1
|
Pajic J, Milovanovic APS. Biological response to the continuous occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs and radionuclides. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1934-1947. [PMID: 37498230 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2241901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antineoplastic drugs and radioiodine are recognized occupational risk factors affecting the genetic material of exposed persons. To assess cytogenetic damage and evaluate the presence of chromosomal instability during occupational exposure, a biomonitoring study was performed using a chromosomal aberration assay and a cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples from 314 healthy donors divided into 3 groups (control, exposed to antineoplastic drugs and exposed to radioiodine) were collected and cytogenetically analyzed. RESULTS There was an increase in almost all analyzed parameters registered in the exposed persons. Chromatid breaks were higher in the subjects exposed to antineoplastic drugs, while dicentrics and premature centromere division (PCD) parameters were higher in nuclear medicine workers. The total number of micronuclei was higher in both groups of the exposed. The correlation analysis indicated the association of dicentrics, acentrics, chromosome and chromatid break with PCDs in both groups of the exposed, and micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges with PCDs in the subjects exposed to radioiodine. The discriminant analysis marked off PCD1-5 as the best predictor of exposure. Age, sex, sampling season and duration of exposure significantly influenced the analyzed parameters, while smoking habits did not show any influence. CONCLUSION Based on the observed results, premature centromere division can be considered a valuable parameter of genotoxic risk for individuals occupationally exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pajic
- Serbian Institute of Occupational Health "Dr Dragomir Karajovic", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar P S Milovanovic
- Occupational Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Institute of Occupational Health "Dr Dragomir Karajovic", Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vanneste D, Verscheure E, Srinivasan AN, Godderis L, Ghosh M. Systematic review of genotoxicity induced by occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1453-1517. [PMID: 37099053 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
With increasing numbers of cancer cases, the use of antineoplastic agents is expected to rise. This will be accompanied by an increase in occupational exposure, which can cause unwanted health effects in workers. Our aim was to give an overview of genotoxic and epigenetic effects after occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents and to assess the concentration-effect relation. Four databases were searched for papers investigating genotoxic and/or epigenetic effects of occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents. Out of the 245 retrieved papers, 62 were included in this review. In this systematic literature review, we confirmed that exposure of healthcare workers to antineoplastic agents can lead to genotoxic damage. However, we observed a lack of data on exposure as well as genotoxic and epigenetic effects in workers other than healthcare workers. Furthermore, gaps in the current knowledge regarding the potential epigenetic effects caused by antineoplastic drug exposure and regarding the link between internal antineoplastic drug concentration and genotoxic and epigenetic effects after occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents were identified, offering a first step for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Vanneste
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, ON5 Herestraat 49, Box 952, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eline Verscheure
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, ON5 Herestraat 49, Box 952, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adhithya Narayanan Srinivasan
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, ON5 Herestraat 49, Box 952, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, ON5 Herestraat 49, Box 952, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, ON5 Herestraat 49, Box 952, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Variations of Metabolic Detoxification Enzymes Lead to Recurrent Miscarriage and Their Diagnosis Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1300:259-280. [PMID: 33523438 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-4187-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous abortion has been a common obstetrical and gynecological disease, which occurs in 10-15% of all pregnancies. Recurrent miscarriage (RM) refers to the occurrence of three or more times abortions with the same partner. It is generally believed that environmental pollution associated with economic development may cause infertility and RM. When xenobiotics from the environment enter the body, they must be cleared from the body by various metabolic enzymes in the body. The absence or variation of these enzymes may be the genetic basis of RM caused by environmental pollution. The variation of metabolic detoxification enzyme can directly affect the removal of harmful substances from internal and external sources. Therefore, the determination of metabolic enzyme activity may become an important factor in the diagnosis of RM etiology and seeking methods to improve the detoxification ability has a great significance for the treatment of RM.
