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Freitas M, Ribeiro D, Janela JS, Varela CL, Costa SC, da Silva ET, Fernandes E, Roleira FMF. Plant-derived and dietary phenolic cinnamic acid derivatives: Anti-inflammatory properties. Food Chem 2024; 459:140080. [PMID: 38986205 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Cinnamic acids are aromatic acids primarily found in plants and plant-derived food. Phenolic cinnamic acids, with one or more hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring, often contribute to the biological activities attributed to these compounds. The presence of hydroxyl groups and a carboxyl group makes cinnamic acids very hydrophilic, preventing them from crossing biological membranes and exerting their biological activities. To alleviate this condition, a panel of synthetic modifications have been made leading to a diverse set of phenolic cinnamic structures. In this review, an overview of the natural phenolic cinnamic acid derivatives and their plant sources (more than 200) is described. The synthetic approaches to obtain the referred derivatives (more than 200) namely esters and amides are reviewed. Further, their anti-inflammatory activity (more than 70 compounds) is scrutinized. Finally, future directions will be indicated to translate the research on phenolic cinnamic derivatives into potentially effective anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente da Universidade dos Açores, Portugal.
| | - João S Janela
- Univ Coimbra, CERES, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carla L Varela
- Univ Coimbra, CERES, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinic Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Saul C Costa
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Elisiário Tavares da Silva
- Univ Coimbra, CERES, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda M F Roleira
- Univ Coimbra, CERES, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Onat-Taşdelen KA, Öztürkel-Kabakaş H, Yüksektepe E, Çatav ŞS, Güzel G, Çöl B, Kim H, Chae YK, Elgin ES. Functional groups matter: metabolomics analysis of Escherichia coli exposed to trans-cinnamic acid and its derivatives unveils common and unique targets. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:47. [PMID: 38114822 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids, which possess important biological activities at certain concentrations. Trans-cinnamic acid (t-CA) and its derivatives, such as p-coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA) have been shown to have antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. However, there is limited information available concerning the antibacterial mode of action of these phenolic acids. In this study, we aimed to ascertain metabolic alterations associated with exposure to t-CA, p-CA, and FA in Escherichia coli BW25113 using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach. The results showed that t-CA, p-CA, and FA treatments led to significant changes (p < 0.05) in the concentration of 42, 55, and 74% of the identified metabolites in E. coli, respectively. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed a clear separation between control and phenolic acid groups with regard to metabolic response. Moreover, it was found that FA and p-CA treatment groups were clustered closely together but separated from the t-CA treatment group. Arginine, putrescine, cadaverine, galactose, and sucrose had the greatest impact on group differentiation. Quantitative pathway analysis demonstrated that arginine and proline, pyrimidine, glutathione, and galactose metabolisms, as well as aminoacyl-tRNA and arginine biosyntheses, were markedly affected by all phenolic acids. Finally, the H2O2 content of E. coli cells was significantly increased in response to t-CA and p-CA whereas all phenolic acids caused a dramatic increase in the number of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites. Overall, this study suggests that the metabolic response of E. coli cells to t-CA is relatively different from that to p-CA and FA. However, all phenolic acids had a certain impact on oxidative/antioxidant status, genomic stability, arginine-related pathways, and nucleic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hatice Öztürkel-Kabakaş
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Biology Program, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye
| | - Ecem Yüksektepe
- Vocational School of Health Services, Pathology Laboratory Techniques Program, Fenerbahçe University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Şükrü Serter Çatav
- College of Sciences, Department of Biology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye
| | - Gülnur Güzel
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Chemistry Program, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye
| | - Bekir Çöl
- College of Sciences, Department of Biology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye
- Biotechnology Research Center, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye
| | - Hakbeom Kim
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Kee Chae
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Emine Sonay Elgin
- College of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye.
- Research Laboratories Center, Metabolism Laboratory, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye.
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Mastihubová M, Mastihuba V. From Hamamelitannin Synthesis to the Study of Enzymatic Acylations of D-Hamamelose. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030519. [PMID: 36979454 PMCID: PMC10046410 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive natural substance, hamamelitannin, was effectively synthesized in two ways. The chemical acylation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-α,β-D-hamamelofuranose promoted by Bu2SnO using 3,4,5-tri-O-acetylgalloyl chloride, followed by the deprotection provided hamamelitannin in 79%. Pilot enzymatic benzoylation of D-hamamelose using vinyl benzoate (4 equiv.) and Lipozyme TL IM as a biocatalyst in t-butyl methyl ether (t-BuMeO) gave mainly benzoylated furanoses (89%), of which tribenzoates reached (52%). Enzymatic galloylation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-α,β-D-hamamelofuranose with vinyl gallate under the catalysis of Lipozyme TL IM in t-butyl alcohol (t-BuOH) or t-BuMeO provided only the 5-O-galloylated product. The reaction in t-BuMeO proceeded in a shorter reaction time (61 h) and higher yield (82%). The more hydrophobic vinyl 3,4,5-tri-O-acetylgallate in the same reactions gave large amounts of acetylated products. Vinyl gallate and triacetylgallate in the enzymatic acylation of D-hamamelose with Lipozyme TL IM in t-BuMeO yielded 2′,5-diacylated hamamelofuranoses in a yield below 20%. The use of other vinyl gallates hydrophobized by methylation or benzylation provided 2′,5-diacylated hamamelofuranoses in good yields (65–84%). The reaction with silylated vinyl gallate did not proceed. The best results were obtained with vinyl 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl gallate, and the only product, 2′,5-diacylated hamamelofuranoside precipitated from the reaction mixture (84% in 96 h). After debenzylation, hamamelitannin was obtained an 82% yield from hamamelose in two steps. This synthesis is preparatively undemanding and opens the way to multigram preparations of bioactive hamamelitannin and its analogues.
