1
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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2
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Cochereau B, Meslet-Cladière L, Pouchus YF, Grovel O, Roullier C. Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered? Molecules 2022; 27:3157. [PMID: 35630634 PMCID: PMC9144378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, living organisms produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites to perform many biological functions. Among these specialized metabolites, some carry halogen atoms on their structure, which can modify their chemical characteristics. Research into this type of molecule has focused on how organisms incorporate these atoms into specialized metabolites. Several families of enzymes have been described gathering metalloenzymes, flavoproteins, or S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzymes that can incorporate these atoms into different types of chemical structures. However, even though the first halogenation enzyme was discovered in a fungus, this clade is still lagging behind other clades such as bacteria, where many enzymes have been discovered. This review will therefore focus on all halogenation enzymes that have been described in fungi and their associated metabolites by searching for proteins available in databases, but also by using all the available fungal genomes. In the second part of the review, the chemical diversity of halogenated molecules found in fungi will be discussed. This will allow the highlighting of halogenation mechanisms that are still unknown today, therefore, highlighting potentially new unknown halogenation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Cochereau
- Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (B.C.); (Y.F.P.); (O.G.)
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, INRAE, University Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Laurence Meslet-Cladière
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, INRAE, University Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Yves François Pouchus
- Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (B.C.); (Y.F.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Olivier Grovel
- Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (B.C.); (Y.F.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Catherine Roullier
- Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France; (B.C.); (Y.F.P.); (O.G.)
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3
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Gupta P, Chaubey A, Mahajan N, Anand N. A review on Arthrobacter sp. lipase: A versatile biocatalyst for the kinetic resolution to access enantiomerically pure/enriched compounds. Chirality 2021; 33:209-225. [PMID: 33675087 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of reports related to Arthrobacter sp. lipase (ABL:MTCC No. 5125) catalyzed kinetic resolution performed in biphasic media. A strain displaying esterase/lipase activity and designated as ABL was isolated, during the course of a screening program at Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu. Considerable research has shown that reactions catalyzed by ABL are more selective than many commercial lipases. Since new applications of this lipase are emerging, there is a great need to provide all the relevant information exclusively. This review article is an attempt to cover all the relevant reports based on isolation, purification, immobilization, and application of ABL in the biopharmaceutical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Govt. Degree College Kathua, Affiliated to University of Jammu, Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, 184104, India
| | - Asha Chaubey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Neha Mahajan
- Govt. Degree College Kathua, Affiliated to University of Jammu, Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, 184104, India
| | - Naveen Anand
- GGM Science College, Cluster University of Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
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4
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Wu S, Zhou Y, Li Z. Biocatalytic selective functionalisation of alkenes via single-step and one-pot multi-step reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:883-896. [PMID: 30566124 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkenes are excellent starting materials for organic synthesis due to the versatile reactivity of C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds and the easy availability of many unfunctionalised alkenes. Direct regio- and/or enantioselective conversion of alkenes into functionalised (chiral) compounds has enormous potential for industrial applications, and thus has attracted the attention of researchers for extensive development using chemo-catalysis over the past few years. On the other hand, many enzymes have also been employed for conversion of alkenes in a highly selective and much greener manner to offer valuable products. Herein, we review recent advances in seven well-known types of biocatalytic conversion of alkenes. Remarkably, recent mechanism-guided directed evolution and enzyme cascades have enabled the development of seven novel types of single-step and one-pot multi-step functionalisation of alkenes, some of which are even unattainable via chemo-catalysis. These new reactions are particularly highlighted in this feature article. Overall, we present an ever-expanding enzyme toolbox for various alkene functionalisations inspiring further research in this fast-developing theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585.