Collapse
|
4
|
Schnatter AR, Rooseboom M, Kocabas NA, North CM, Dalzell A, Twisk J, Faulhammer F, Rushton E, Boogaard PJ, Ostapenkaite V, Williams SD. Derivation of an occupational exposure limit for benzene using epidemiological study quality assessment tools. Toxicol Lett 2020; 334:117-144. [PMID: 32497562 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper derives an occupational exposure limit for benzene using quality assessed data. Seventy-seven genotoxicity and 36 haematotoxicity studies in workers were scored for study quality with an adapted tool based on that of Vlaanderen et al., 2008 (Environ Health. Perspect. 116 1700-5). These endpoints were selected as they are the most sensitive and relevant to the proposed mode of action (MOA) and protecting against these will protect against benzene carcinogenicity. Lowest and No- Adverse Effect Concentrations (LOAECs and NOAECs) were derived from the highest quality studies (i.e. those ranked in the top tertile or top half) and further assessed as being "more certain" or "less certain". Several sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess whether alternative "high quality" constructs affected conclusions. The lowest haematotoxicity LOAECs showed effects near 2 ppm (8 h TWA), and no effects at 0.59 ppm. For genotoxicity, studies also showed effects near 2 ppm and showed no effects at about 0.69 ppm. Several sensitivity analyses supported these observations. These data define a benzene LOAEC of 2 ppm (8 h TWA) and a NOAEC of 0.5 ppm (8 h TWA). Allowing for possible subclinical effects in bone marrow not apparent in studies of peripheral blood endpoints, an OEL of 0.25 ppm (8 h TWA) is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Colin M North
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc, Annandale, NJ, USA
| | | | - Johannes Twisk
- Dow Chemical International Pvt. Ltd, Terneuzen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erik Rushton
- Basell Service Company B.V., Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roussel C, Witt KL, Shaw PB, Connor TH. Meta-analysis of chromosomal aberrations as a biomarker of exposure in healthcare workers occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 781:207-217. [PMID: 31416576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many antineoplastic drugs used to treat cancer, particularly alkylating agents and topoisomerase inhibitors, are known to induce genetic damage in patients. Elevated levels of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and DNA damage have been documented in cancer patients. Elevations in these same biomarkers of genetic damage have been reported in numerous studies of healthcare workers, such as nurses and pharmacists, who routinely handle these drugs, but results vary across studies. To obtain an overall assessment of the exposure effect, we performed a meta-analysis on data obtained from peer-reviewed publications reporting chromosomal aberration levels in healthcare workers exposed to antineoplastic drugs. A literature search identified 39 studies reporting on occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs and measurement of chromosomal aberrations in healthcare workers. After applying strict inclusion criteria for data quality and presentation, data from 17 studies included in 16 publications underwent meta-analysis using Hedges' bias-corrected g and a random-effects model. Results showed the level of chromosomal aberrations in healthcare workers exposed to antineoplastic drugs was significantly higher than in controls. The standardized mean differences (difference of means divided by within sd) from all studies were pooled, yielding a value 1.006 (unitless) with p<0.001. Thus, in addition to the documented genotoxic effects of antineoplastic drugs in cancer patients, this meta-analysis confirmed a significant association between occupational exposure to antineoplastics during the course of a normal work day and increases in chromosomal aberrations in healthcare workers. Based on the studies reviewed, we were unable to accurately assess whether appropriate use of protective measures might reduce the incidence of genetic damage in healthcare workers. However, given the potential for increased cancer risk linked to increases in chromosomal aberrations, the results of this study support the need to limit occupational exposure of healthcare workers to antineoplastic drugs as much as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Roussel
- Doylestown Hospital, 595 West State Street, Doylestown, PA, 18901, United States.
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States.
| | - Peter B Shaw
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, United States.
| | - Thomas H Connor
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pajic J, Jovicic D, Milovanovic APS. Cytogenetic surveillance of persons occupationally exposed to genotoxic chemicals. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2017; 73:313-321. [PMID: 28749733 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2017.1359144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human genotoxic exposures can occur environmentally, occupationally, or medicinally. The aim of this study was to assess cytogenetic damage (chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei) in persons exposed to chemical agents in medical, agricultural, and industrial occupations. The results showed influences of age, gender, occurrence, and duration of exposure on the extent of cytogenetic damage, but no influence of smoking. Persons exposed to pesticides were allocated significantly higher values of most examined parameters. Among all tested parameters, logistic regression analysis marked tMN, CB, and iCB as the best predictors with high discrimination accuracy of separation between exposed and unexposed persons. The obtained data encourage us to consider certain cytogenetic parameters as valuable markers for preventive medical screening as the extent of cytogenetic damage reflects cumulative exposure events and possible health consequences related to chronic occupational genotoxic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pajic
- a Serbian Institute of Occupational Health "Dr. Dragomir Karajovic ," Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Dubravka Jovicic
- b Genotoxicology Department, Faculty of Applied Ecology "Futura , " Singidunum University , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Aleksandar P S Milovanovic
- a Serbian Institute of Occupational Health "Dr. Dragomir Karajovic ," Belgrade , Serbia
- c Occupational Health Department, Faculty of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Piló D, Carvalho S, Pereira P, Gaspar MB, Leitão A. Is metal contamination responsible for increasing aneuploidy levels in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 577:340-348. [PMID: 27817921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the metal genotoxicity potential at chromosome-level in the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum collected along different areas of the Tagus estuary. Higher levels of aneuploidy on gill cells were detected at the most sediment contaminated area both in May (31.7%) and October (36.0%) when compared to a less contaminated area over the same periods (20.3% and 29.0% respectively). Interestingly, metal bioaccumulation in gills was higher in the specimens collected at the least contaminated area with the exception of Pb. Indeed, the multivariate analysis revealed a stronger relation between aneuploidy and sediment contamination than between aneuploidy and the bioaccumulation of the metals. The temporal and spatial inconsistency found for the bioaccumulation of metals in R. philippinarum and the positive correlation between sediment contamination and aneuploidy at the most contaminated area suggest that these chromosome-level effects might be due to chronic metal contamination occurring in the Tagus estuary, rather than a direct result of the temporal variation of bioavailable contaminants. The vertical transmission phenomenon of bivalve aneuploidy levels may then be perpetuating those levels on clams from the most contaminated area. The present results shed light about the effect of metal toxicity at the chromosome-level in species inhabiting chronic contaminated areas and highlight the use of aneuploidy as an effective tool to identify persistent contamination in worldwide transitional waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Piló
- Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA), Avenida 5 de Outubro, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environment Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia International del Mar (CEIMAR), Avda. República Saharaui S/N Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - S Carvalho
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - P Pereira
- Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M B Gaspar
- Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA), Avenida 5 de Outubro, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve (UAlg), Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - A Leitão
- Environmental Science Center (ESC), Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mateos-Nava RA, Rodríguez-Mercado JJ, Altamirano-Lozano MA. Premature chromatid separation and altered proliferation of human leukocytes treated with vanadium (III) oxide. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:457-462. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1260582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Anibal Mateos-Nava
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, UNAM, Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UNIGEN) Laboratorio 5-PA Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIE-Z), Ciudad de México, México and
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, UNAM, Edificio E, Primer Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan José Rodríguez-Mercado
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, UNAM, Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UNIGEN) Laboratorio 5-PA Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIE-Z), Ciudad de México, México and
| | - Mario Agustín Altamirano-Lozano
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, UNAM, Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UNIGEN) Laboratorio 5-PA Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIE-Z), Ciudad de México, México and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pajic J, Rakic B, Jovicic D, Milovanovic A. A cytogenetic study of hospital workers occupationally exposed to radionuclides in Serbia: premature centromere division as novel biomarker of exposure? Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 89:477-84. [PMID: 26373643 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-015-1086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The health risk of chronic exposure to radionuclides includes changes in the genome (e.g., chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei) that increase chromosomal instability. There are also other phenomena, which seem to appear more frequently in metaphases of exposed persons (such as premature centromere division). The aim of this study was to discover whether or not there is correlation between incidence of named cytogenetic changes in persons occupationally exposed to radionuclides in comparison with unexposed control group, and if significant correlation is determined, can premature centromere division be consider as a biomarker of radiation exposure? METHODS The exposed group comprised 50 individuals occupationally exposed to radionuclides. The reference control group consisted of 40 unexposed individuals. Chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei and premature centromere division were analyzed according to a standard International Atomic Energy Agency protocol. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 statistics. RESULTS The means for analyzed cytogenetic changes were significantly higher in the exposed group. Positive correlation between them was found in exposed group. Premature centromere division parameter PCD5-10 was selected as particularly suitable for separating groups (exposed/unexposed). CONCLUSIONS Identification of other phenomena related to radionuclide exposure, beside well known, may clarify recent problems in radiobiology concerning the biological response to low doses of ionizing radiation and its consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pajic
- Biodosimetry Department, Serbian Institute of Occupational Health "Dr Dragomir Karajovic", Radiation Protection Center, Deligradska 29, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Boban Rakic
- Biodosimetry Department, Serbian Institute of Occupational Health "Dr Dragomir Karajovic", Radiation Protection Center, Deligradska 29, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dubravka Jovicic
- Genotoxicology Department, Faculty of Applied Ecology "Futura", University "Singidunum", Pozeska 83a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Milovanovic
- Biodosimetry Department, Serbian Institute of Occupational Health "Dr Dragomir Karajovic", Radiation Protection Center, Deligradska 29, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
- Occupational Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Panwar H, Raghuram GV, Jain D, Ahirwar AK, Khan S, Jain SK, Pathak N, Banerjee S, Maudar KK, Mishra PK. Cell cycle deregulation by methyl isocyanate: Implications in liver carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:284-297. [PMID: 22223508 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver is often exposed to plethora of chemical toxins. Owing to its profound physiological role and central function in metabolism and homeostasis, pertinent succession of cell cycle in liver epithelial cells is of prime importance to maintain cellular proliferation. Although recent evidence has displayed a strong association between exposures to methyl isocyanate (MIC), one of the most toxic isocyanates, and neoplastic transformation, molecular characterization of the longitudinal effects of MIC on cell cycle regulation has never been performed. Here, we sequentially delineated the status of different proteins arbitrating the deregulation of cell cycle in liver epithelial cells treated with MIC. Our data reaffirms the oncogenic capability of MIC with elevated DNA damage response proteins pATM and γ-H2AX, deregulation of DNA damage check point genes CHK1 and CHK2, altered expression of p53 and p21 proteins involved in cell cycle arrest with perturbation in GADD-45 expression in the treated cells. Further, alterations in cyclin A, cyclin E, CDK2 levels along with overexpression of mitotic spindle checkpoints proteins Aurora A/B, centrosomal pericentrin protein, chromosomal aberrations, and loss of Pot1a was observed. Thus, MIC impacts key proteins involved in cell cycle regulation to trigger genomic instability as a possible mechanism of developmental basis of liver carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Panwar