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Song W, Xin J, Yu C, Xia C, Pan Y. Alkyl ferulic acid esters: Evaluating their structure and antibacterial properties. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1135308. [PMID: 36860482 PMCID: PMC9968881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1135308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is a natural antibacterial agent rich in plants, FA has excellent antioxidant and antibacterial properties. However, because of its short alkane chain and large polarity, FA is difficult to penetrate the soluble lipid bilayer in the biofilm to enter the cell to play an inhibitory role, limiting its biological activity. To improve the antibacterial activity of FA, with the catalytic condition of Novozym 435, four alkyl ferulic acid esters (FCs) with different alkyl chain lengths were obtained by fatty alcohols (including 1-propanol (C3), 1-hexanol (C6), nonanol (C9), and lauryl alcohol (C12)) modification. The effect of FCs on P. aeruginosa was determined by Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), Growth curves, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, crystal violet method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), membrane potential, PI, cell contents leakage. Results showed that the antibacterial activity of FCs increased after esterification, and the antibacterial activity significantly increased and then decreased with the extension of the alkyl chain of the FCs. Hexyl ferulate (FC6) showed the best antibacterial activities against E. coli and P. aeruginosa (MIC for E. coli was 0.5 mg/ml, MIC for P. aeruginosa was 0.4 mg/ml). And Propyl ferulate (FC3) and FC6 showed the best antibacterial activities S. aureus and B. subtilis (MIC for S. aureus was 0.4 mg/ml, The MIC of B. subtilis was 1.1 mg/ml). In addition, the growth, AKP activity, bacterial biofilm, bacterial cell morphology, membrane potential and cell contents leakage of P. aeruginosa after different FCs were investigated, which found that FCs could damage the cell wall of P. aeruginosa and showed different effects on the P. aeruginosa cell biofilm. FC6 showed the best inhibition on the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa cells, which caused the surface of P. aeruginosa cells to be rough and wrinkled. Some P. aeruginosa cells showed aggregation and adhesion, even rupture. The membrane hyperpolarization was obvious, which appeared as holes, leading to cell contents leakage (protein and nucleic acid). All these results concluded that the antibacterial activities FCs against foodborne pathogens depended on different fatty alcohol esterification of FA. FC6 showed the best inhibition on P. aeruginosa due to its effect on P. aeruginosa cell walls and biofilms and the leak of the cell contents. This study provides more practical methods and a theoretical basis for giving full play to the bacteriostatic effect of plant FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Key Laboratory for Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaying Xin
- Key Laboratory for Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China,State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jiaying Xin, ✉
| | - Chong Yu
- Institute of Microbiology Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Institute of Microbiology Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
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Mardani M, Badakné K, Farmani J, Shahidi F. Enzymatic lipophilization of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4977-4994. [PMID: 36419380 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2147268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Food products contain bioactive compounds such as phenolic and polyphenolic compounds and vitamins, resulting in a myriad of biological characteristics such as antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant activities. However, their application is often restricted because of their relatively low solubility and stability in emulsions and oil-based products. Therefore, chemical, enzymatic, or chemoenzymatic lipophilization of these compounds can be achieved by grafting a non-polar moiety onto their polar structures. Among different methods, enzymatic modification is considered environmentally friendly and may require only minor downstream processing and purification steps. In recent years, different systems have been suggested to design the synthetic reaction of these novel products. This review presents the new trends in this area by summarizing the essential enzymatic modifications in the last decade that led to the synthesis of bioactive compounds with attractive antioxidative properties for the food industry by emphasizing on optimization of the reaction conditions to maximize the production yields. Lastly, recent developments regarding characterization, potential applications, emerging research areas, and needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mardani
- Department of Cereal and Industrial Plant Processing, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Badakné
- Department of Cereal and Industrial Plant Processing, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jamshid Farmani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Zhang S, Hyatt JR, Akoh CC. Lipase-catalyzed one-step regioselective synthesis of 1,2-dioctanoylgalloylglycerol in a solvent-free system: Optimization of reaction conditions and structural elucidation. Food Chem 2022; 382:132302. [PMID: 35144189 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A multi-functional galloylated structured lipid, 1,2-dioctanoylgalloylglycerol (DOGG), was synthesized enzymatically via a regioselective transesterification of propyl gallate and trioctanoate using an immobilized food-grade Candida antarctica lipase B (Lipozyme® 435) as the biocatalyst under solvent-free condition. The variables that affect the reaction, including reaction temperature, substrate ratio, reaction time, and enzyme load, were evaluated and optimized using Taguchi method and response surface methodology. Both methods predicted the same optimal reaction condition, resulting in a 68.8 ± 1.3% DOGG yield with reaction selectivity of 82.9 ± 0.6% at 90 °C, 25/1 trioctanoate/PG (mol/mol), 72 h reaction, and 25% enzyme load relative to the total substrate weight. The structure of the reaction product was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and ESI-HRMS, confirming the regioselectivity of the reaction. Enzyme retained 50% of its activity after 5 cycles of reuse. It is feasible to synthesize DOGG as a potential antioxidant and nutraceutical using Lipozyme® 435.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Joseph R Hyatt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Casimir C Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Das A, Banik BK. Versatile Synthesis of Organic Compounds Derived from Ascorbic Acid. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337208666210719102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C, is the most important vitamin observed in diverse
