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Meinig JM, Fu L, Peterson BR. Synthesis of Fluorophores that Target Small Molecules to the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Living Mammalian Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Meinig JM, Fu L, Peterson BR. Synthesis of Fluorophores that Target Small Molecules to the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Living Mammalian Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9696-9. [PMID: 26118368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays critical roles in the processing of secreted and transmembrane proteins. To deliver small molecules to this organelle, we synthesized fluorinated hydrophobic analogues of the fluorophore rhodol. These cell-permeable fluorophores are exceptionally bright, with quantum yields of around 0.8, and they were found to specifically accumulate in the ER of living HeLa cells, as imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. To target a biological pathway controlled by the ER, we linked a fluorinated hydrophobic rhodol to 5-nitrofuran-2-acrylaldehyde. In contrast to an untargeted nitrofuran warhead, delivery of this electrophilic nitrofuran to the ER by the rhodol resulted in cytotoxicity comparable to the ER-targeted cytotoxin eeyarestatin I, and specifically inhibited protein processing by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Fluorinated hydrophobic rhodols are outstanding fluorophores that enable the delivery of small molecules for targeting ER-associated proteins and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Meinig
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 (USA)
| | - Liqiang Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 (USA)
| | - Blake R Peterson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 (USA).
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Scholz T, Heyl CL, Bernardi D, Zimmermann S, Kattner L, Klein CD. Chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of a brominated nitrovinylfuran with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:795-804. [PMID: 23266177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A di-bromo substituted nitrovinylfuran with reported broad-spectrum antibacterial activity was found to be a potent inhibitor of MurA, a key enzyme in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Further characterization of the compound was carried out to assess its reactivity towards thiol nucleophiles, its stability and degradation under aqueous conditions, inhibitory potential at other enzymes, and antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. Our results indicate that the nitrovinylfuran derivative is reactive towards cysteine residues in proteins, as demonstrated by the irreversible inhibition of MurA and bacterial methionine aminopeptidase. Experiments with proteins and model thiols indicate that the compound forms covalent adducts with SH groups and induces intermolecular disulfide bonds, with the intermediate formation of a monobromide derivative. The parent molecule as well as most of its breakdown products are potent antibiotics with MIC values below 4 μg/mL and are active against multiresistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Further development of the bromonitrovinyl scaffold towards antibiotics with clinical relevance, however, requires optimization of the antibiotic-cytotoxic selectivity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Scholz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang Q, Shinkre BA, Lee JG, Weniger MA, Liu Y, Chen W, Wiestner A, Trenkle WC, Ye Y. The ERAD inhibitor Eeyarestatin I is a bifunctional compound with a membrane-binding domain and a p97/VCP inhibitory group. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15479. [PMID: 21124757 PMCID: PMC2993181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has recently emerged as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Disruption of ER homeostasis results in ER stress, which is a major cause of cell death in cells exposed to the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib, an anti-cancer drug approved for treatment of multiple myeloma and Mantle cell lymphoma. We recently reported that the ERAD inhibitor Eeyarestatin I (EerI) also disturbs ER homeostasis and has anti-cancer activities resembling that of Bortezomib. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we developed in vitro binding and cell-based functional assays to demonstrate that a nitrofuran-containing (NFC) group in EerI is the functional domain responsible for the cytotoxicity. Using both SPR and pull down assays, we show that EerI directly binds the p97 ATPase, an essential component of the ERAD machinery, via the NFC domain. An aromatic domain in EerI, although not required for p97 interaction, can localize EerI to the ER membrane, which improves its target specificity. Substitution of the aromatic module with another benzene-containing domain that maintains membrane localization generates a structurally distinct compound that nonetheless has similar biologic activities as EerI. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our findings reveal a class of bifunctional chemical agents that can preferentially inhibit membrane-bound p97 to disrupt ER homeostasis and to induce tumor cell death. These results also suggest that the AAA ATPase p97 may be a potential drug target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bidhan A. Shinkre
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jin-gu Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Weniger
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yanfen Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weiping Chen
- The Genomics Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William C. Trenkle