- Research Wing, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, India; Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bolognesi C, Moretto A. Genotoxic risk in rubber manufacturing industry: a systematic review. Toxicol Lett 2013; 230:345-55. [PMID: 24275385 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence from epidemiological studies among workers employed in the rubber manufacturing industry has indicated a significant excess cancer risk in a variety of sites. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently classified the "Occupational exposures in the rubber-manufacturing industry" as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). A genotoxic mechanism for the increased cancer risk was suggested on the basis of the evidence from the scientific literature. Exposure assessment studies have shown that workers in the rubber manufacturing industry may be exposed to different airborne carcinogenic and/or genotoxic chemicals, such as certain aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosamines, although the available information does not allow to establish a causal association of cancer or genotoxic risk with particular substances/classes of chemicals or specific jobs. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate, by conducting a systematic review, the available biomonitoring studies using genotoxicity biomarkers in rubber manufacturing industry. This systematic review suggests that a genotoxic hazard may still be present in certain rubber manufacturing industries. A quantitative risk assessment needs further studies addressing the different, processes and chemicals in the rubber manufacturing industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bolognesi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, IRCCS AUO San Martino IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Luigi Sacco Hospital, via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risks Prevention (ICPS), Luigi Sacco Hospital, via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ogiyama Y, Ishii K. The smooth and stable operation of centromeres. Genes Genet Syst 2012; 87:63-73. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.87.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogiyama
- Laboratory of Chromosome Function and Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
| | - Kojiro Ishii
- Laboratory of Chromosome Function and Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kulkarni P, Paul R, Ganesh N. In vitro evaluation of genotoxicity of avocado (Persea americana) fruit and leaf extracts in human peripheral lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2010; 28:172-187. [PMID: 20859823 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2010.504979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Persea americana is much sought after both for the nutritional value of its fruit and the medicinal values of its various plant parts. A chromosomal aberration assay was undertaken to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of crude extracts from avocado fruits and leaves. Chromosomal aberrations were observed in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to separately increasing concentrations of 50% methanolic extracts of Persea americana fruit and leaves. The groups exposed to leaf and fruit extracts, respectively, showed a concentration-dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations as compared to that in a control group. The mean percentage total aberrant metaphases at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg concentrations of leaf extract were found respectively to be 58 ± 7.05, 72 ± 6.41, and 78 ± 5.98, which were significantly higher (p < 0.0001 each) than that in the control group (6 ± 3.39). The mean percentage total aberrant metaphases at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg concentrations of fruit extract were found to be 18 ± 5.49, 40 ± 10.00, and 52 ± 10.20, respectively, which were significantly higher (p = 0.033, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001, respectively) than that for control (6 ± 3.39). Acrocentric associations and premature centromeric separation were the two most common abnormalities observed in both the exposed groups. The group exposed to leaf extracts also showed a significant number of a variety of other structural aberrations, including breaks, fragments, dicentrics, terminal deletion, minutes, and Robertsonian translocations. The group exposed to leaf extract showed higher frequency of all types of aberrations at equal concentrations as compared to the group exposed to fruit extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Kulkarni
- Department of Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jovicić D, Milacić S, Vukov TD, Rakić B, Stevanović M, Drakulić D, Rakić R, Bukvić N. Detection of premature segregation of centromeres in persons exposed to ionizing radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2010; 98:717-727. [PMID: 20386201 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181d26da1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the frequency of premature centromeric division (PCD) in medical personnel professionally exposed to low doses of radiation. They had chromosome aberrations (CAs) involving dicentric chromosomes, ring chromosomes, acentric fragments, chromosome breaks, and chromatid breaks. The study included 30 exposed subjects and 23 controls who were each analyzed by a conventional cytogenetics procedure and subsequently by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The latter was applied particularly in order to verify PCD in a specific chromosome (chromosome 18) in both metaphases and interphase nuclei. The results revealed a significant difference (p < 0.001) in frequencies between the two groups (exposed and controls) for all the observed variables (CAs), metaphases with PCD (MPCD), total number of chromosomes with PCD (TPCD), number of PCD metaphases in acrocentric chromosomes (MAPCD), and the total number of acrocentric chromosomes with PCD (TAPCD). The doses of ionizing radiation absorbed by the subjects' bodies were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters once a month during the duration of occupational exposure. They were expressed in mSv, as mean annual effective doses for the period of exposure. The Spearman rank test showed a high positive correlation between total life effective dose and frequency of CAs and PCD. Based on the results obtained in this study, we suggest that PCD, as a phenomenon manifesting chromosomal instability (CIN), should be considered as a suitable cytogenetic biomarker for individuals occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Jovicić
- Faculty for Applied Ecology Futura, Singidunum University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jakab MG, Klupp T, Besenyei K, Biró A, Major J, Tompa A. Formaldehyde-induced chromosomal aberrations and apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes of personnel working in pathology departments. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 698:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Mishra PK, Raghuram GV, Panwar H, Jain D, Pandey H, Maudar KK. Mitochondrial oxidative stress elicits chromosomal instability after exposure to isocyanates in human kidney epithelial cells. Free Radic Res 2010; 43:718-28. [PMID: 19513903 DOI: 10.1080/10715760903037699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress is often attributed in environmental renal diseases. Isocyanates, a ubiquitous chemical group with diverse industrial applications, are known to undergo bio-transformation reactions upon accidental and occupational exposure. This study delineates the role of isocyanate-mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress in eliciting chromosomal instability in cultured human kidney epithelial cells. Cells treated with 0.005 microM concentration of methyl isocyanate displayed morphological transformation and stress-induced senescence. Along the time course, an increase in DCF fluorescence indicative of oxidative stress, depletion of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) and consistent accumulation of 8-oxo-dG were noticed. Thus, endogenous oxidative stress resulted in aberrant expression of p53, p21, cyclin E and CDK2 proteins, suggestive of deregulated cell cycle, chromosomal aberrations, centromeric amplification, aneuploidy and genomic instability.
