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Soberanes-Gutiérrez CV, Pérez-Rueda E, Ruíz-Herrera J, Galán-Vásquez E. Identifying Genes Devoted to the Cell Death Process in the Gene Regulatory Network of Ustilago maydis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:680290. [PMID: 34093501 PMCID: PMC8175908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.680290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a process that can be divided into three morphological patterns: apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. In fungi, cell death is induced in response to intracellular and extracellular perturbations, such as plant defense molecules, toxins and fungicides, among others. Ustilago maydis is a dimorphic fungus used as a model for pathogenic fungi of animals, including humans, and plants. Here, we reconstructed the transcriptional regulatory network of U. maydis, through homology inferences by using as templates the well-known gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. Based on this GRN, we identified transcription factors (TFs) as hubs and functional modules and calculated diverse topological metrics. In addition, we analyzed exhaustively the module related to cell death, with 60 TFs and 108 genes, where diverse cell proliferation, mating-type switching and meiosis, among other functions, were identified. To determine the role of some of these genes, we selected a set of 11 genes for expression analysis by qRT-PCR (sin3, rlm1, aif1, tdh3 [isoform A], tdh3 [isoform B], ald4, mca1, nuc1, tor1, ras1, and atg8) whose homologues in other fungi have been described as central in cell death. These genes were identified as downregulated at 72 h, in agreement with the beginning of the cell death process. Our results can serve as the basis for the study of transcriptional regulation, not only of the cell death process but also of all the cellular processes of U. maydis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia V Soberanes-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Ciencias Agrogenómicas, de la Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Pérez-Rueda
- Unidad Académica Yucatán, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Mexico
| | - José Ruíz-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Agrogenómicas, de la Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Mexico
| | - Edgardo Galán-Vásquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas Computacionales y Automatización, Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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Monticolo F, Palomba E, Chiusano ML. Identification of Novel Potential Genes Involved in Cancer by Integrated Comparative Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249560. [PMID: 33334055 PMCID: PMC7765469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main hallmarks of cancer diseases are the evasion of programmed cell death, uncontrolled cell division, and the ability to invade adjacent tissues. The explosion of omics technologies offers challenging opportunities to identify molecular agents and processes that may play relevant roles in cancer. They can support comparative investigations, in one or multiple experiments, exploiting evidence from one or multiple species. Here, we analyzed gene expression data from induction of programmed cell death and stress response in Homo sapiens and compared the results with Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene expression during the response to cell death. The aim was to identify conserved candidate genes associated with Homo sapiens cell death, favored by crosslinks based on orthology relationships between the two species. We identified differentially-expressed genes, pathways that are significantly dysregulated across treatments, and characterized genes among those involved in induced cell death. We investigated on co-expression patterns and identified novel genes that were not expected to be associated with death pathways, that have a conserved pattern of expression between the two species. Finally, we analyzed the resulting list by HumanNet and identified new genes predicted to be involved in cancer. The data integration and the comparative approach between distantly-related reference species that were here exploited pave the way to novel discoveries in cancer therapy and also contribute to detect conserved genes potentially involved in programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Monticolo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Palomba
- Department of RIMAR, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy;
- Department of RIMAR, Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, 80122 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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3
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Eid R, Zhou DR, Arab NTT, Boucher E, Young PG, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Heterologous expression of anti-apoptotic human 14-3-3β/α enhances iron-mediated programmed cell death in yeast. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184151. [PMID: 28854230 PMCID: PMC5576682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of Programmed Cell Death (PCD) requires the activation of complex responses involving the interplay of a variety of different cellular proteins, pathways, and processes. Uncovering the mechanisms regulating PCD requires an understanding of the different processes that both positively and negatively regulate cell death. Here we have examined the response of normal as well as PCD resistant yeast cells to different PCD inducing stresses. As expected cells expressing the pro-survival human 14-3-3β/α sequence show increased resistance to numerous stresses including copper and rapamycin. In contrast, other stresses including iron were more lethal in PCD resistant 14-3-3β/α expressing cells. The increased sensitivity to PCD was not iron and 14-3-3β/α specific since it was also observed with other stresses (hydroxyurea and zinc) and other pro-survival sequences (human TC-1 and H-ferritin). Although microscopical examination revealed little differences in morphology with iron or copper stresses, cells undergoing PCD in response to high levels of prolonged copper treatment were reduced in size. This supports the interaction some forms of PCD have with the mechanisms regulating cell growth. Analysis of iron-mediated effects in yeast mutant strains lacking key regulators suggests that a functional vacuole is required to mediate the synergistic effects of iron and 14-3-3β/α on yeast PCD. Finally, mild sub-lethal levels of copper were found to attenuate the observed inhibitory effects of iron. Taken together, we propose a model in which a subset of stresses like iron induces a complex process that requires the cross-talk of two different PCD inducing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R. Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nagla T. T. Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul G. Young
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A. Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael T. Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Dhurga DB, Suresh K, Tan TC. Granular Formation during Apoptosis in Blastocystis sp. Exposed to Metronidazole (MTZ). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155390. [PMID: 27471855 PMCID: PMC4966910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and function of the granular life cycle stage in Blastocystis sp, remains uncertain despite suggestions being made that the granules are metabolic, reproductive and lipid in nature. This present study aims to understand granular formation by triggering apoptosis in Blastocystis sp. by treating them with metronidazole (MTZ). Blastocystis sp.cultures of 4 sub-types namely 1, 2, 3 and 5 when treated with 0.01 and 0.0001 mg/ml of metronidazole (MTZ) respectively showed many of the parasites to be both viable and apoptotic (VA). Treated subtype 3 isolates exhibited the highest number of granular forms i.e. 88% (p<0.001) (0.0001 mg/ml) and 69% (p<0.01) (0.01 mg/ml) respectively at the 72 h in in vitro culture compared to other subtypes. These VA forms showed distinct granules using acridine orange (AO) and 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining with a mean per cell ranging from 5 in ST 5 to as high as 16 in ST 3. These forms showed intact mitochondria in both viable apoptotic (VA) and viable non-apoptotic (VNA) cells with a pattern of accumulation of lipid droplets corresponding to viable cells. Granular VA forms looked ultra-structurally different with prominent presence of mitochondria-like organelle (MLO) and a changed mitochondrial trans-membrane potential with thicker membrane and a highly convoluted inner membrane than the less dense non-viable apoptotic (NVA) cells. This suggests that granular formation during apoptosis is a self-regulatory mechanism to produce higher number of viable cells in response to treatment. This study directs the need to search novel chemotherapeutic approaches by incorporating these findings when developing drugs against the emerging Blastocystis sp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Balkrishnan Dhurga
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumar Suresh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tian Chye Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Thakor P, Mehta JB, Patel RR, Patel DD, Subramanian RB, Thakkar VR. Extraction and purification of phytol from Abutilon indicum: cytotoxic and apoptotic activity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abutilon indicumis widely used as a medicinal plant in Indian system of medicine. In the present study, we have evaluated the apoptosis inducing ability of leaf extract ofA. indicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Thakor