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yihong Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eke D, Çelik A. Genotoxicity of thimerosal in cultured human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation sister chromatid exchange analysis proliferation index and mitotic index. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:927-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Borroto JIG, Creus A, Marcos R, Zapatero J. In vivo genotoxic evaluation of the furylethylene derivative 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-nitroethene in mouse bone marrow. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:241-245. [PMID: 21783595 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic potential of the compound 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-nitroethene (2-βNF) has been tested by using the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Its ability to induce clastogenicity or aneugenicity, through the induction of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in the bone marrow cells has been evaluated. Treatment groups of five CD-1 male mice were administered once intraperitoneally at the doses of 10, 20, and 30mg/kg, and their bone marrows were sampled at 24 and 48h after the administration, at the first sampling time animals administered with the three doses were used, and in the second sampling time, only animals administered with the highest dose were used. All animals treated with the highest dose of the test compound (30mg/kg) showed evident clinical symptoms of toxicity such as irritation, hunched posture, slight ataxia, dyspnoea, piloerection, and palpebral ptosis. However, no marked depression of bone marrow cell proliferation was observed, and no significant increases in the frequency of MNPCE were obtained in any of the concentrations tested at any sampling times. The positive control treated-animals were administered with cyclophosphamide at the dose of 40mg/mL. The compound caused a significant increase in the number of MNPCE in all treated animals, demonstrating the sensitivity of the mouse strain used. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the compound 2-βNF is neither clastogenic nor aneugenic in the erythrocytes from the bone marrow of treated mice at the doses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I González Borroto
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Aplicado, Cida s.a.l., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Barcelona, Spain
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González Borroto JI, Pérez Machado G, Creus A, Marcos R. Comparative genotoxic evaluation of 2-furylethylenes and 5-nitrofurans by using the comet assay in TK6 cells. Mutagenesis 2005; 20:193-7. [PMID: 15817571 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotoxicity of three 2-furylethylene derivatives and four 5-nitrofurans was evaluated by using the comet assay in human lymphoblastoid cultured TK6 cells. The 2-furylethylene derivatives were 2-furyl-1-nitroethene, 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-nitroethene and 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-bromo-2-nitroethene, while the 5-nitrofurans were nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone, furazolidone and 5-nitro-2-furanacrolein. The treatments lasted for 3 h in the absence of metabolic activation. No genotoxic effects were observed for two of the 2-furylethylene compounds, while the derivative 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-nitroethene showed a statistically significant response mainly at the highest concentration tested; this effect was considered biologically relevant and the compound was classified as slightly genotoxic. On the other hand, for the classical 5-nitrofurans tested there is a tendency towards a dose-related increase of the DNA damage in the comet assay and the observed increases for the parameters analysed (Olive tail moment, tail % DNA and tail length) were significant for all compounds. Then, the four 5-nitrofurans tested were considered genotoxic. These results show that the position of the nitro group influences the genotoxicity of the assayed compounds. Thus, in this comet assay, the 2-furylethylene derivatives having the nitro group attached outside the furan ring appear to be much less genotoxic than the 5-nitrofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I González Borroto
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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González Borroto JI, Pérez G, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxicity testing of the furylethylene derivative 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-bromo-2-nitroethene in cultured human lymphocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:187-93. [PMID: 14667464 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxic potential of the compound 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-bromo-2-nitroethene (G-1) was evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in vitro, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 microg/ml. Micronuclei (MN) and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) were scored as biomarkers of genotoxic effects. To detect the role of metabolic enzymes on the genotoxicity of this furylethylenic derivative, cultures for MN and SCE demonstrations were treated for 3 h with and without the S9 microsomal fraction as well as for 48 h without S9. Under the conditions of the study, the test agent did not induce significant increases in the frequency of micronucleated cells, irrespective of the presence/absence of the metabolic fraction. Nevertheless, a slight/moderate increase in the SCE frequency was observed in those cultures treated without the S9 mix. In addition, cytotoxic/cytostatic effects of the G-1 compound were observed mainly in cultures without S9 fraction, as indicated by the reduction of cell proliferation measured by the cytokinesis block proliferation index (CBPI) and the proliferative rate index (PRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I González Borroto
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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