food. Ascorbic acid has various applications in several fields. Studies have depicted that in organic
synthesis, it can be used as a mediator or substrate. The derivatives of ascorbic acid have
been found to possess numerous biological activities. In this review, we report the important derivatives
of ascorbic acid, which have significant biological activities. Various studies are considered
in this review to prove its wide range of availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Das
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin
Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, KSA
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin
Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, KSA
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Grajales-Hernández DA, Armendáriz-Ruiz MA, Gallego FL, Mateos-Díaz JC. Approaches for the enzymatic synthesis of alkyl hydroxycinnamates and applications thereof. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3901-3917. [PMID: 33928423 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl hydroxycinnamates (AHs) is a group of molecules of biotechnological interest due to their cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical applications. Among their most interesting uses are as UV protectants, skin depigmentation agents, and antioxidant ingredients which are often claimed for their antitumoral potential. Nowadays, many sustainable enzymatic approaches using low-cost starting materials are available and interesting immobilization techniques are helping to increase the reuse of the biocatalysts, allowing the intensification of the processes and increasing AHs accessibility. Here a convenient summary of AHs most interesting biological activities and possible applications is presented. A deeper analysis of the art state to obtain AHs, focusing on most employed enzymatic synthesis approaches, their sustainability, acyl donors relevance, and most interesting enzyme immobilization strategies is provided.Key points• Most interesting alkyl hydroxycinnamates applications are summarized.• Enzymatic approaches to obtain alkyl hydroxycinnamates are critically discussed.• Outlook of enzyme immobilization strategies to attain alkyl hydroxycinnamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Grajales-Hernández
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CICbiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paséo Miramón, 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mariana A Armendáriz-Ruiz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Fernando López Gallego
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CICbiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paséo Miramón, 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Mateos-Díaz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
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Chauhan A, Singh S. Comparative Analysis of Efficacy of Lactic Acid with Ferulic Peel (Combination Peel) Vs Ferulic Peel Alone as a Monotherapy for Photoaging. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:281-288. [PMID: 33089386 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-02004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chemical peels are used to treat fine lines, photoaging, skin discoloration and scars. The objective of this study is to do a comparative analysis of lactic acid 30 % with ferulic peel 12 % (combination peel) versus ferulic peel 12% alone as a monotherapy for photoaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective study from Feb 2016 to 2020 in which a total of 60 female patients with ages between 25 and 36 years were treated. Randomization of patients was done for both groups with 30 patients enrolled in each group. The first group of 30 patients was treated with ferulic peel 12 % (hydroalcohol base) with L-ascorbic acid 15% as a sealer alone (i.e., Group A). In the second group, 30 patients were treated with lactic acid 30 % with ferulic peel 12% (hydroalcohol base) with L-ascorbic acid 15% as a sealer (combination peel) (i.e., Group B). Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been defined for the study. Two scales have been used for assessing the results, Allergan Skin Roughness Scale (ASRS) and Allergan Fine Line Scale (AFLS). ASRS and AFLS scores were assessed at pre-treatment (pre) and post-treatment (post 1 month after last peel session) and compared using Student's paired t test and independent t test. RESULTS The results showed significant and higher improvement of 27% and 42%, respectively, in ASRS (1.37 ± 0.49 vs. 1.87 ± 0.51, diff = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.24 to 0.76, p < 0.001) and AFLS (1.20 ± 0.41 vs. 2.07 ± 0.58, diff = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.61-1.13, p < 0.001) scores in patients treated with lactic acid and ferulic peel as compared to patients treated with ferulic peel alone. No complications were observed in our study. CONCLUSION The study found the combination of lactic acid and ferulic peel significantly more effective than ferulic peel alone in the management of fine lines, photoaging and skin discoloration. The findings of this study may need to be further validated on a larger sample size and multicentric analysis. Initial results of our 4-year study have yielded promising results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of New Aromatic Esters of Mono- and Oligosaccharides. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and convenient chemoenzymatic route for the synthesis of novel phenolic mono-, di- and oligosaccharide esters is described. Acetal derivatives of glucose, sucrose, lactose and inulin were obtained by chemical synthesis. The fully characterized pure sugar acetals were subjected to enzymatic esterification with 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (HPPA) in the presence of Novozyme 435 lipase as a biocatalyst. The aromatic esters of alkyl glycosides and glucose acetal were obtained with good esterification yields, characterized by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR, 13C NMR). The synthesis of aromatic esters of disaccharide acetals was successful only for the enzymatic esterification of sucrose acetal. The new chemoenzymatic route allowed the synthesis of novel aromatic esters of inulin as the inulin monoacetal monoester and diester and the inulin diacetal monoester with a polymerization degree of two, as well as the inulin monoacetal monoester with a degree of polymerization of three, were obtained by enzymatic acylation of inulin acetals with HPPA. These compounds could represent a new class of sugar ester surfactants with enhanced bioactivity, antioxidative and antimicrobial properties and with potential application in drug delivery systems.