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- India
| | - Japan B. Mehta
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Boston
- USA
| | - Ravi R. Patel
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- India
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6
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Citterio B, Albertini MC, Ghibelli L, Falcieri E, Battistelli M, Canonico B, Rocchi MBL, Teodori L, Ciani M, Piatti E. Multiparameter analysis of apoptosis in puromycin-treated Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:773-80. [PMID: 25868793 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a typical apoptotic phenotype is induced by some stress factors such as sugars, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, aspirin and age. Nevertheless, no data have been reported for apoptosis induced by puromycin, a damaging agent known to induce apoptosis in mammalian cells. We treated S. cerevisiae with puromycin to induce apoptosis and evaluated the percentage of dead cells by using Hoechst 33342 staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Annexin V flow cytometry (FC) analysis. Hoechst 33342 fluorescence images were processed to acquire parameters to use for multiparameter analysis [and perform a principal component analysis, (PCA)]. Cell viability was evaluated by Rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) and Acridine Orange microscope fluorescence staining. The results show puromycin-induced apoptosis in S. cerevisiae, and the PCA analysis indicated that the increasing percentage of apoptotic cells delineated a well-defined graph profile. The results were supported by TEM and FC. This study gives new insights into yeast apoptosis using puromycin as inducer agent, and PCA analysis may complement molecular analysis facilitating further studies to its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Citterio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
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7
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Ubaidillah M, Kim KA, Kim YH, Lee IJ, Yun BW, Kim DH, Loake GJ, Kim KM. Identification of a drought-induced rice gene, OsSAP, that suppresses Bax-induced cell death in yeast. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6113-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Martínez-Fábregas J, Díaz-Moreno I, González-Arzola K, Janocha S, Navarro JA, Hervás M, Bernhardt R, Díaz-Quintana A, De la Rosa MÁ. New Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome c partners: a look into the elusive role of cytochrome c in programmed cell death in plants. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3666-76. [PMID: 24019145 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an event displayed by many different organisms along the evolutionary scale. In plants, programmed cell death is necessary for development and the hypersensitive response to stress or pathogenic infection. A common feature in programmed cell death across organisms is the translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol. To better understand the role of cytochrome c in the onset of programmed cell death in plants, a proteomic approach was developed based on affinity chromatography and using Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome c as bait. Using this approach, ten putative new cytochrome c partners were identified. Of these putative partners and as indicated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation, nine of them bind the heme protein in plant protoplasts and human cells as a heterologous system. The in vitro interaction between cytochrome c and such soluble cytochrome c-targets was further corroborated using surface plasmon resonance. Taken together, the results obtained in the study indicate that Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome c interacts with several distinct proteins involved in protein folding, translational regulation, cell death, oxidative stress, DNA damage, energetic metabolism, and mRNA metabolism. Interestingly, some of these novel Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome c-targets are closely related to those for Homo sapiens cytochrome c (Martínez-Fábregas et al., unpublished). These results indicate that the evolutionarily well-conserved cytosolic cytochrome c, appearing in organisms from plants to mammals, interacts with a wide range of targets on programmed cell death. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martínez-Fábregas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, 41092, Spain
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9
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B. Patel P, Thakkar V. Cell Proliferation and DNA Damage Study by SCGE in Fission Yeast Exposed to Curcumin and 5-fluorouracil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ajcb.2013.22.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Dhurga DB, Suresh KG, Tan TC, Chandramathi S. Apoptosis in Blastocystis spp. is related to subtype. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:725-30. [PMID: 23141370 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that apoptosis-like features are observed in Blastocystis spp., an intestinal protozoan parasite, when exposed to the cytotoxic drug metronidazole (MTZ). This study reports that among the four subtypes of Blastocystis spp. investigated for rate of apoptosis when treated with MTZ, subtype 3 showed the highest significant increase after 72h of in vitro culture when treated with MTZ at 0.1mg/ml (79%; p<0.01) and 0.0001mg/ml (89%; p<0.001). The close correlation between viable cells and apoptotic cells for both dosages implies that the pathogenic potential of these isolates has been enhanced when treated with MTZ. This suggests that there is a mechanism in Blastocystis spp. that actually regulates the apoptotic process to produce higher number of viable cells when treated. Apoptosis may not just be programmed cell death but instead a mechanism to increase the number of viable cells to ensure survival during stressed conditions. The findings of the present study have an important contribution to influence chemotherapeutic approaches when developing drugs against the emerging Blastocystis spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Dhurga
- Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Munoz AJ, Wanichthanarak K, Meza E, Petranovic D. Systems biology of yeast cell death. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:249-65. [PMID: 22188402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) (including apoptosis) is an essential process, and many human diseases of high prevalence such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer are associated with deregulations in the cell death pathways. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a unicellular eukaryotic organism, shares with multicellular organisms (including humans) key components and regulators of the PCD machinery. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge about cell death networks, including the modeling approaches and experimental strategies commonly used to study yeast cell death. We argue that the systems biology approach will bring valuable contributions to our understanding of regulations and mechanisms of the complex cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Joyce Munoz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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Mittelman K, Ziv K, Maoz T, Kleinberger T. The cytosolic tail of the Golgi apyrase Ynd1 mediates E4orf4-induced toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15539. [PMID: 21124936 PMCID: PMC2989921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus E4 open reading frame 4 (E4orf4) protein contributes to regulation of the progression of virus infection. When expressed individually, E4orf4 was shown to induce non-classical transformed cell-specific apoptosis in mammalian cells. At least some of the mechanisms underlying E4orf4-induced toxicity are conserved from yeast to mammals, including the requirement for an interaction of E4orf4 with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). A genetic screen in yeast revealed that the Golgi apyrase Ynd1 associates with E4orf4 and contributes to E4orf4-induced toxicity, independently of Ynd1 apyrase activity. Ynd1 and PP2A were shown to contribute additively to E4orf4-induced toxicity in yeast, and to interact genetically and physically. A mammalian orthologue of Ynd1 was shown to bind E4orf4 in mammalian cells, confirming the evolutionary conservation of this interaction. Here, we use mutation analysis to identify the cytosolic tail of Ynd1 as the protein domain required for mediation of the E4orf4 toxic signal and for the interaction with E4orf4. We also show that E4orf4 associates with cellular membranes in yeast and is localized at their cytoplasmic face. However, E4orf4 is membrane-associated even in the absence of Ynd1, suggesting that additional membrane proteins may mediate E4orf4 localization. Based on our results and on a previous report describing a collection of Ynd1 protein partners, we propose that the Ynd1 cytoplasmic tail acts as a scaffold, interacting with a multi-protein complex, whose targeting by E4orf4 leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mittelman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Keren Ziv