Collapse
|
17
|
Alter BP, Olson SB. Wilms tumor, AML, and medulloblastoma in a child with cancer prone syndrome of total premature chromatid separation and Fanconi anemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:488; author reply 489. [PMID: 19856400 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
18
|
Effect of occupational exposure to cytostatics and nucleotide excision repair polymorphism on chromosomal aberrations frequency. Interdiscip Toxicol 2009; 2:13-7. [PMID: 21217839 PMCID: PMC2984094 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-009-0002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Authors evaluated the incidence of total chromosomal aberrations (CA) and their types – chromatid-type (CTA) and chromosome-type (CSA) in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 72 oncologic unit's workers occupationally exposed to cytostatics in relationship to polymorphisms of DNA repair genes XPD, XPG and XPC. The cytogenetic analysis was used for determination of chromosomal aberrations frequency and PCR-RFLP method for polymorphisms of genes. Statistically higher frequency of total CA was detected in exposed group as compared to control (1.90±1.34% vs. 1.26±0.93%; Mann-Whitney U-test, p=0.001). There was not detected any difference between CTA and CSA (0.92±1.04% vs. 0.98±1.17%). Similarly, in genes XPD exon 23 and XPC exon 15 wasn't detected any difference neither in total chromosomal aberrations nor in CTA and CSA types. Statistically significant decrease of total chromosomal aberrations and CTA-type with presence of variant allele C was detected in gene XPG exon 15. Authors pointed out the importance of individual susceptibility factors in evaluation of effects of genotoxic agents, in that event, when the concentration does not meet the occupational exposure limit.
Collapse
|
19
|
Spremo-Potparević B, Zivković L, Djelić N, Plećas-Solarović B, Smith MA, Bajić V. Premature centromere division of the X chromosome in neurons in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2008; 106:2218-23. [PMID: 18624923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Premature centromere division (PCD) represents a loss of control over the sequential separation and segregation of chromosome centromeres. Although first described in aging women, PCD on the X chromosome (PCD,X) is markedly elevated in peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals suffering from Alzheimer disease (AD). The present study evaluated PCD,X, using a fluorescent in situ hybridization method, in interphase nuclei of frontal cerebral cortex neurons from sporadic AD patients and age-matched controls. The average frequency of PCD,X in AD patients (8.60 +/- 1.20%) was almost three times higher (p < 0.01) than in the control group (2.96 +/- 1.20). However, consistent with previous studies, no mitotic cells were found in neurons in either AD or control brain, suggesting an intrinsic inability of post-mitotic neurons to divide. In view of the fact that it has been well-documented that neurons in AD can re-enter into the cell division cycle, the findings presented here of increased PCD advance the hypothesis that deregulation of the cell cycle may contribute to neuronal degeneration and subsequent cognitive deficits in AD.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bajić V, Djelić N, Spremo-Potparević B, Zivković L, Milićević Z. A study on the genotoxic effects of 8-Cl-cAMP on human lymphocytes in vitro. RUSS J GENET+ 2008; 44:631-637. [PMID: 18672796 DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP) is the most potent cAMP analogue that selectively inhibits a variety of cancer cell lines in vitro and tumors in vivo. Its action toward a variety of tumors, especially when coupled with other antitumor agents, have lead to phase I clinical investigations and recently phase II clinical investigations. Until today very little was done to evaluate its genotoxic potential. In order to evaluate its genotoxic potential we used the cytogenetic and cytokinesis block micronucleus assay in vitro on peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy individuals. Using three concentrations (1 microM, 5 microM and 15 microM), 8-Cl-cAMP in normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes did not induce any cytogenetic aberrations of the structural type [chromatid breakage, isochromatid breakage and gaps], but did induce premature centromere separation (PCS) in all respective doses and increased the frequency of micronuclei (p <0.05) only in the highest dose (15 microM). Antiproliferative action of 8-Cl-cAMP was estimated by using the cytokinesis block nuclear division index (NDI). The results showed a decrease in the NDI of cells exposed to all doses of 8-Cl-cAMP when compared to control. Therefore, the overall results show a genotoxic potential of 8-Cl-cAMP in peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Bajić