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Interesterification of Egg-Yolk Phosphatidylcholine with p-Methoxycinnamic Acid Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipase B from Candida Antarctica. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The p-methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA) is one of the most popular phenylpropanoids, the beneficial impact of which on the human health is well documented in the literature. This compound has shown many valuable activities including anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuro- and hepatoprotective. However, its practical application is limited by its low bioavailability resulting from rapid metabolism in the human body. The latest strategy, aimed at overcoming these limitations, is based on the production of more stability in systemic circulation bioconjugates with phospholipids. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop the biotechnological method for the synthesis of phospholipid derivatives of p-methoxycinnamic acid, which can play a role of new nutraceuticals. We developed and optimized enzymatic interesterification of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (Ep-MCA). Novozym 435 and a binary solvent system of toluene/chloroform 9:1 (v/v) were found to be the effective biocatalyst and reaction medium for the synthesis of structured p-MCA phospholipids, respectively. The effects of the other reaction parameters, such as substrate molar ratio, enzyme dosage, and reaction time, on the degree of incorporation of p-MCA into PC were evaluated by use of an experimental factorial design method. The results showed that substrate molar ratio and biocatalyst load have significant effects on the synthesis of p-methoxycinnamoylated phospholipids. The optimum conditions were: Reaction time of three days, 30% (w/w) of Novozym 435, and 1/10 substrate molar ratio PC/Ep-MCA. Under these parameters, p-methoxycinnamoylated lysophosphatidylcholine (p-MCA-LPC) and p-methoxycinnamoylated phosphatidylcholine (p-MCA-PC) were obtained in isolated yields of 32% and 3% (w/w), respectively.
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Xin X, Zhang M, Li XF, Zhao G. Biocatalytic Synthesis of Lipophilic Baicalin Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11684-11693. [PMID: 31564105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic acylation is commonly used to increase the lipophilicity of flavonoids. However, the absence of primary hydroxyl groups makes it challenging to acylate baicalin using traditional acylation methods. In this study, an enzymatic esterification strategy was developed to introduce fatty-acid chains into baicalin at its carboxyl group, hence successfully synthesizing a new series of baicalin ester derivatives in nonaqueous media. Under the optimal reaction conditions, up to 95% conversion of baicalin was achieved. Antimicrobial evaluation of the baicalin ester derivatives indicated a corresponding increase to that of C log P values, with a cutoff effect at C log P = 5.2. Baicalin ester derivatives with C log P values of 4.9-5.2 exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity. Interestingly, the introduction of medium-length fatty alcohol chains not only increased lipophilicity but also endowed them with membrane-disrupting properties. This study, therefore, provides an understanding of the esterification of flavonoid glycosides and a prospective application of the ester derivatives.