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tsofnat Maoz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Kleinberger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Laloux G, Deghelt M, de Barsy M, Letesson JJ, De Bolle X. Identification of the essential Brucella melitensis porin Omp2b as a suppressor of Bax-induced cell death in yeast in a genome-wide screening. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13274. [PMID: 20949000 PMCID: PMC2952587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition of apoptosis is one of the mechanisms selected by numerous intracellular pathogenic bacteria to control their host cell. Brucellae, which are the causative agent of a worldwide zoonosis, prevent apoptosis of infected cells, probably to support survival of their replication niche. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to identify Brucella melitensis anti-apoptotic effector candidates, we performed a genome-wide functional screening in yeast. The B. melitensis ORFeome was screened to identify inhibitors of Bax-induced cell death in S. cerevisiae. B. melitensis porin Omp2b, here shown to be essential, prevents Bax lethal effect in yeast, unlike its close paralog Omp2a. Our results based on Omp2b size variants characterization suggest that signal peptide processing is required for Omp2b effect in yeast. Conclusion/Significance We report here the first application to a bacterial genome-wide library of coding sequences of this “yeast-rescue” screening strategy, previously used to highlight several new apoptosis regulators. Our work provides B. melitensis proteins that are candidates for an anti-apoptotic function, and can be tested in mammalian cells in the future. Hypotheses on possible molecular mechanisms of Bax inhibition by the B. melitensis porin Omp2b are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Laloux
- Research Unit in Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
| | - Michaël Deghelt
- Research Unit in Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
| | - Marie de Barsy
- Research Unit in Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Research Unit in Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
| | - Xavier De Bolle
- Research Unit in Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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14
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Chatterjee N, Luo Z. Cr-(III)-organic compounds treatment causes genotoxicity and changes in DNA and protein level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:593-603. [PMID: 20066492 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural Cr-(III)-organic species are being known as the part of natural biogeochemical cycle of chromium, but unfortunately, their mechanism of toxicity as well as genotoxic potentiality is still unknown. To evaluate the characteristic toxic effect exerted by natural Cr-(III)-organic species on the cellular macromolecules, changes in DNA and protein level was observed. Besides, Comet assay was applied to measure genotoxic potentiality of Cr-(III)-organic species in the target organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to Cr-(III)-citrate and Cr-(III)-histidine. It has been observed that both of the Cr-(III)-organic compounds are responsible for diminution in macromolecules concentration. Cr-(III)-citrate showed ladder pattern of DNA fragmentation in support of apoptosis. Two new protein bands appeared in protein profile of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with Cr-(III)-organic compounds. Thus it supports the possibility of the synthesis of stress proteins. Comet assay proved positive correlation between Cr-(III)-organic compounds' concentration and DNA damage. The Cr-(III)-citrate causes DNA damage at the concentrations ranging from 50 to 150 mg L(-1), whereas the DNA damaging capacity of Cr-(III)-histidine was found insignificant, except at highest concentration (150 mg L(-1)). These results can throw light on the mechanism of the toxic effect as well as genotoxicity exerted by natural Cr-(III)-organic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chatterjee
- Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Education (BGEG), School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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15
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Expressing and functional analysis of mammalian apoptotic regulators in yeast. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:737-45. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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16
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Gomez JA, Sun W, Gama V, Hajkova D, Yoshida T, Wu Z, Miyagi M, Pink JJ, Jackson MW, Danielpour D, Matsuyama S. The C-terminus of interferon gamma receptor beta chain (IFNgammaR2) has antiapoptotic activity as a Bax inhibitor. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:1771-86. [PMID: 19657228 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.18.9323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bax is a pro-apoptotic protein that mediates intrinsic cell-death signaling. Using a yeast-based functional screening approach, we identified interferon gamma receptor beta chain (IFNgammaR2) as a new Bax suppressor. IFNgammaR2 is a component of the IFNgamma receptor complex along with the IFNgammaR alpha chain (IFNgammaR1). Upon IFNgamma binding, a conformational change in the receptor complex occurs that activates the Jak2/STAT1 signaling cascade. We found that the C-terminal region (amino acids 296-337) of IFNgammaR2 (IFNgammaR2(296-337)) contains a novel Bax inhibitory domain. This portion does not contain the Jak2-binding domain; therefore, the antiapoptotic function of IFNgammaR2 is independent of JAK/STAT signaling. IFNgammaR2(296-337) rescued human cells from apoptosis induced by overexpression of Bax but not Bak. Overexpression of IFNgammaR2 (wild type and IFNgammaR2(296-337)) rescued cells from etoposide and staurosporine, which are known to induce Bax-mediated cell death. Interestingly, IFNgammaR2 inhibited apoptosis induced by the BH3-only protein Bim-EL, suggesting that IFNgammaR2 inhibits Bax activation through a BH3-only protein. Bax and IFNgammaR2 were co-immunoprecipitated from cell lysates prepared from HEK293 and DAMI cells. Furthermore, direct binding of purified recombinant proteins of Bax and IFNgammaR2 was also confirmed. Addition of recombinant Bcl-2 protein to cell lysates significantly reduced the interaction of IFNgammaR2 and Bax, suggesting that Bcl-2 and IFNgammaR2 bind a similar domain of Bax. We found that the C-terminal fragment (cytoplasmic domain) of IFNgammaR2 is expressed in human cancer cell lines of megakaryocytic cancer (DAMI), breast cancer (MDA-MD-468), and prostate cancer (PC3 cells). The presence of the C-terminal fragment of IFNgammaR2 may confer on cancer cells resistance to apoptotic stresses. Our discovery of the anti-Bax activity of the cytoplasmic domain of IFNgammaR2 may shed new light on the mechanism of how cell death is controlled by IFNgamma and Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 , USA
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17
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Gomez JA, Gama V, Yoshida T, Sun W, Hayes P, Leskov K, Boothman D, Matsuyama S. Bax-inhibiting peptides derived from Ku70 and cell-penetrating pentapeptides. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:797-801. [PMID: 17635151 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We found that Ku70, a known DNA repair factor, has a novel function to bind and inhibit Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein), a key mediator of apoptosis. Pentapeptides derived from the Bax-binding domain of Ku70 were cell-permeable and protected cells from Bax-mediated apoptosis. These pentapeptides were called BIPs (Bax-inhibiting peptides). BIPs may become a useful therapeutic tool to reduce cellular damage. We also generated BIP mutant pentapeptides that do not inhibit Bax, but retain their cell-penetrating activity. Since both BIPs and BIP mutants are cell-permeable, these peptides were designated CPP5s (cell-penetrating pentapeptides). Among the CPP5s discovered, VPTLK (BIP) and KLPVM (BIP mutant) were confirmed to possess protein transduction activity by examination of the delivery of GFP (green fluorescent protein) into cells by these peptides. The mechanism of cell penetration by CPP5s is not known. CPP5s enter the cell at 0 and 4 degrees C. In preliminary studies, various inhibitors of endocytosis and pinocytosis did not show any significant suppression of CPP5 cell entry. CPP5s have very low toxicity in vitro and in vivo and so may be useful tools in order to develop non-toxic drug-delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gomez
- Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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18
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Du L, Yu Y, Chen J, Liu Y, Xia Y, Chen Q, Liu X. Arsenic induces caspase- and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2007; 7:860-5. [PMID: 17627776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been shown that yeast, a unicellular organism, undergoes apoptosis in response to various factors. Here we demonstrate that the highly effective anticancer agent arsenic induces apoptotic process in yeast cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was observed in the process. Moreover, mitochondrial membrane potential decreased after arsenic treatment. Resistance of the rho(0) mutant strain (lacking mtDNA) to arsenic provides further evidence that this death process involves mitochondria. In addition, hypersensitivity of Deltasod1 to arsenic suggests the critical role of ROS. Cell death and DNA fragmentation decreased in a Deltayca1 deletion mutant, indicating the participation of yeast caspase-1 protein in apoptosis. The implications of these findings for arsenic-induced apoptosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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19
