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leics, LE11 5RH, UK.
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7
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Fenniri H, Terreau O, Chun S, Oh SJ, Finney WF, Morris MD. Classification of spectroscopically encoded resins by Raman mapping and infrared hyperspectral imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:192-8. [PMID: 16529514 DOI: 10.1021/cc050128i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Barcoded resins (BCRs) were recently introduced as a potential platform for pre-encoded multiplexed synthesis, screening, and biomedical diagnostics. A key step toward the development of this strategy is the ability to rapidly interrogate and classify the BCRs in a high-throughput, noninvasive manner. Here, we describe a one-step strategy based on Raman mapping and Fourier transform infrared imaging to classify and spatially resolve randomly distributed BCRs. To illustrate this methodology, mixtures of up to 25 different BCRs were imaged and classified with 100% confidence. This strategy can be readily extended to a larger pool of resins, provided each BCR features a unique vibrational fingerprint (spectroscopic barcode). We have also established that reliable single-bead Raman spectra can be recorded in 10 ms, thus confirming that Raman mapping, in particular, could be a very fast method to classify the BCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Fenniri
- National Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (NINT-NRC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, ECERF: 9107-116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada.
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8
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Chun S, Xu J, Cheng J, Ding L, Winograd N, Fenniri H. Spectroscopically encoded resins for high throughput imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:18-25. [PMID: 16398549 DOI: 10.1021/cc050086y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic barcoding was recently introduced as a new pre-encoding strategy wherein the resin beads are not just carriers for solid phase synthesis, but are, in addition, the repository of the synthetic scheme to which they were subjected. To expand the repertoire of spectroscopically barcoded resins (BCRs), here we introduce a new family of halogenated polystyrene-based polymers designed for high-throughput combinatorial analysis using not only infrared and Raman spectroscopy but also imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). In particular, we have established that (a) the halogen content of these new resins can be used as an encoding element in quantitative imaging ToF-SIMS and (b) the number of styrene monomers used to generate unique vibrational fingerprints can be significantly reduced by using monomers in different molar ratios. The combination of quantitative imaging ToF-SIMS and vibrational spectroscopy is anticipated to dramatically increase the repertoire of possible BCRs from a few hundreds to several thousands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangki Chun
- LG Chem Research Park, 104-1 Moonji-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-380, Korea
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Johnstone KD, Bampos N, Sanders JKM, Gunter MJ. Gel-phase HR-MAS 1H NMR spectroscopy as a probe for solid-tethered diimide rotaxanes and catenanes. NEW J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b602555b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Hein JE, Hultin PG. Recyclable supports for stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions: application of a fluorous oxazolidinone chiral auxiliary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Enjalbal C, Ribière P, Lamaty F, Yadav-Bhatnagar N, Martinez J, Aubagnac JL. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of soluble PEG based multi-step synthetic reaction mixtures with automated detection of reaction failure. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:670-678. [PMID: 15862768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecules of tunable solubility, used to mimic inert insoluble materials while maintaining solution conditions, allowed the performance of efficient supported organic chemistry and facilitated in situ reaction monitoring. To satisfy the high throughput requirements of automated synthetic processes, organic syntheses carried out on bifunctional polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG(3400)-OH) were monitored step-by-step by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A protocol was designed to control the ionization mechanism of such polymers exhibiting high affinity for alkali metal cations. Automated, rapid, and reliable data interpretation was performed by an in-house developed visual basic application relying on the sodiated ion accurate monoisotopic mass measurement. The methodology was illustrated through the monitoring of a six-step synthetic scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Enjalbal
- Laboratoire des Aminoacides Peptides et Protéines, Universités Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Fischbach I, Thieme K, Hoffmann A, Hehn M, Schnell I. PFG-assisted selection and suppression of 1H NMR signals in the solid state under fast MAS. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2003; 165:102-115. [PMID: 14568521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Under fast MAS conditions, techniques for 1H signal selection and suppression, which have originally been developed for solution-state NMR, become applicable to solids. In this work, we describe how WATERGATE and DANTE pulse sequences can be used under MAS to selectively excite or suppress peaks in 1H solid-state spectra. As known from the liquid-state analogues, signal selection and/or suppression is supported by pulsed-field gradients which selectively dephase and rephase transverse magnetisation. Under MAS, the required field gradients are provided by a simple pair of coils which have been built into a standard fast-MAS probe. PFG-assisted techniques enable efficient selection or suppression of 1H peaks in a single transient of the pulse sequence without the need for phase cycles. Therefore, these tools can readily be incorporated into solid-state MAS NMR experiments, which is demonstrated here for 1H-1H double-quantum NMR spectra of supramolecular systems. In the examples presented here, the 1H signals of interest are relatively weak and need to be observed despite the presence of the strong 1H signal of long alkyl sidechains. PFG-assisted suppression of this strong perturbing signal is shown to be particularly useful for obtaining unambiguous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Fischbach