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Adeyemi OS, Awakan OJ, Atolani O, Iyeye CO, Oweibo OO, Adejumo OJ, Ibrahim A, Batiha GES. New Ferulic Acid Derivatives Protect Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. Open Biochem J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01913010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Shi YG, Zhu YJ, Shao SY, Zhang RR, Wu Y, Zhu CM, Liang XR, Cai WQ. Alkyl Ferulate Esters as Multifunctional Food Additives: Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action against Escherichia coli in Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12088-12101. [PMID: 30360622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to prepare ferulic acid alkyl esters (FAEs) through the lipase-catalyzed reaction between methyl ferulate and various fatty alcohols in deep eutectic solvents and ascertain their antibacterial activities and mechanisms. Screens of antibacterial effects of FAEs against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 ( E. coli) and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 ( L. monocytogenes) revealed that hexyl ferulate (FAC6) exerted excellent bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on E. coli and L. monocytogenes (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 1.6 and 0.1 mM, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC): 25.6 and 0.2 mM, respectively). The antibacterial mechanism of FAC6 against E. coli was systematically studied to facilitate its practical use as a food additive with multifunctionalities. The growth and time-kill curves implied the partial cell lysis and inhibition of the growth of E. coli caused by FAC6. The result related to propidium iodide uptake and cell constituents' leakage (K+, proteins, nucleotides, and β-galactosidase) implied that bacterial cytomembranes were substantially compromised by FAC6. Variations on morphology and cardiolipin microdomains and membrane hyperpolarization of cells visually verified that FAC6 induced cell elongation and destructed the cell membrane with cell wall perforation. SDS-PAGE analysis and alterations of fluorescence spectra of bacterial membrane proteins manifested that FAC6 caused significant changes in constitutions and conformation of membrane proteins. Furthermore, it also could bind to minor grooves of E. coli DNA to form complexes. Meanwhile, FAC6 exhibited antibiofilm formation activity. These findings indicated that that FAC6 has promising potential to be developed as a multifunctional food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Gang Shi
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
| | - Yun-Jie Zhu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
| | - Shi-Yin Shao
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
| | - Run-Run Zhang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
| | - Chen-Min Zhu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
| | - Xian-Rui Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310014 , China
| | - Wen-Qiang Cai
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , China
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15
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Developing a High-Temperature Solvent-Free System for Efficient Biocatalysis of Octyl Ferulate. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8080338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid esters have been suggested as a group of natural chemicals that have the function of sunscreen. The study aimed to utilize an environmentally-friendly enzymatic method through the esterification of ferulic acid with octanol, producing octyl ferulate. The Box-Behnken experimental design for response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to determine the synthesis effects of variables, including enzyme amount (1000–2000 propyl laurate units (PLU)), reaction temperature (70–90 °C), and stir speed (50–150 rpm) on the molar conversion of octyl ferulate. According to the joint test, both the enzyme amount and reaction temperature had great impacts on the molar conversion. An RSM-developed second-order polynomial equation further showed a data-fitting ability. Using ridge max analysis, the optimal parameters of the biocatalyzed reaction were: 72 h reaction time, 92.2 °C reaction temperature, 1831 PLU enzyme amount, and 92.4 rpm stir speed, respectively. Finally, the molar conversion of octyl ferulate under optimum conditions was verified to be 93.2 ± 1.5%. In conclusion, it has been suggested that a high yield of octyl ferulate should be synthesized under elevated temperature conditions with a commercial immobilized lipase. Our findings could broaden the utilization of the lipase and provide a biocatalytic approach, instead of the chemical method, for ferulic acid ester synthesis.
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16
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Adeyemi OS, Atolani O, Banerjee P, Arolasafe G, Preissner R, Etukudoh P, Ibraheem O. Computational and experimental validation of antioxidant properties of synthesized bioactive ferulic acid derivatives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1439958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- Medicinal Biochemistry & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | | | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Physiology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gbemisola Arolasafe
- Medicinal Biochemistry & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Robert Preissner
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Physiology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Promise Etukudoh
- Medicinal Biochemistry & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Omodele Ibraheem
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
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17
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Xu C, Zhang H, Shi J, Zheng M, Xiang X, Huang F, Xiao J. Ultrasound irradiation promoted enzymatic alcoholysis for synthesis of monoglyceryl phenolic acids in a solvent-free system. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 41:120-126. [PMID: 29137734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoglyceryl phenolic acids (MPAs) were known as the natural hydrophilic antioxidants which could be used in different fields such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic etc. A novel enzymatic route of MPAs synthesis by the alcoholysis of phenolic acid ethyl esters with glycerol under ultrasound irradiation in solvent free system was developed. Optimization of reaction parameters shows that a high conversion of above 97.4% can be obtained under the following conditions: phenolic acid ethyl esters to glycerol molar ratio of 1:10, with 6% catalyst (Novozym 435), at 60°C and 200rpm, with ultrasound input of 250W, at 20kHz frequency. Compared to the conventional stirring method, the activation energy for phenolic acid ethyl esters conversion was decreased from 65.0kJ/mol to 32.1kJ/mol under ultrasound promotion; the apparent kinetic constant (Vm/Km) increased above 1.2-folds; the lipase amount decreased to 50%; the time required for the maximum conversion reduced up to 3-folds without damaging the lipase activity, which is the fastest report for enzymatic synthesis of MPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China; Functional Oil Laboratory Associated By Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Infinite (China) Co. LTD, Guangzhou 51000, China.