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Sanjuán Szklarz LK, Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Vögtle FN, Chacinska A, Milenkovic D, Vogel S, Dürr M, Westermann B, Guiard B, Martinou JC, Borner C, Pfanner N, Meisinger C. Preprotein Transport Machineries of Yeast Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Are not Required for Bax-induced Release of Intermembrane Space Proteins. J Mol Biol 2007; 368:44-54. [PMID: 17335847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial outer membrane contains protein import machineries, the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) and the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM). It has been speculated that TOM or SAM are required for Bax-induced release of intermembrane space (IMS) proteins; however, experimental evidence has been scarce. We used isolated yeast mitochondria as a model system and report that Bax promoted an efficient release of soluble IMS proteins while preproteins were still imported, excluding an unspecific damage of mitochondria. Removal of import receptors by protease treatment did not inhibit the release of IMS proteins by Bax. Yeast mutants of each Tom receptor and the Tom40 channel were not impaired in Bax-induced protein release. We analyzed a large collection of mutants of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, including SAM, fusion and fission components, but none of these components was required for Bax-induced protein release. The released proteins included complexes up to a size of 230 kDa. We conclude that Bax promotes efficient release of IMS proteins through the outer membrane of yeast mitochondria while the inner membrane remains intact. Inactivation of the known protein import and sorting machineries of the outer membrane does not impair the function of Bax at the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza K Sanjuán Szklarz
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Giannattasio S, Guaragnella N, Corte-Real M, Passarella S, Marra E. Acid stress adaptation protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae from acetic acid-induced programmed cell death. Gene 2005; 354:93-8. [PMID: 15894436 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work evidence is presented that acid stress adaptation protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae from acetic acid-mediated programmed cell death. Exponential-phase yeast cells, non-adapted or adapted to acid stress by 30 min incubation in rich medium set at pH 3.0 with HCl, have been exposed to increasing concentrations of acetic acid and time course changes of cell viability have been assessed. Adapted cells, in contrast to non-adapted cells, when exposed to 80 mM acetic acid for 200 min did not display loss of cell viability associated to morphological alterations typical of apoptosis. Thus, 80 mM acetic acid death-inducing conditions were selected to further characterize the early molecular events leading to such active cell death process. Catalase was specifically activated during acid stress adaptation and protection against acetic acid-induced death was associated with maintenance of its activity during treatment with 80 mM acetic acid. On the other hand, intracellular superoxide dismutase activity was found present at comparable levels both in adapted and in dying yeast cells, excepting in non-adapted cells which displayed a maximum activity value after 15 min acetic acid exposure, corresponding to more than 80% cell viability. This study gives first experimental evidence that H2O2, rather than superoxide, detoxification may have a major role in preventing yeast cell death in response to acetic acid. The results, as a whole, suggest that commitment of S. cerevisiae to a programmed cell death process in response to acetic acid is mediated through a ROS-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Giannattasio
- Istituto di Biomembrane e Bioenergetica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy.
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21
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Maoz T, Koren R, Ben-Ari I, Kleinberger T. YND1 interacts with CDC55 and is a novel mediator of E4orf4-induced toxicity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41270-7. [PMID: 16227198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507281200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus E4orf4 (early region 4 open reading frame 4) protein induces protein phosphatase 2A-dependent non-classical apoptosis in mammalian cells and irreversible growth arrest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oncogenic transformation sensitizes cells to E4orf4-induced cell death. To uncover additional components of the E4orf4 network required for induction of its unique mode of apoptosis, we used yeast genetics to select gene deletions conferring resistance to E4orf4. Deletion of YND1, encoding a yeast Golgi apyrase, conferred partial resistance to E4orf4. However, Ynd1p apyrase activity was not required for E4orf4-induced toxicity. Ynd1p and Cdc55p, the yeast protein phosphatase 2A-B subunit, contributed additively to E4orf4-induced toxicity. Furthermore, concomitant overexpression of one and deletion of the other was detrimental to yeast growth, demonstrating a functional interaction between the two proteins. YND1 and CDC55 also interacted genetically with CDC20 and CDH1/HCT1, encoding activating subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. In addition to their functional interaction, Ynd1p and Cdc55p interacted physically, and this interaction was disrupted by E4orf4, which remained associated with both proteins. The results suggested that Ynd1p and Cdc55p share a common downstream target whose balanced modulation by the two E4orf4 partners is crucial to viability. Disruption of this balance by E4orf4 may lead to cell death. NTPDase-4/Lalp70/UDPase, the closest mammalian homologue of Ynd1p, associated with E4orf4 in mammalian cells, suggesting that the results in yeast are relevant to the mammalian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsofnat Maoz
- The Gonda Center of Molecular Microbiology and The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bat Galim, Haifa, 31096, Israel
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22
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Low CP, Liew LP, Pervaiz S, Yang H. Apoptosis and lipoapoptosis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5:1199-206. [PMID: 16137929 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts being simple eukaryotes are established genetic systems that are often employed to solve important biological questions. Recently, it has become evident that certain cell death programs exist in these unicellular organisms. For example, it has been shown recently that strains of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe deficient in triacylglycerol synthesis undergo cell death with prominent apoptotic markers. This minireview is intended to discuss key developments that have rendered fission yeast useful both as a tool and as a model for apoptosis and lipoapoptosis research. It is attempted to delineate a putative signaling pathway leading to the execution of lipoapoptosis in the fission yeast. Although in its infancy, apoptosis research in the fission yeast promises exciting breakthroughs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Pei Low
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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23
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Pérez-Vázquez V, Saavedra-Molina A, Uribe S. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cations control the fate of the energy derived from oxidative metabolism through the opening and closing of the yeast mitochondrial unselective channel. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2004; 35:231-41. [PMID: 13678274 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024659615022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The yeast mitochondrial unspecific channel (YMUC) sensitivity to inorganic (Ca2+ or Mg2+) or organic (hexyl or octyl-guanidine) cations was measured. The rate of oxygen consumption in State 3 and State 4, the transmembrane potential (deltapsi), mitochondrial swelling, and the polyethylene-glycol mediated recontraction were used to follow opening of the YMUC. Addition of 0.4 mM PO4 did not close the YMUC, although it did enhance the sensitivity to Ca2+ (I50 decreased from 50 to 0.3 mM) and Mg2+ (I50 decreased from 5 to 0.83 mM Mg2+). The Ca2+ concentration needed to close the YMUC was higher than the concentrations usually observed in the cell. Nonetheless, Mg2+, Ca2+, and PO4 exhibited additive effects. These cations did not inhibit contraction of preswollen mitochondria, suggesting that the YMUC/cation interaction was labile. Octyl-guanidine (OG-I50 7.5 microM) was the only cation which inhibited mitochondrial recontraction, probably as a result of membrane binding stabilization through its hydrophobic tail. The PO4-dependent, Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-mediated closure of the YMUC may be a means to control the proportion of oxidative energy producing ATP or being lost as heat.