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5
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Dong JJ, Fernández-Fueyo E, Li J, Guo Z, Renirie R, Wever R, Hollmann F. Halofunctionalization of alkenes by vanadium chloroperoxidase from Curvularia inaequalis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6207-6210. [PMID: 28548142 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03368k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase from Curvularia inaequalis is a stable and efficient biocatalyst for the hydroxyhalogenation of a broad range of alkenes into halohydrins. Up to 1 200 000 TON with 69 s-1 TOF were observed for the biocatalyst. A bienzymatic cascade to yield epoxides as reaction products is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia Dong
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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6
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Holtmann D, Fraaije MW, Arends IWCE, Opperman DJ, Hollmann F. The taming of oxygen: biocatalytic oxyfunctionalisations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13180-200. [PMID: 24902635 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49747j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope and limitations of oxygenases as catalysts for preparative organic synthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Bormann S, Gomez Baraibar A, Ni Y, Holtmann D, Hollmann F. Specific oxyfunctionalisations catalysed by peroxygenases: opportunities, challenges and solutions. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy01477d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Peroxygenases are promising oxyfunctionalisation catalysts for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvaro Gomez Baraibar
- Delft University of Technology
- Department of Biotechnology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Yan Ni
- Delft University of Technology
- Department of Biotechnology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute
- 60486 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Delft University of Technology
- Department of Biotechnology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
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8
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9
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Perez D, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon R. Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates of Chloroperoxidase: Synthesis, Optimization and Characterization. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Wang W, Xu Y, Wang DIC, Li Z. Recyclable Nanobiocatalyst for Enantioselective Sulfoxidation: Facile Fabrication and High Performance of Chloroperoxidase-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles with Iron Oxide Core and Polymer Shell. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:12892-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja905477j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yi Xu
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Daniel I. C. Wang
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Zhi Li
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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11
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Leak DJ, Sheldon RA, Woodley JM, Adlercreutz P. Biocatalysts for selective introduction of oxygen. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420802393519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Spreti N, Germani R, Incani A, Savelli G. Stabilization of Chloroperoxidase by Polyethylene Glycols in Aqueous Media: Kinetic Studies and Synthetic Applications. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 20:96-101. [PMID: 14763829 DOI: 10.1021/bp034167i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is one of the most versatile of the heme peroxidase enzymes for synthetic applications. Despite the potential use of CPO, commercial processes have not been developed because of the low water solubility of many organic substrates of synthetic interest and the limited stability due to inactivation by H(2)O(2). CPO catalytic properties have been studied in aqueous solutions in the presence of short-chain poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs), and the sulfoxidation of thioanisole, as model substrate, has been investigated. The addition of PEGs allows a better substrate solubilization in the reaction mixture and the enzyme to retain more of its initial activity, with respect to pure buffer. Kinetic studies were performed to optimize the experimental conditions, and complete enantioselective conversion to the (R)-sulfoxide (ee = 99%) was observed in the presence of PEG 200 and tri(ethylene glycol). The relevant stabilization of chloroperoxidase due to the presence of PEGs allows the enzyme to convert the substrate with significant product yields even after 10 days, with a consequent increase in enzyme productivity. This is a promising result in view of industrial application of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Spreti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Ingegneria Chimica e Materiali, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, 67010 Coppito (AQ), Italy
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13
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Tzialla A, Kalogeris E, Gournis D, Sanakis Y, Stamatis H. Enhanced catalytic performance and stability of chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago in surfactant free ternary water–organic solvent systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Oxidation of Indole with CPO and GOx Immobilized on SBA-15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(08)80067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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Kaup BA, Piantini U, Wüst M, Schrader J. Monoterpenes as novel substrates for oxidation and halo-hydroxylation with chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 73:1087-96. [PMID: 17028875 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) from Caldariomyces fumago was analysed for its ability to oxidize ten different monoterpenes with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. In the absence of halide ions geraniol and, to a lesser extent, citronellol and nerol were converted into the corresponding aldehydes, whereas terpene hydrocarbons did not serve as substrates under these conditions. In the presence of chloride, bromide and iodide ions, every terpene tested was converted into one or more products. (1S)-(+)-3-carene was chosen as a model substrate for the CPO-catalysed conversion of terpenes in the presence of sodium halides. With chloride, bromide and iodide, the reaction products were the respective (1S,3R,4R,6R)-4-halo-3,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[4.1.0]-heptane-3-ols, as identified by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. These product formations turned out to be strictly regio- and stereoselective and proceeded very rapidly and almost quantitatively. Initial specific activities of halohydrin formation increased from 4.22 U mg-1 with chloride to 12.22 U mg-1 with bromide and 37.11 U mg-1 with iodide as the respective halide ion. These results represent the first examples of the application of CPO as a highly efficient biocatalyst for monoterpene functionalization. This is a promising strategy for 'green' terpene chemistry overcoming drawbacks usually associated with cofactor-dependent oxygenases, whole-cell biocatalysts and conventional chemical methods used for terpene conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern-Arne Kaup
- Biochemical Engineering Group, DECHEMA e.V, Karl-Winnacker-Institut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Chiappe C, Neri L, Pieraccini D. Application of hydrophilic ionic liquids as co-solvents in chloroperoxidase catalyzed oxidations. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Chen J, Zhang J, Han B, Li J, Li Z, Feng X. Effect of compressed CO2on the chloroperoxidase catalyzed halogenation of 1,3-dihydroxybenzene in reverse micelles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:877-81. [PMID: 16482330 DOI: 10.1039/b514369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of compressed CO2 on the specific activity of chloroperoxidase (CPO) to catalyze the chlorination of 1,3-dihydroxybenzene in cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC)/H2O/octane/pentanol reverse micellar solution was studied. The results show that the specific activity of the enzyme can be enhanced significantly by compressed CO2, and the specific activity can be tuned continuously by changing pressure. The mechanism for the specific activity enhancement of the enzyme by CO2 was also studied. We believe that compressed CO2 can be utilized to tune some other enzyme catalytic reactions in different reverse micellar systems with potential advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
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18
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Abstract
Enzyme immobilisation is experiencing an important transition. Combinatorial approaches are increasingly applied in the design of robust immobilised enzymes by rational combination of fundamental immobilisation techniques (i.e. non-covalent adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment and encapsulation) or with other relevant technologies. The objective is to solve specific problems that cannot be solved by one of these basic immobilisation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqiu Cao
- DMV-International, P.O. Box 13, 5460 BA, Veghel, The Netherlands.