| | - Xia Xiang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China; Functional Oil Laboratory Associated By Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Infinite (China) Co. LTD, Guangzhou 51000, China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Junyong Xiao
- Functional Oil Laboratory Associated By Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Infinite (China) Co. LTD, Guangzhou 51000, China
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18
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Sun CQ, Johnson KD, Wong H, Foo LY. Biotransformation of Flavonoid Conjugates with Fatty Acids and Evaluations of Their Functionalities. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:759. [PMID: 29163154 PMCID: PMC5673637 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic conjugation with fatty acids including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) derived from fish oil to three citrus fruit-derived flavonoids: grapefruit extract, naringin, and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone were investigated. The conversions were achieved over 85% under the catalysis of lipase Novozyme 435 in acetone at 45°C at semi-preparative scale. The conjugates were purified via solvent partition and silica gel chromatography and achieved 90–98% in purity. The NMR analysis of the conjugates confirmed that the fatty acid carbon chain was linked onto the primary –OH group on the glucose moiety of the flavonoids. The purified flavonoid conjugates alongside their original flavonoids were analyzed for antioxidant activities via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, and anti-peroxidation test via peroxide values measured during a 1-week fish oil storage trial. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) assay was conducted with 1, 10, and 100 μM of naringin and grapefruits and their conjugates, respectively, and total VEGF levels were measured at 24 and 48 h, respectively, using ELISA and dot blot analysis. The results from these functionality experiments demonstrated that flavonoid FA conjugates have at least comparable (if not higher) antioxidant activity, anti-peroxidation activity, and anti-angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Q Sun
- Integrated Bioactive Technologies, Research and Technical Services, Callaghan Innovation, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Keryn D Johnson
- Integrated Bioactive Technologies, Research and Technical Services, Callaghan Innovation, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Herbert Wong
- Integrated Bioactive Technologies, Research and Technical Services, Callaghan Innovation, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - L Y Foo
- Integrated Bioactive Technologies, Research and Technical Services, Callaghan Innovation, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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19
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Ülger C, Takaç S. Kinetics of lipase-catalysed methyl gallate production in the presence of deep eutectic solvent. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1359573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Ülger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ankara University Faculty of Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serpil Takaç
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ankara University Faculty of Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Balakrishna M, Kaki SS, Karuna MSL, Sarada S, Kumar CG, Prasad RBN. Synthesis and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of novel structured phosphatidylcholines with phenolic acids. Food Chem 2016; 221:664-672. [PMID: 27979256 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel phenoylated phosphatidylcholines were synthesized from 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/egg 1,2-diacyl phosphatidylcholine and phenolic acids such as ferulic, sinapic, vanillic and syringic acids. The structures of phenoylated phosphatidylcholines were confirmed by spectral analysis. 2-acyl-1-lyso phosphatidylcholine was synthesized from phosphatidylcholine via regioselective enzymatic hydrolysis and was reacted with hydroxyl protected phenolic acids to produce corresponding phenoylated phosphatidylcholines in 48-56% yields. Deprotection of protected phenoylated phosphatidylcholines resulted in phenoylated phosphatidylcholines in 87-94% yields. The prepared compounds were evaluated for their preliminary in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Among the active derivatives, compound 1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy) cinnamoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with EC50 value of 16.43μg/mL. Compounds 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy) cinnamoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy) cinnamoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine exhibited good antioxidant activity with EC50 values of 36.05 and 33.35μg/mL respectively. Compound 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy) cinnamoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine exhibited good antibacterial activity against Klebsiella planticola with MIC of 15.6μg/mL and compound 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy) benzoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine exhibited good antifungal activity against Candida albicans with MIC of 15.6μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrapu Balakrishna
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Shiva Shanker Kaki
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Mallampalli S L Karuna
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Sripada Sarada
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - C Ganesh Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - R B N Prasad
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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21
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Schär A, Liphardt S, Nyström L. Enzymatic synthesis of steryl hydroxycinnamates and their antioxidant activity. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Schär
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and HealthETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Silvia Liphardt
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and HealthETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Laura Nyström
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and HealthETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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22
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Riazi F, Zeynali F, Hoseini E, Behmadi H, Savadkoohi S. Oxidation phenomena and color properties of grape pomace on nitrite-reduced meat emulsion systems. Meat Sci 2016; 121:350-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Nikolaivits E, Kokkinou A, Karpusas M, Topakas E. Microbial host selection and periplasmic folding in Escherichia coli affect the biochemical characteristics of a cutinase from Fusarium oxysporum. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 127:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Production of cinnamoyl lipids using immobilized Proteus vulgaris K80 lipase and an evaluation of their antioxidant activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Cutinase from Fusarium oxysporum catalyzes the acylation of tyrosol in an aqueous medium: Optimization and thermodynamic study of the reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Highly Efficient Synthesis of an Emerging Lipophilic Antioxidant: 2-Ethylhexyl Ferulate. Molecules 2016; 21:478. [PMID: 27077838 PMCID: PMC6274311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid in ester form has shown a stronger ability in ameliorating certain pathological conditions and inhibiting lipid oxidation. In present study, a solvent-free and reduced pressure evaporation system was developed for lipase-catalyzed synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl ferulate (2-EF) from ferulic acid and 2-ethylhexanol. A Box-Behnken design with response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) was selected to model and optimize the process. Based on the yields of 2-EF, reaction temperature was shown to be the most important process factor on the molar conversion among all variables. The residual values and the coefficient of determination (R2) calculated from the design data indicated that ANN was better than RSM in data fitting. Overall, the present lipase-catalyzed approach for 2-EF synthesis at low reaction temperature in a reduced pressure evaporation system shows high 2-EF production efficiency. Notably, this approach can reduce the enzyme denaturation and ferulic acid oxidation that usually occur during long-term biosynthetic operations at high temperature.