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Galenika Pharmaceuticals, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Premature chromatid separation in a woman with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix and in her son with keratoacanthoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:66-8. [PMID: 17981217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An increased frequency of cells with premature chromatid separation (PCS) involving most chromosomes of a metaphase was observed in blood cultures of both a woman and her son with tumor. The mother had carcinoma in situ of the cervix, diagnosed at age of 42 years, and her son had keratoacanthoma, diagnosed at age of 23 years. To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix and keratoacanthoma in patients with PCS. These findings provide additional evidence for a possible association of PCS and predisposition to malignancies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kaur M, DeScipio C, McCallum J, Yaeger D, Devoto M, Jackson LG, Spinner NB, Krantz ID. Precocious sister chromatid separation (PSCS) in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 138:27-31. [PMID: 16100726 PMCID: PMC2766539 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) (OMIM# 122470) is a dominantly inherited multisystem developmental disorder. The phenotype consists of characteristic facial features, hirsutism, abnormalities of the upper extremities ranging from subtle changes in the phalanges and metacarpal bones to oligodactyly and phocomelia, gastroesophageal dysfunction, growth retardation, and neurodevelopmental delay. Prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 10,000. Recently, mutations in NIPBL were identified in sporadic and familial CdLS cases. To date, mutations in this gene have been identified in over 45% of individuals with CdLS. NIPBL is the human homolog of the Drosophila Nipped-B gene. Although its function in mammalian systems has not yet been elucidated, sequence homologs of Nipped-B in yeast (Scc2 and Mis4) are required for sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis, and a similar role was recently demonstrated for Nipped-B in Drosophila. In order to evaluate NIPBL role in sister chromatid cohesion in humans, metaphase spreads on 90 probands (40 NIPBL mutation positive and 50 NIPBL mutation negative) with CdLS were evaluated for evidence of precocious sister chromatid separation (PSCS). We screened 50 metaphases from each proband and found evidence of PSCS in 41% (compared to 9% in control samples). These studies indicate that NIPBL may play a role in sister chromatid cohesion in humans as has been reported for its homologs in Drosophila and yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Kaur
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl DeScipio
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer McCallum
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dinah Yaeger
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Nemours Children's Clinic, Wilmington, Delaware
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laird G. Jackson
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Clinical Laboratories, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence to: Ian D. Krantz, M.D., Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, 1002 Abramson Research Building, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Laffon B, Teixeira JP, Silva S, Loureiro J, Torres J, Pásaro E, Méndez J, Mayan O. Genotoxic effects in a population of nurses handling antineoplastic drugs, and relationship with genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair enzymes. Am J Ind Med 2005; 48:128-36. [PMID: 16032741 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern about the genotoxic risk associated with chronic handling of antineoplastic drugs has increased, and usual safety practices may not avoid exposure. METHODS Comet assay and MN test were performed on 30 oncology nurses and 22 controls. Genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1, XRCC3, and APE1 genes were determined by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS Data obtained showed increased cytogenetic and DNA damage in the exposed group, although statistical significance was only reached in the comet assay. Significant differences in TL were observed for carriers of the variant alleles of every gene analyzed. However, no significant effect was detected in the MN test. CONCLUSIONS Evidence that the present handling practices of antineoplastic drugs in some Portuguese hospitals are not enough to prevent exposure are provided. Present data suggest that genetic polymorphisms in the studied DNA repair enzymes may influence the individual susceptibility to DNA damage related to chronic handling of antineoplastic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Laffon
- Toxicology Unit, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus de Elviña s/n, A Coruña, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Murray EB, Edwards JW. Differential induction of micronuclei in peripheral lymphocytes and exfoliated urothelial cells of workers exposed to 4,4'-methylenebis-(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) and bitumen fumes. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2005; 20:163-76. [PMID: 16335575 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2005.20.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic end-points used to estimate risk of genotoxic events in workers include the measurement of micronuclei (MN) in exfoliated cells, lymphocytes, and other tissues. Micronuclei are chromatin-containing bodies outside the cell nucleus resulting from contaminant-induced DNA damage. A review of 71 reports of human genotoxic responses to chemical or physical agents published between 1999 and 2001 revealed that 14% of such studies measured genotoxicity endpoints in specific target tissues relevant to the site of disease for the agent examined; 18% used endpoints in surrogate or non-target tissues but considered the relations between endpoints in surrogate and disease target tissues, and 68% measured genotoxicity endpoints in accessible tissues without reference to specific targets for disease. Methylenebis-(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA), used in polyurethane manufacture, is a suspected bladder carcinogen. Bitumen, used in road surfacing, contains skin and lung carcinogens. In this study, we aimed to compare genotoxicity