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24
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Zheng Y, Shi Y, Tian C, Jiang C, Jin H, Chen J, Almasan A, Tang H, Chen Q. Essential role of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and cytochrome c release induced by arsenic trioxide. Oncogene 2004; 23:1239-47. [PMID: 14647451 PMCID: PMC2913247 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The precise molecular mechanism underlying arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3))-induced apoptosis is a subject of extensive study. Here, we show that clinically relevant doses of As(2)O(3) can induce typical apoptosis in IM-9, a multiple myeloma cell line, in a Bcl-2 inhibitable manner. We confirmed that As(2)O(3) directly induced cytochrome c (cyto c) release from isolated mouse liver mitochondria via the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and we further identified the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) as a biological target of As(2)O(3) responsible for eliciting cyto c release in apoptosis. First, pretreatment of the isolated mitochondria with an anti-VDAC antibody specifically prevented As(2)O(3)-induced cyto c release. Second, in proteoliposome experiments, VDAC by itself was sufficient to mediate As(2)O(3)-induced cyto c release, which could be specifically inhibited by Bcl-X(L). Third, As(2)O(3) induced mitochondria membrane potential (DeltaPsim) reduction and cyto c release only in the VDAC-expressing, but not in the VDAC-deficient yeast strain. Finally, we found that As(2)O(3) induced the increased expression and homodimerization of VDAC in IM-9 cells, but not in Bcl-2 overexpressing cells, suggesting that VDAC homodimerization could potentially determine its gating capacity to cyto c, and Bcl-2 blockage of VDAC homodimerization represents a novel mechanism for its inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zheng
- The Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P R China
| | - Yong Shi
- The Center for Molecular Immunology, The Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P R China
| | - Changhai Tian
- The Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P R China
| | - Chunsun Jiang
- The Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P R China
| | - Haijing Jin
- The Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P R China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- The Center for Molecular Immunology, The Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P R China
| | - Alex Almasan
- The Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 44195, OH, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- The Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P R China
- The Center for Molecular Immunology, The Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P R China
| | - Quan Chen
- The Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P R China
- Correspondence: Quan Chen, The Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China;
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25
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Wadskog I, Maldener C, Proksch A, Madeo F, Adler L. Yeast lacking the SRO7/SOP1-encoded tumor suppressor homologue show increased susceptibility to apoptosis-like cell death on exposure to NaCl stress. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:1436-44. [PMID: 14718573 PMCID: PMC363166 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-02-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells deleted for the SRO7/SOP1 encoded tumor suppressor homologue show increased sensitivity to NaCl stress. On exposure to growth-inhibiting NaCl concentrations, sro7Delta mutants display a rapid loss in viability that is associated with markers of apoptosis: accumulation of reactive oxygen species, DNA breakage, and nuclear fragmentation. Additional deletion of the yeast metacaspase gene YCA1 prevents the primary fast drop in viability and diminishes nuclear fragmentation and DNA breakage. We also observed that NaCl induced loss in viability of wild-type cells is Yca1p dependent. However, a yeast strain deleted for both SRO7 and its homologue SRO77 exhibits NaCl-induced cell death that is independent on YCA1. Likewise, sro77Delta single mutants do not survive better after additional deletion of the YCA1 gene, and both sro77Delta and sro77Deltayca1Delta mutants display apoptotic characteristics when exposed to growth-inhibiting salinity, suggesting that yeast possesses Yca1p-independent pathway(s) for apoptosis-like cell death. The activity of Yca1p increases with increasing NaCl stress and sro7Delta mutants achieve levels that are higher than in wild-type cells. However, mutants lacking SRO77 do not enhance caspase activity when subject to NaCl stress, suggesting that Sro7p and Sro77p exert opposing effects on the cellular activity of Yca1p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Wadskog
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology/Microbiology, Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
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26
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Kleinberger T. Induction of transformed cell-specific apoptosis by the adenovirus E4orf4 protein. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 36:245-67. [PMID: 15171615 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74264-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kleinberger
- The Gonda Center of Molecular Microbiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel.