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 3148, D-55021, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Thieme K, Schnell I. Determination of long-range distances and dynamic order parameters by dipolar recoupling in high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12100-1. [PMID: 14518989 DOI: 10.1021/ja037374n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By introducing dipolar recoupling methods to high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy, a class of experiments has been delevoped that allows the measurement of residual dipole-dipole couplings of approximately 1 Hz in weakly immobilized molecules. Using homonuclear 1H-1H recoupling, distances of up to approximately 8 A can be selectively determined, while heteronuclear 1H-13C recoupling provides access to dynamic order parameters of individual molecular segments on the order of approximately 10-3. The experiments are demonstrated on functionalized oligopeptides that are attached to polymer resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karena Thieme
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Mainz, Germany
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14
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Schlosser G, Takáts Z, Vékey K, Pócsfalvi G, Malorni A, Windberg E, Kiss A, Hudecz F. Mass spectrometric analysis of combinatorial peptide libraries derived from the tandem repeat unit of MUC2 mucin. J Pept Sci 2003; 9:361-74. [PMID: 12846482 DOI: 10.1002/psc.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Four 19-member synthetic peptide libraries, based on the TX1TX2T epitope motif of the mucin-2 gastrointestinal glycoprotein (MUC2) and ranging in peptide length from dipeptides to 15-mers (XT, TXT, TQTXT and KVTPTPTPTGTQTXT), were synthesized by combinatorial solid phase peptide synthesis using the portioning-mixing combinatorial approach, and analysed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry at different (1000-10000) resolutions. Most of the components of the individual libraries could be easily identified in a single-stage molecular mass screening experiment. The resolving power of the instrument becomes an important factor above 800-1000 Da molecular mass, when predominantly multiply charged molecular ions are formed. Approaches to the identification of isobars (glutamine/lysine), isomers leucine/isoleucine) and sequence variations by tandem mass spectrometry, and/or by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitta Schlosser
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Salo PK, Pertovaara AM, Salo VMA, Salomies HEM, Kostiainen RK. High-performance thin-layer chromatography method for assessment of the quality of combinatorial libraries, and comparison with liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 5:223-32. [PMID: 12739937 DOI: 10.1021/cc020046j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for fast evaluation of the purity of solid-phase synthesis products. The results obtained were in good agreement with results obtained by the LC-MS method (r(2) = 0.8404) or by the LC-UV method (r(2) = 0.8053), confirming the suitability of HPTLC for purity analysis of combinatorial syntheses. The synthesis products can be quantified and identified by measuring UV densitograms or in situ UV spectra or by ESI-MS after isolation of the zone of interest. A new, simple, and fast method for transferring the zone of the analyte from the plate to the ESI-MS equipment is described. The new HPTLC method enables rapid and efficient analysis of approximately 40 samples in parallel. As such, it offers a cheaper and easier way to analyze the purity of synthesis products than the commonly used LC-UV-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia K Salo
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Viikki Drug Discovery Technology Center, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Robillard M, Leith J, van der Marel G, van Boom J, Reedijk J. Application of Gel-Phase 195Pt NMR Spectroscopy in a Novel Solid-Phase Synthesis of a Primary Amine Dichloroplatinum(II) Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200390199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Thieme K, Zech G, Kunz H, Spiess HW, Schnell I. Dipolar recoupling in NOESY-type 1H-1H NMR experiments under HRMAS conditions. Org Lett 2002; 4:1559-62. [PMID: 11975628 DOI: 10.1021/ol025782a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text]. The concept of dipolar recoupling is introduced to 1H-1H NOESY experiments performed under HRMAS conditions. Dipole-dipole couplings are selectively recoupled during the mixing period, while MAS ensures high resolution in the spectral dimensions. Incoherent dipolar exchange is replaced by amplified coherent processes, such that time scales for polarization transfer are shortened, and dipolar double-quantum techniques become applicable. In this way, dipole-dipole couplings, as well as J-couplings, can be individually measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karena Thieme
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Fruchart JS, Lippens G, Kuhn C, Gras-Masse H, Melnyk O. Solid-phase enolate chemistry investigated using HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. J Org Chem 2002; 67:526-32. [PMID: 11798327 DOI: 10.1021/jo0161633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supported P4-t-Bu enolate chemistry of phenylacetyloxymethyl polystyrene (PS) resin was investigated using high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Direct analysis of the crude reaction suspensions through the use of a diffusion filter (DF) allowed a rapid selection of the optimal experimental conditions, but also the characterization of the enolate on the solid phase. Comparison with solution experiments and literature data allowed us to address partially the structure of the enolate. HR-MAS NMR spectra of the enolate revealed also a tight interaction of P4-t-Bu base with the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Fruchart