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19
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Sels B, Levecque P, Brosius R, De?Vos D, Jacobs P, Gammon D, Kinfe H. A New Catalytic Route for the Oxidative Halogenation of Cyclic Enol Ethers using Tungstate Exchanged on Takovite. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200404138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Transition metal anion exchanged layered double hydroxides as a bioinspired model of vanadium bromoperoxidase. J Catal 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9517(02)00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Ayala M, Horjales E, Pickard MA, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Cross-linked crystals of chloroperoxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 295:828-31. [PMID: 12127969 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago was crystallized. The crystals were modified with several cross-linkers, but only glurataldehyde was able to produce catalytically active and insoluble crystals. Unlike other immobilized chloroperoxidase preparations, these catalytic crystals are more thermostable than the unmodified soluble enzyme. The enhanced stability is probably due to the structure conservation in the crystalline matrix. In addition, non-cross-linked chloroperoxidase crystals retained more activity than the soluble enzyme after incubation in an organic solvent with low water content. Although the cross-linked crystals were catalytically active, they showed lower specific activity than the soluble enzyme. This low activity may be due to non-specific reactions between the cross-linker and essential residues for catalysis. Alternative cross-linking strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Ayala
- Institute of Biotechnology, UNAM. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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22
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Han YJ, Watson JT, Stucky GD, Butler A. Catalytic activity of mesoporous silicate-immobilized chloroperoxidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(01)00072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Sels BF, De Vos DE, Jacobs PA. Use of WO(4)(2-) on layered double hydroxides for mild oxidative bromination and bromide-assisted epoxidation with H(2)O(2). J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:8350-9. [PMID: 11516284 DOI: 10.1021/ja015930c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tungstate, exchanged on a (Ni,Al) layered double hydroxide, is applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the oxidation of bromide with H(2)O(2) and the ensuing electrophilic bromination of olefins. The high halogenation activity of the catalyst in essentially neutral conditions mimicks the activity of V-bromoperoxidase enzymes. In water, aromatic and aliphatic olefins are selectively converted to bromohydrins; in methanol, methoxybromides are produced. In appropriate solvent conditions, the bromohydroxylation of geminally di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted olefins proceeds via dehydrobromination to the epoxide. Evidence for this mechanism is provided by kinetic and labeling experiments. This one-pot alternative for the two-step halohydrin epoxidation process is enabled by the mild pH conditions; bromide is effective in substoichiometric, catalytic amounts. All new catalytic procedures are characterized by a high oxidative stability of the catalyst, high productivity of the catalyst on weight basis, high W turnover frequencies in ambient conditions (up to 50 mol of product per W per h), and high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Sels
- Centrum voor Oppervlaktechemie en Katalyse, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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van de Velde F, Bakker M, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. Chloroperoxidase-catalyzed enantioselective oxidations in hydrophobic organic media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20010305)72:5<523::aid-bit1016>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Layered double hydroxides exchanged with tungstate as biomimetic catalysts for mild oxidative bromination. Nature 1999. [DOI: 10.1038/23674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Biocatalysis inherently offers the prospect of clean industrial processing and has become an accepted technology throughout most sectors. The convergence of biology and chemistry has enabled a plethora of industrial opportunities to be targeted, while discoveries in biodiversity and the impact of molecular biology and computational science are extending the range of natural and engineered biocatalysts that can be customised for clean industrial requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Bull
- Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK.
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27
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Abstract
The past year has seen further structural characterisation of both nonmetal and vanadium haloperoxidase enzymes to add to that already known for the haem- and vanadium-containing enzymes. Exploitation of these enzymes for halogenation, sulfoxidation, epoxidation, oxidation of indoles and other biotransformations has increased as more information on their catalytic mechanism has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Littlechild
- Schools of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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