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27
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Priault M, Camougrand N, Kinnally KW, Vallette FM, Manon S. Yeast as a tool to study Bax/mitochondrial interactions in cell death. FEMS Yeast Res 2003; 4:15-27. [PMID: 14554193 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1356(03)00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a powerful tool in investigations of the molecular aspects of the events involved in apoptosis, particularly the steps implicating mitochondria. Yeast does not have obvious homologs of the proteins involved in the regulation of apoptosis, and provides a simplified model system in which the function of these proteins can be unraveled. This review focuses on the interactions of two of the major pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, Bax and Bid, with mitochondria. It is shown that yeast has allowed questioning of several crucial aspects of the function of these two proteins, namely the molecular mechanisms driving their insertion into the mitochondrial outer membrane and those leading to the permeabilization to cytochrome c. More recently, signaling pathways leading to Bax-induced cell death, as well as other forms of cell death, have been identified in yeast. Both 'apoptosis-like' and autophagy-related forms of cell degradation are involved, and mitochondria play a central role in these two signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Priault
- IBGC/CNRS, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Université de Bordeaux 2, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
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28
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Carroll PM, Dougherty B, Ross-Macdonald P, Browman K, FitzGerald K. Model systems in drug discovery: chemical genetics meets genomics. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 99:183-220. [PMID: 12888112 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Animal model systems are an intricate part of the discovery and development of new medicines. The sequencing of not only the human genome but also those of the various pathogenic bacteria, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruitfly Drosophila, and the mouse has enabled the discovery of new drug targets to push forward at an unprecedented pace. The knowledge and tools in these "model" systems are allowing researchers to carry out experiments more efficiently and are uncovering previously hidden biological connections. While the history of bacteria, yeast, and mice in drug discovery are long, their roles are ever evolving. In contrast, the history of Drosophila and C. elegans at pharmaceutical companies is short. We will briefly review the historic role of each model organism in drug discovery and then update the readers as to the abilities and liabilities of each model within the context of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Carroll
- Department of Applied Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington NJ 08534, USA
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29
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Lu BC, Gallo N, Kües U. White-cap mutants and meiotic apoptosis in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Fungal Genet Biol 2003; 39:82-93. [PMID: 12742066 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(03)00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among many white-cap mutants of Coprinus cinereus, four distinct classes have been identified cytologically. Mutants of one class progress through meiosis normally but fail to sporulate; the defect is post-meiotic and it triggers apoptosis in the tetrad stage. Mutants of the other three classes have defects in meiotic prophase and these are: (1) those that assemble synaptonemal complexes (SCs) normally; (2) those that assemble axial elements (AEs) but not SCs; and (3) those that assemble neither AEs nor SCs even though the chromosomes are condensed and also paired. All three meiotic mutant classes arrest at meiotic metaphase I and the arrest triggers meiosis-specific apoptosis showing characteristic chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation as shown by the TUNEL assay, cytoplasmic shrinkage, and finally total DNA degradation. Apoptosis is very cell-type specific; it occurs only in the basidia while the neighboring somatic cells are perfectly healthy and the mushroom continues to develop and mature with very few basidiospores produced. The meiotic apoptosis in C. cinereus is under strict cell cycle control rather than at any time after defect; apoptosis is triggered only after entry to meiotic metaphase. It is intriguing to note that C. cinereus has two checkpoints for arrest and entry to apoptosis: one is meiotic at the metaphase I spindle checkpoint regardless of the time of defects, and one is post-meiotic at the tetrad stage. This is in striking contrast to multiple checkpoint arrests and entries to meiotic apoptosis found in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Guelph, Guelph Ont., Canada N1G 2W1.
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30
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Chen SR, Dunigan DD, Dickman MB. Bcl-2 family members inhibit oxidative stress-induced programmed cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1315-25. [PMID: 12726919 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Selected antiapoptotic genes were expressed in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to evaluate cytoprotective effects during oxidative stress. When exposed to treatments resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including H(2)O(2), menadione, or heat shock, wild-type yeast died and exhibited apoptotic-like characteristics, consistent with previous studies. Yeast strains were generated expressing nematode ced-9, human bcl-2, or chicken bcl-xl genes. These transformants tolerated a range of oxidative stresses, did not display features associated with apoptosis, and remained viable under conditions that were lethal to wild-type yeast. Yeast strains expressing a mutant antiapoptotic gene (bcl-2 deltaalpha 5-6), known to be nonfunctional in mammalian cells, were unable to tolerate any of the ROS-generating insults. These data are the first report showing CED-9 has cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress, and add CED-9 to the list of Bcl-2 protein family members that modulate ROS-mediated programmed cell death. In addition, these data indicate that Bcl-2 family members protect wild-type yeast from physiological stresses. Taken together, these data support the concept of the broad evolutionary conservation and functional similarity of the apoptotic processes in eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Rong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA
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31
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Debrabant A, Lee N, Bertholet S, Duncan R, Nakhasi HL. Programmed cell death in trypanosomatids and other unicellular organisms. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:257-67. [PMID: 12670511 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cellular growth and development can be controlled by programmed cell death (PCD), which is defined by a sequence of regulated events. However, PCD is thought to have evolved not only to regulate growth and development in multicellular organisms but also to have a functional role in the biology of unicellular organisms. In protozoan parasites and in other unicellular organisms, features of PCD similar to those in multicellular organisms have been reported, suggesting some commonality in the PCD pathway between unicellular and multicellular organisms. However, more extensive studies are needed to fully characterise the PCD pathway and to define the factors that control PCD in the unicellular organisms. The understanding of the PCD pathway in unicellular organisms could delineate the evolutionary origin of this pathway. Further characterisation of the PCD pathway in the unicellular parasites could provide information regarding their pathogenesis, which could be exploited to target new drugs to limit their growth and treat the disease they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Debrabant
- Laboratory of Bacterial, Parasitic and Unconventional Agents, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, OBRR, CBER, US FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Chen Q, Crosby M, Almasan A. Redox Regulation of Apoptosis before and after Cytochrome C Release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 7:1-9. [PMID: 16467897 PMCID: PMC1343461 DOI: 10.1080/12265071.2003.9647675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is one of the most studied areas of modern biology. Apoptosis is a genetically regulated process, which plays an essential role in the development and homeostasis of higher organisms. Mitochondria, known to play a central role in regulating cellular metabolism, was found to be critical for regulating apoptosis induced under both physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but they can also serve as its target during the apoptosis process. Release of apoptogenic factors from mitochondria, the best known of which is cytochrome c, leads to assembly of a large apoptosis-inducing complex called the apoptosome. Cysteine proteases (called caspases) are recruited to this complex and, following their activation by proteolytic cleavage, activate other caspases, which in turn target for specific cleavage a large number of cellular proteins. The redox regulation of apoptosis during and after cytochrome c release is an area of intense investigation. This review summarizes what is known about the biological role of ROS and its targets in apoptosis with an emphasis on its intricate connections to mitochondria and the basic components of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chen