- UMR 8525 CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 2, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Pr Calmette 59021 Lille, France
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Maux D, Enjalbal C, Martinez J, Aubagnac JL, Combarieu R. Static secondary ion mass spectrometry to monitor solid-phase peptide synthesis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2001; 12:1099-1105. [PMID: 11605971 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the direct monitoring of supported peptide synthesis were realized through the design of time of flight static secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-S-SIMS) experiments. The mass spectrometric method was carried out at the resin bead level and was found reproducible (intra- and inter-day assays), sensitive (femtomol level) and non-destructive (only 0.01% of the peptides were destroyed by the primary ion beam bombardment). The nature of the peptide-resin linkage governed the recovery of ions characterizing the whole peptide sequence. A S-SIMS cleavable bond was thus required solely in that position to achieve the release of the growing structures from the insoluble support into the gas phase without any fragmentation. Results are presented with standard solid-phase resins allowing linkage through an amide or an ester bond. The latter was orthogonally broken upon the bombardment and thus constituted a convenient S-SIMS cleavable bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maux
- Laboratoire des Aminoacides, Peptides, et Protéines, Université Montpellier I, France
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20
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Furrer J, Piotto M, Bourdonneau M, Limal D, Guichard G, Elbayed K, Raya J, Briand JP, Bianco A. Evidence of secondary structure by high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of a bioactive peptide bound to different solid supports. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4130-8. [PMID: 11457175 DOI: 10.1021/ja003566w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the 19-amino acid peptide epitope, corresponding to the 141-159 sequence of capsid viral protein VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), bound to three different resins, namely, polystyrene-MBHA, PEGA, and POEPOP, has been determined by high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy. A combination of homonuclear and heteronuclear bidimensional experiments was used for the complete peptide resonance assignment and the qualitative characterization of the peptide folding. The influence of the chemicophysical nature of the different polymers on the secondary structure of the covalently attached FMDV peptide was studied in detail. In the case of polystyrene-MBHA and polyacrylamide-PEGA resins, the analysis of the 2D spectra was hampered by missing signals and extensive overlaps, and only a propensity toward a peptide secondary structure could be derived from the assigned NOE correlations. When the FMDV peptide was linked to the polyoxyethylene-based POEPOP resin, it was found to adopt in dimethylformamide a helical conformation encompassing the C-terminal domain from residues 152 to 159. This conformation is very close to that of the free peptide previously analyzed in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Our study clearly demonstrates that a regular helical structure can be adopted by a resin-bound bioactive peptide. Moreover, a change in the folding was observed when the same peptide-POEPOP conjugate was swollen in aqueous solution, displaying the same conformational features as the free peptide in water. The possibility of studying solid-supported ordered secondary structures by the HRMAS NMR technique in a wide range of solvents can be extended either to other biologically relevant peptides and proteins or to new synthetic oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Furrer
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7510 CNRS-Bruker, Université Louis Pasteur, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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21
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Ng YF, Meillon JC, Ryan T, Dominey AP, Davis AP, Sanders JKM. Gel-Phase MAS NMR Spectroscopy of a Polymer-Supported Pseudorotaxane and Rotaxane: Receptor Binding to an “Inert” Polyethylene Glycol Spacer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010504)40:9<1757::aid-anie17570>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Ng YF, Meillon JC, Ryan T, Dominey AP, Davis AP, Sanders JKM. Gel-Phase MAS NMR Spectroscopy of a Polymer-Supported Pseudorotaxane and Rotaxane: Receptor Binding to an “Inert” Polyethylene Glycol Spacer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010504)113:9<1807::aid-ange18070>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Duus J, Gotfredsen CH, Bock K. Carbohydrate structural determination by NMR spectroscopy: modern methods and limitations. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4589-614. [PMID: 11749359 DOI: 10.1021/cr990302n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Duus
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Bianco A, Furrer J, Limal D, Guichard G, Elbayed K, Raya J, Piotto M, Briand JP. Multistep synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines on different solid supports monitored by high resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:681-90. [PMID: 11126296 DOI: 10.1021/cc0000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solid-phase synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines containing the trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline amino acid residue (Hyp) was performed on Ellman polystyrene, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene (POEPOP), polystyrene-polyoxyethylene NovaSyn, and Wang resins, respectively. The reaction pathway allowed the introduction of different functional groups around the bicyclic scaffold in a combinatorial approach, and it generated mixtures of isomers. A detailed characterization of the single reaction steps by high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy was performed. The NMR spectral resolution of the resin-bound intermediates and final products was greatly influenced by the polymer matrix. The POEPOP resin permitted to obtain HRMAS NMR spectra with a resolution comparable with that of the spectra of the molecules in solution. Moreover, configurational and conformational isomers formed during the solid-phase reaction steps could be detected and easily assigned. Therefore, the combination of the HRMAS NMR technique with the use of nonaromatic resins may become an extremely powerful tool in solid-phase organic synthesis. This approach will allow the monitoring of multistep reactions and the conception of on-bead structural studies either on small molecules or on natural and/or synthetic oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bianco