in urothelial cells and in lymphocytes of workers exposed to these materials. Twelve men employed in polyurethane manufacture, twelve bitumen road layers, and eighteen hospital stores personnel (controls) were recruited and all provided blood and urine samples on the same day. Blood cultures were prepared using a cytochalasin B-block method. Exfoliated urothelial cells were collected from urine and stained for light microscopy. The number of MN in urothelial cells was higher in MOCA-exposed (14.27 +/- 0.56 MN/1000, 9.69 +/- 0.32 MN cells/1000) than in bitumen exposed workers (11.99 +/- 0.65 MN/1000, 8.66 +/- 0.46 MN cells/1000) or in control subjects (6.88 +/- 0.18 MN/1000, 5.17 +/- 0.11 MN cells/1000). Conversely, in lymphocytes, MN were higher in bitumen-exposed (16.24 +/- 0.63 MN/1000, 10.65 +/- 0.24 MN cells/1000) than in MOCA-exposed workers (13.25 +/- 0.48 MN/1000, 8.54 +/- 0.14 MN cells/1000) or in control subjects (9.24 +/- 0.29 MN/ 1000, 5.93 +/- 0.13 MN cells/1000). The results of this study suggest that genotoxins can cause different rates of micronuclei formation in different tissues. Thus, the sensitivity and relevance to cancer risk may be greater if the tissues selected for genotoxicity studies reflect the target tissue for the chemicals concerned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B Murray
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kirman CR, Sweeney LM, Teta MJ, Sielken RL, Valdez-Flores C, Albertini RJ, Gargas ML. Addressing nonlinearity in the exposure-response relationship for a genotoxic carcinogen: cancer potency estimates for ethylene oxide. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2004; 24:1165-1183. [PMID: 15563286 DOI: 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene oxide (EO) has been identified as a carcinogen in laboratory animals. Although the precise mechanism of action is not known, tumors in animals exposed to EO are presumed to result from its genotoxicity. The overall weight of evidence for carcinogenicity from a large body of epidemiological data in the published literature remains limited. There is some evidence for an association between EO exposure and lympho/hematopoietic cancer mortality. Of these cancers, the evidence provided by two large cohorts with the longest follow-up is most consistent for leukemia. Together with what is known about human leukemia and EO at the molecular level, there is a body of evidence that supports a plausible mode of action for EO as a potential leukemogen. Based on a consideration of the mode of action, the events leading from EO exposure to the development of leukemia (and therefore risk) are expected to be proportional to the square of the dose. In support of this hypothesis, a quadratic dose-response model provided the best overall fit to the epidemiology data in the range of observation. Cancer dose-response assessments based on human and animal data are presented using three different assumptions for extrapolating to low doses: (1) risk is linearly proportionate to dose; (2) there is no appreciable risk at low doses (margin-of-exposure or reference dose approach); and (3) risk below the point of departure continues to be proportionate to the square of the dose. The weight of evidence for EO supports the use of a nonlinear assessment. Therefore, exposures to concentrations below 37 microg/m3 are not likely to pose an appreciable risk of leukemia in human populations. However, if quantitative estimates of risk at low doses are desired and the mode of action for EO is considered, these risks are best quantified using the quadratic estimates of cancer potency, which are approximately 3.2- to 32-fold lower, using alternative points of departure, than the linear estimates of cancer potency for EO. An approach is described for linking the selection of an appropriate point of departure to the confidence in the proposed mode of action. Despite high confidence in the proposed mode of action, a small linear component for the dose-response relationship at low concentrations cannot be ruled out conclusively. Accordingly, a unit risk value of 4.5 x 10(-8) (microg/m3)(-1) was derived for EO, with a range of unit risk values of 1.4 x 10(-8) to 1.4 x 10(-7) (microg/m3)(-1) reflecting the uncertainty associated with a theoretical linear term at low concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Kirman
- The Sapphire Group, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44122, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Méhes K, Kosztolányi G. Clinical manifestations of genetic instability overlap one another. Pathol Oncol Res 2004; 10:12-6. [PMID: 15029255 DOI: 10.1007/bf02893402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer syndromes are characteristic associations of specific malignancies with various congenital anomalies. In addition to such diseases, an increased prevalence in general of chromosomal instability, malformations, immunodeficiencies, altered growth and development, and reproductive loss has been observed in both childhood leukemias and solid tumors. The overlap among these congenital disorders suggests their common prenatal, possibly genetic origin and thus the existence of a nonspecific genetic instability leading to various clinical manifestations of disturbances in cell division. Seeking for related features in family members of a patient with malignancy may be of clinical value in detecting predisposition to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Károly Méhes