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed, Tel: 86-10-6252-9232, Fax: +6256-5689, E-mail:
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33
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Motz C, Martin H, Krimmer T, Rassow J. Bcl-2 and porin follow different pathways of TOM-dependent insertion into the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Mol Biol 2002; 323:729-38. [PMID: 12419260 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bcl-2 gene encodes a 26kDa protein which functions as a central regulator of apoptosis. Here we investigated the pathway of Bcl-2alpha into the mitochondrial outer membrane using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. We found that interactions of Bcl-2alpha with the mitochondrial import receptor Tom20 are dependent on two positively charged lysine residues in the immediate vicinity of the carboxy-terminal hydrophobic membrane anchor. The targeting function of these residues is independent of Tom22. Subsequent insertion of Bcl-2alpha into the mitochondrial outer membrane does not require Tom5 or Tom40, indicating that Bcl-2alpha bypasses the general import pore (GIP). Bcl-2alpha shows a unique pattern of interactions with the components of the mitochondrial TOM complex, demonstrating that at least two different pathways lead from the import receptor Tom20 into the mitochondrial outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Motz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany
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Poliaková D, Sokolı Ková B, Kolarov J, Šabova L. The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) prevents the cytotoxic effect of Bax, but not Bax-induced formation of reactive oxygen species, in Kluyveromyces lactis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2789-2795. [PMID: 12213925 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-9-2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The murine proapoptotic protein Bax was expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis to investigate its effect on cell survival and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Bax expression decreased the number of cells capable of growing and forming colonies, and it increased the number of cells producing ROS, as detected by both dihydrorhodamine 123 fluorescence and the intracellular content of SH groups. Mutation in the beta-subunit of F(1)-ATPase, or mitochondrial deficiency resulting from deletion of mtDNA (rho(0) mutant), increased the sensitivity to Bax, indicating that Bax cytotoxicity does not require mitochondrial respiratory-chain functions. The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L), when co-expressed with Bax, localized to the mitochondria and prevented Bax cytotoxicity. However, this co-expression did not prevent the production of ROS. These data suggest that in K. lactis cells expressing Bax, ROS are not the sine qua non of cell death and that the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-x(L) is not limited to its antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Poliaková
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 7, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia1
| | - Barbora Sokolı Ková
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 7, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia1
| | - Jordan Kolarov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-I, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia2
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 7, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia1
| | - L'udmila Šabova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 7, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia1
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Ning SB, Guo HL, Wang L, Song YC. Salt stress induces programmed cell death in prokaryotic organism Anabaena. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:15-28. [PMID: 12067370 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our main interest is to check if programmed cell death (PCD) can occur in prokaryotic algae and if the morphological and biochemical features of PCD are conserved. METHODS AND RESULTS Using TUNEL labelling, fluorescence and light microscopy and DNA gel electrophoresis, we found that cell death with features similar to those in metazoan PCD could be induced in different Anabaena strains after exposure to univalent-cation salts at moderate concentration. These features included specific DNA fragmentation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and the progressive disorganization, fragmentation and subsequent autolysis of the cell corpse. Further analyses of cell viability and proteinase activity revealed that increased protease activities, decreased DNA content, and loss of plasmalemma integrity were related to the PCD process. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that like PCD in eukaryotes, PCD in Anabaena is an active process, and is an adaptation to adverse environments. The features of PCD shared between eukaryotes and Anabaena suggest that PCD mechanisms are conserved during evolution. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results will contribute greatly to our understanding of PCD origin and evolution, and are potentially useful in controlling the deluge of algae in some lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-B Ning
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, Wuhan University, P. R. China
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Marza E, Camougrand N, Manon S. Bax expression protects yeast plasma membrane against ethanol-induced permeabilization. FEBS Lett 2002; 521:47-52. [PMID: 12067724 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax is able to kill yeast was investigated. Ethanol stress induces a permeabilization of the plasma membrane revealed by propidium iodide accumulation. Bax expression, although killing yeast cells, prevents this permeabilization. These effects are modulated by aeration, by manipulation of the unsaturation index of fatty acids and by addition of resveratrol, a known inhibitor of lipid oxidation. These data suggest that lipid oxidation is involved in Bax effects. Taken together, these data show for the first time a direct effect of Bax on plasma membrane permeability properties and suggest that yeast is a powerful tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Marza
- UMR5095 C.N.R.S./Université de Bordeaux 2, France
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Abstract
Even though yeast lack much of the molecular machinery that is responsible for apoptosis in metazoans, they can be a powerful tool in apoptosis research. The ectopic expression of several animal apoptosis proteins in yeast can help us to discover new genes -- and chemical compounds -- that modulate the cell-death pathways of higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Jin
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Ameisen JC. On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell death: a timeline of four billion years. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:367-93. [PMID: 11965491 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2001] [Revised: 08/31/2001] [Accepted: 08/31/2001] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a genetically regulated process of cell suicide that is central to the development, homeostasis and integrity of multicellular organisms. Conversely, the dysregulation of mechanisms controlling cell suicide plays a role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases. While great progress has been achieved in the unveiling of the molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death, a new level of complexity, with important therapeutic implications, has begun to emerge, suggesting (i) that several different self-destruction pathways may exist and operate in parallel in our cells, and (ii) that molecular effectors of cell suicide may also perform other functions unrelated to cell death induction and crucial to cell survival. In this review, I will argue that this new level of complexity, implying that there may be no such thing as a 'bona fide' genetic death program in our cells, might be better understood when considered in an evolutionary context. And a new view of the regulated cell suicide pathways emerges when one attempts to ask the question of when and how they may have become selected during evolution, at the level of ancestral single-celled organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ameisen
- EMI-U 9922 INSERM/Université Paris 7, IFR 02, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris cedex 18, France.