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27
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Aminolysis of linoleic and salicylic acid derivatives with Candida antarctica lipase B: A solvent-free process to obtain amphiphilic amides for cosmetic application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Chyba A, Mastihubová M, Mastihuba V. Regioselective galloylation of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside by a lipase. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Schär
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Laura Nyström
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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30
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31
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Schär A, Nyström L. High yielding and direct enzymatic lipophilization of ferulic acid using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis, Derivatizations, and Polymerizations of Renewable Phenolic Monomers Derived from Ferulic Acid and Biobased Polyols: An Access to Sustainable Copolyesters, Poly(ester-urethane)s, and Poly(ester-alkenamer)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1192.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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33
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Mat Radzi S, Abd Rahman NJ, Mohd Noor H, Ariffin N. Improvement on the Catalytic Performance Using Dual Lipases System in the Synthesis of Ferulate Esters. APPLIED MECHANICS AND MATERIALS 2015; 754-755:902-906. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach of dual lipases system was successfully carried out in improving the synthesis of ferulate esters between ethyl ferulate and olive oil. Combination of Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RMIM were used as biocatalyst to improve the reaction performance. Different reaction parameters (ratio of lipases, reaction time, lipase dosage, substrate molar ratio and reaction temperature) were analyzed systematically. A high conversion of ferulate esters (85%) was obtained after 12 hrs of reaction time at optimal conditions of 1:9 w/w (Novozym 435/Lipozyme RMIM), 80 mg of lipase and 1:4 ethyl ferulate:olive oil at 60 oC.
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34
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Jakovetić SM, Luković ND, Bošković-Vragolović NM, Bezbradica DI, Picazo-Espinosa R, Knežević-Jugović ZD. Comparative Study of Batch and Fluidized Bed Bioreactors for Lipase-Catalyzed Ethyl Cinnamate Synthesis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M. Jakovetić
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology
and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena D. Luković
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology
and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevenka M. Bošković-Vragolović
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan I. Bezbradica
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology
and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rafael Picazo-Espinosa
- Water
Research Institute (Instituto Universitario de Investigación
del Agua), University of Granada, Ramon y Cajal 4, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Zorica D. Knežević-Jugović
- Department
of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology
and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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35
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Kaki SS, Gopal SC, Rao BVSK, Poornachandra Y, Kumar CG, Prasad RBN. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of sapienic acid esters of functional phenolics and evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shanker Kaki
- Centre for Lipid Research; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka; Hyderabad; India
| | - S. Chinna Gopal
- Centre for Lipid Research; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka; Hyderabad; India
| | - Bhamidipati V. S. K. Rao
- Centre for Lipid Research; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka; Hyderabad; India
| | - Y. Poornachandra
- Chemical Biology Laboratory; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka; Hyderabad; India
| | - C. Ganesh Kumar
- Chemical Biology Laboratory; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka; Hyderabad; India
| | - Rachapudi B. N. Prasad
- Centre for Lipid Research; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka; Hyderabad; India
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36
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Moreno-Perez S, Filice M, Guisan JM, Fernandez-Lorente G. Synthesis of ascorbyl oleate by transesterification of olive oil with ascorbic acid in polar organic media catalyzed by immobilized lipases. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 174:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Solvent-free enzymatic transesterification of ethyl ferulate and monostearin: Optimized by response surface methodology. J Biotechnol 2013; 164:340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pion F, Reano AF, Ducrot PH, Allais F. Chemo-enzymatic preparation of new bio-based bis- and trisphenols: new versatile building blocks for polymer chemistry. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41247d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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39
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Aziz S, Dutilleul P, Kermasha S. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of krill oil and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid in solvent-free medium using response surface methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Yang Z, Guo Z, Xu X. Enzymatic lipophilisation of phenolic acids through esterification with fatty alcohols in organic solvents. Food Chem 2012; 132:1311-1315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Huang J, Liu Y, Jin Q, Wu X, Wang X, Song Z. Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Monoacylglycerols Citrate: Kinetics and Thermodynamics. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lee CC, Chen HC, Ju HY, Chen JH, Kuo CH, Chung YL, Liu YC, Shieh CJ. Green and efficient production of octyl hydroxyphenylpropionate using an ultrasound-assisted packed-bed bioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:655-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A solvent-free system to produce octyl hydroxyphenylpropionate (OHPP) from p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (HPPA) and octanol using immobilized lipase (Novozym® 435) as a catalyst in an ultrasound-assisted packed-bed bioreactor was investigated. Response-surface methodology (RSM) and a three-level-three-factor Box-Behnken design were employed to evaluate the effects of reaction temperature (x 1), flow rate (x 2) and ultrasonic power (x 3) on the percentage of molar production of OHPP. The results indicate that the reaction temperature and flow rate were the most important variables in optimizing the production of OHPP. Based on a ridge max analysis, the optimum conditions for OHPP synthesis were predicted to consist of a reaction temperature of 65°C, a flow rate of 0.05 ml/min and an ultrasonic power of 1.74 W/cm2 with a yield of 99.25%. A reaction was performed under these optimal conditions, and a yield of 99.33 ± 0.1% was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih Chen Lee