- Research Group of Clinical Genetics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at the Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working in the health care and research sectors has been linked to various hazards. METHODS Studies published in the peer-reviewed literature that are pertinent to the exposures or diseases relevant to these fields were reviewed. RESULTS The most important exposures include infectious agents, formaldehyde, anesthetic agents, antineoplastic drugs, and ethylene oxide. The best-documented evidence is that of infectious risk primarily among clinical personnel. Monitoring studies of persons occupationally exposed to anesthetics clearly demonstrate behavioral effects, possible risk of reproductive problems, as well as cytogenetic effects of unknown significance. The latter two impairments are also observed among those exposed to antineoplastic drugs and ethylene oxide. Exposure to formaldehyde appears to be associated with nasopharyngeal tumors. Whereas increased risk of cancer of certain sites, particularly the brain and lymphohematopoietic system, is found among research and health care personnel, no specific exposure has been linked to these neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS Although some results are inconsistent, continued environmental and biological monitoring will allow better assessment of exposures and of implemented protection measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vecchio
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, PRALV, National Cancer Research Institute, Genova, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Méhes K, Kajtár P, Kosztolányi G. Association of nonsyndromic Wilms tumor with premature centromere division (PCD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002; 112:215-6. [PMID: 12244559 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Wilms tumor was discovered in a 22-month-old otherwise healthy girl. Her pretreatment karyotype proved to be normal 46,XX with total premature division (PCD) in 21% of her lymphocyte mitoses. This phenomenon was not seen in the parents. PCD was found in less than 4% of lymphocyte mitoses of five other children with Wilms tumor. The individual finding provides further evidence for a relation of PCD to tumorigenesis; however, elucidation of the question needs further systematic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Méhes
- MTA-PTE Research Group of Clinical Genetics, University of Pécs, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu L, Trimarchi JR, Smith PJS, Keefe DL. Checkpoint for DNA integrity at the first mitosis after oocyte activation. Mol Reprod Dev 2002; 62:277-88. [PMID: 11984839 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Activation of oocytes, arrested at the meiosis II (MII) in mammals, initiates meiotic release, mitotic divisions, and development. Unlike most somatic cell types, MII arrested female germ cells lack an efficient DNA integrity checkpoint control. Here we present evidence showing a unique checkpoint for DNA integrity at first mitosis after oocyte activation. Mouse oocytes carrying intact DNA cleaved normally after meiotic release, whereas 50% of oocytes harboring damaged DNA manifested cytofragmentation, a morphological hallmark of apoptosis. If not activated, DNA-damaged MII oocytes did not show apoptotic fragmentation. Further, activated, enucleated oocytes or enucleated fertilized oocytes also underwent cytofragmentation, implicating cytoplasmic coordination of the fragmentation process, independent of the nucleus. Depolymerization of either actin filaments or microtubules induced no cytofragmentation, but inhibited fragmentation upon oocyte activation. During the process of fragmentation, microtubule networks formed, then microtubule asters congregated at discrete locations, around which fragmented cellular bodies formed. Mitotic spindles, however, were not formed inactivated oocytes with damaged or absent DNA; in contrast, normal mitotic spindles were formed in activated oocytes with intact DNA. These results demonstrate that damaged DNA or absence of DNA leads to cytofragmentation after oocyte activation. Further, we found a mechanism of cytoskeletal involvement in the process of cytofragmentation. In addition, possible implication of the present findings in somatic cell cloning and human clinical embryology is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Plaja A, Vendrell T, Smeets D, Sarret E, Gili T, Català V, Mediano C, Scheres JM. Variegated aneuploidy related to premature centromere division (PCD) is expressed in vivo and is a cancer-prone disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 98:216-23. [PMID: 11169558 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010122)98:3<216::aid-ajmg1091>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present three patients with variegated aneuploidy and premature centromere division (PCD), a rare chromosomal abnormality in humans. Comparison of these three and eight other patients with variegated aneuploidy related to PCD demonstrates a phenotype comprising most frequently microcephaly, CNS anomalies (with cerebellar affection and migration defects), mental retardation, pre-and postnatal growth retardation, flat and broad nasal bridge, apparently low-set ears, eye and skin abnormalities, and ambiguous genitalia in male patients. The occurrence of Wilms tumor in three patients, rhabdomyosarcoma in two others and acute leukemia in a fifth characterizes this condition as a chromosome or genome instability disorder with a high risk of malignancy. FISH studies in uncultured blood and buccal smear cells demonstrate that the random aneuploidies are not limited to cultured cells, but also occur in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Plaja
- Unitat de Genètica, H. Materno-Infantil Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|