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39
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Priault M, Manon S. Les protéines de la famille Bcl-2 à BH3 seulement. Med Sci (Paris) 2002. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2002182145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Levine A, Belenghi B, Damari-Weisler H, Granot D. Vesicle-associated membrane protein of Arabidopsis suppresses Bax-induced apoptosis in yeast downstream of oxidative burst. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46284-9. [PMID: 11551960 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107375200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) in many systems is controlled by relative amounts of the apoptosis-regulating proteins Bax and Bcl-2 through homo- or heterodimerization. Here we show that Bax-induced PCD of yeast was suppressed by transformation with a vesicle-associated membrane protein from Arabidopsis (AtVAMP), which was isolated by screening a cDNA expression library against sugar-induced cell death in yeast. AtVAMP expression blocked Bax-induced PCD downstream of oxidative burst. AtVAMP also prevented H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in yeast and in Arabidopsis cells. Reduced oxidation of lipids and plasma membrane proteins was detected in the AtVAMP-transformed yeast, suggesting improved membrane repair. Inhibition of intracellular vesicle trafficking by brefeldin A induced apoptosis from a sublethal concentration of H(2)O(2). No protection occurred by overexpression of the yeast homolog SCN2. However, efficient suppression of yeast PCD occurred by expression of a chimeric gene, composed of the conserved domains from yeast, fused to the variable N-terminal domain from Arabidopsis, resulting in exchange of the proline-rich N-terminal domain of SCN2 with a proline-poor Arabidopsis sequence. Our results suggest that intracellular vesicle traffic can regulate execution of apoptosis by affecting the rate of membrane recycling and that the proline-rich N-terminal domain of VAMP inhibited this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Levine
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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41
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Ludovico P, Sousa MJ, Silva MT, Leão CL, Côrte-Real M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae commits to a programmed cell death process in response to acetic acid. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:2409-2415. [PMID: 11535781 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-9-2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has revealed the occurrence of an apoptotic phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is inducible with oxidative stress. Here, exposure of S. cerevisiae to 20-200 mM acetic acid for 200 min at pH 3.0 resulted in cell death. Yeast mortality induced by 120-200 mM acid was not inhibited by cycloheximide and was accompanied by ultrastructural alterations typical of necrosis. In contrast, alterations associated with cell death induced by 20-80 mM acetic acid included: (i) cycloheximide-inhibitable chromatin condensation along the nuclear envelope; (ii) exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, revealed by the FITC-annexin V reaction; and (iii) the occurrence of DNA strand breaks, demonstrated by the TUNEL assay. These results show that a programmed cell death process sharing common features with an apoptotic phenotype can be induced by acetic acid in S. cerevisiae. This observation raises the possibility of this mode of cell death being more generalized in yeasts than previously considered and extended to cell death induced by other stress agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ludovico
- Imunologia Comparada, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), 4150-171 Porto, Portugal2
- Centro de Ciências do Ambiente-Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4719-057 Braga, Portugal1
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centro de Ciências do Ambiente-Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4719-057 Braga, Portugal1
| | - Manuel T Silva
- Imunologia Comparada, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), 4150-171 Porto, Portugal2
| | - Cecı Lia Leão
- Centro de Ciências do Ambiente-Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4719-057 Braga, Portugal1
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centro de Ciências do Ambiente-Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4719-057 Braga, Portugal1
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42
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Biomedical vignette. J Biomed Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02255945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Kornitzer D, Sharf R, Kleinberger T. Adenovirus E4orf4 protein induces PP2A-dependent growth arrest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and interacts with the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. J Cell Biol 2001; 154:331-44. [PMID: 11470822 PMCID: PMC2150760 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200104104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus early region 4 open reading frame 4 (E4orf4) protein has been reported to induce p53-independent, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-dependent apoptosis in transformed mammalian cells. In this report, we show that E4orf4 induces an irreversible growth arrest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Growth inhibition requires the presence of yeast PP2A-Cdc55, and is accompanied by accumulation of reactive oxygen species. E4orf4 expression is synthetically lethal with mutants defective in mitosis, including Cdc28/Cdk1 and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) mutants. Although APC/C activity is inhibited in the presence of E4orf4, Cdc28/Cdk1 is activated and partially counteracts the E4orf4-induced cell cycle arrest. The E4orf4-PP2A complex physically interacts with the APC/C, suggesting that E4orf4 functions by directly targeting PP2A to the APC/C, thereby leading to its inactivation. Finally, we show that E4orf4 can induce G2/M arrest in mammalian cells before apoptosis, indicating that E4orf4-induced events in yeast and mammalian cells are highly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kornitzer
- The Gonda Center of Molecular Microbiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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44
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McEwan IJ. Bakers yeast rises to the challenge: reconstitution of mammalian steroid receptor signalling in S. cerevisiae. Trends Genet 2001; 17:239-43. [PMID: 11335020 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(01)02273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are an important class of signalling molecule, regulating a diverse range of processes in metazoan eukaryotes. The actions of these hormones are mediated by intracellular receptor proteins that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. The ability to reconstitute steroid receptor signalling in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, provides a genetically tractable model system in which to investigate steroid receptor structure and function. Through targeted disruption and genetic screening, an increasing number of genes have been identified that are likely to have a role in steroid receptor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J McEwan
- Dept of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK AB25 2RS.
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45
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Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in apoptosis induction in response to myriad stimuli. These organelles release proteins into the cytosol which trigger caspase activation or perform other functions relevant to apoptosis, including cytochrome c (cyt-c), caspases, AIF, and SMAC (Diablo). The mechanisms by which these proteins escape from mitochondria remain enigmatic. Moreover, it is unclear whether release of these proteins versus disturbances in core mitochondrial functions represents the cell death commitment mechanism. In this regard, suppression of apoptosis using broad-spectrum caspase inhibitory compounds has been reported in many circumstances to prevent the morphological and biochemical manifestations of apoptosis, and yet not protect cells from death and not preserve clonigenic survival. Thus, while mitochondrial damage can be coupled to caspase activation pathways, cell death commitment often occurs upstream of caspase activation when mitochondria-dependent cell death pathways are invoked. Here, we review evidence implicating dysregulation of cellular pH as a component of the cell death mechanism involving mitochondria. Cell Death and Differentiation (2000) 7, 1155 - 1165
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuyama
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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46
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Abstract
DNA damage frequently triggers death by apoptosis. The irreversible decision to die can be facilitated or forestalled through integration of a wide variety of stimuli from within and around the cell. Here we address some fundamental questions that arise from this model. Why should DNA damage initiate apoptosis in the first place? In damaged cells, what are the alternatives to death and why should they be selected in some circumstances but not others? What signals register DNA damage and how do they impinge on the effector pathways of apoptosis? Is there a suborganellar apoptosome complex effecting the integration of death signals within the nucleus, just as there is in the cytoplasm? And what are the consequences of failure to initiate apoptosis in response to DNA damage?
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rich
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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47
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Kowaltowski AJ, Vercesi AE, Rhee SG, Netto LE. Catalases and thioredoxin peroxidase protect Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cell death. FEBS Lett 2000; 473:177-82. [PMID: 10812070 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of reactive oxygen species in Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cell viability was studied using yeast cells in which the thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx) gene was disrupted and/or catalase was inhibited by 3-amino-1,2, 4-triazole (ATZ) treatment. Wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were very resistant to Ca(2+) and inorganic phosphate or t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, but suffered an immediate decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential when treated with Ca(2+) and the dithiol binding reagent phenylarsine oxide. In contrast, S. cerevisiae spheroblasts lacking the TPx gene and/or treated with ATZ suffered a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, generated higher amounts of hydrogen peroxide and had decreased viability under these conditions. In all cases, the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential could be inhibited by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N, N',N'-tetraacetic acid, dithiothreitol or ADP, but not by cyclosporin A. We conclude that TPx and catalase act together, maintaining cell viability and protecting S. cerevisiae mitochondria against Ca(2+)-promoted membrane permeabilization, which presents similar characteristics to mammalian permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
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