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Chimie Immunologique, UPR 9021 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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25
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Barnes C, Balasubramanian S. Recent developments in the encoding and deconvolution of combinatorial libraries. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2000; 4:346-50. [PMID: 10826968 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(00)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The value of molecular libraries generated by combinatorial methods is largely dependent on the ease and ability to deconvolute or decode the structure of compounds of interest after screening the library. Following the introduction of promising concepts in the early 1990s, there has been considerable progress in the development and refinement of methodologies to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
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26
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Quantitative monitoring of solid phase organic reactions by high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. J Org Chem 2000; 65:2946-50. [PMID: 10814182 DOI: 10.1021/jo9914824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three possible high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) NMR experiments to quantitatively monitor a solid phase supported Horner-Emmons reaction are presented. In the first experiment we follow the solid phase reaction in deuterated solvent directly in the NMR rotor. The second quantification is done by reconditioning of a few milligrams of resin from an undefined reaction vessel by washing, drying, and reswelling in deuterated solvent, and the evaluation of the amount of resin bound structures by comparing to an external standard. The third experiment represents the first analytical quantification of resin-bound structures without any sample preparation, except the transfer of resin-solvent suspension (large excess of reagents in protonated dimethylformamide) from the reaction vessel to the NMR rotor.
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Abstract
In the fast expanding field of combinatorial chemistry, profiling libraries has always been a matter of concern--as illustrated by the buoyant literature over the past seven years. Spectroscopic methods, including especially mass spectrometry and to a lesser extent IR and NMR, have been applied at different levels of combinatorial library synthesis: in the rehearsal phase to optimize the chemistry prior to library generation, to confirm library composition, and to characterize after screening each structure that exhibits positive response. Most of the efforts have been concentrated on library composition assessment. The difficulties of such analyses have evolved from the infancy of the combinatorial concept, where large mixtures were prepared, to the recent parallel syntheses of collections of discrete compounds. Whereas the complexity of the analyses has diminished, an increased degree of automation was simultaneously required to achieve efficient library component identification and quantification. In this respect, mass spectrometry has been found to be the method of choice, providing rapid, sensitive, and informative analyses, especially when coupled to chromatographic separation. Fully automated workstations able to cope with several hundreds of compounds per day have been designed. After a brief introduction to describe the combinatorial approach, library characterization will be discussed in detail, considering first the solution-based methodologies and secondly the support-bound material analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Enjalbal
- Laboratoire des Aminoacides, Peptides et Protéines-UMR 5810, Universités Montpellier I et II, Montpellier, France
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Lacey ME, Subramanian R, Olson DL, Webb AG, Sweedler JV. High-Resolution NMR Spectroscopy of Sample Volumes from 1 nL to 10 &mgr;L. Chem Rev 1999; 99:3133-3152. [PMID: 11749512 DOI: 10.1021/cr980140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Lacey
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Walk TB, Trautwein AW, Richter H, Jung G. ESI-Fourier-Transform-Ionenzyklotronresonanz-Massenspektrometrie (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) – schnelle höchstauflösende Analytik für kombinatorische Verbindungsbibliotheken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990614)111:12<1877::aid-ange1877>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kundu B, Khare SK, Rastogi SK. Combinatorial chemistry: Polymer supported synthesis of peptide and non-peptide libraries. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH 1999; 53:89-156. [PMID: 10616297 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8735-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, combinatorial chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for accelerating drug discovery. While industry is rapidly embracing the technology, researchers continue to develop novel library methods including resins, linkers, tagging and deconvolution techniques. Newer strategies involving computer-customized combinatorial libraries offer enormous potential for the design of more "focused" and "smart" chemical libraries with maximal diversity. In addition, miniaturized systems for synthesizing chemical libraries are also being developed, which has made it possible to carry out reactions at submicroliter volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kundu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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