- grid.260542.7 0000000405323749 Department of Chemical Engineering National Chung Hsing University 402 Taichung Taiwan
- Derlin Biotech Corporation Ltd. 640 Yun-Lin Taiwan
| | - Hsiao Ching Chen
- Department and Graduate Program of Bioindustry Technology Dayeh University 515 Chang-Hua Taiwan
| | - Hen Yi Ju
- Department and Graduate Program of Bioindustry Technology Dayeh University 515 Chang-Hua Taiwan
| | - Jiann Hwa Chen
- grid.260542.7 0000000405323749 Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology National Chung Hsing University 402 Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chia Hung Kuo
- grid.260542.7 0000000405323749 Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University 402 Taichung Taiwan
| | - Yi Lin Chung
- grid.260542.7 0000000405323749 Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University 402 Taichung Taiwan
| | - Yung Chuan Liu
- grid.260542.7 0000000405323749 Department of Chemical Engineering National Chung Hsing University 402 Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chwen Jen Shieh
- grid.260542.7 0000000405323749 Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University 402 Taichung Taiwan
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Sorour N, Karboune S, Saint-Louis R, Kermasha S. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of structured phenolic lipids in solvent-free system using flaxseed oil and selected phenolic acids as substrates. J Biotechnol 2012; 158:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fernández Ó, Tenllado D, Martín D, Blanco RM, Señoráns FJ, Reglero G, Torres CF. Immobilized lipases fromCandida antarcticafor producing tyrosyl oleate in solvent-free medium. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.664817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Thermodynamically based solvent design for enzymatic saccharide acylation with hydroxycinnamic acids in non-conventional media. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:255-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Yang Z, Guo Z, Xu X. Ionic Liquid-Assisted Solubilization for Improved Enzymatic Esterification of Phenolic Acids. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- ; Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Gustav Wieds Vej 10 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Zheng Guo
- ; Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Gustav Wieds Vej 10 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Xuebing Xu
- ; Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Gustav Wieds Vej 10 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
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Thörn C, Gustafsson H, Olsson L. Immobilization of feruloyl esterases in mesoporous materials leads to improved transesterification yield. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Kobayashi T. Lipase-catalyzed syntheses of sugar esters in non-aqueous media. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1911-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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López-Munguía A, Hernández-Romero Y, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Miranda-Molina A, Regla I, Martínez A, Castillo E. Phenylpropanoid glycoside analogues: enzymatic synthesis, antioxidant activity and theoretical study of their free radical scavenger mechanism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20115. [PMID: 21674039 PMCID: PMC3108595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs) are natural compounds present in several medicinal plants that have high antioxidant power and diverse biological activities. Because of their low content in plants (less than 5% w/w), several chemical synthetic routes to produce PPGs have been developed, but their synthesis is a time consuming process and the achieved yields are often low. In this study, an alternative and efficient two-step biosynthetic route to obtain natural PPG analogues is reported for the first time. Two galactosides were initially synthesized from vanillyl alcohol and homovanillyl alcohol by a transgalactosylation reaction catalyzed by Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidase in saturated lactose solutions with a 30%-35% yield. To synthesize PPGs, the galactoconjugates were esterified with saturated and unsaturated hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives using Candida antarctica Lipase B (CaL-B) as a biocatalyst with 40%-60% yields. The scavenging ability of the phenolic raw materials, intermediates and PPGs was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) method. It was found that the biosynthesized PPGs had higher scavenging abilities when compared to ascorbic acid, the reference compound, while their antioxidant activities were found similar to that of natural PPGs. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to determine that the PPGs antioxidant mechanism proceeds through a sequential proton loss single electron transfer (SPLET). The enzymatic process reported in this study is an efficient and versatile route to obtain PPGs from different phenylpropanoid acids, sugars and phenolic alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín López-Munguía
- Departamento Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Yanet Hernández-Romero
- Departamento Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, México Distrito Federal (DF), México
| | - Alfonso Miranda-Molina
- Departamento Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ignacio Regla
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla del 5 de mayo y Fuerte de Loreto, México Distrito Federal (DF), México
| | - Ana Martínez
- Departamento de Materia Condensada y Criogenia, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México Distrito Federal (DF), México
- * E-mail: (EC); (AM)
| | - Edmundo Castillo
- Departamento Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail: (EC); (AM)
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