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Carriço CM, Tiritan ME, Cidade H, Afonso C, Silva JRE, Almeida IF. Added-Value Compounds in Cork By-Products: Methods for Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Compounds with Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Interest. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083465. [PMID: 37110699 PMCID: PMC10144513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing threat of climatic crisis and fossil fuel extinction has caused a boom in sustainability trends. Consumer demand for so-called eco-friendly products has been steadily increasing, built upon the foundation of environmental protection and safeguarding for future generations. A natural product that has been used for centuries is cork, resulting from the outer bark of Quercus suber L. Currently, its major application is the production of cork stoppers for the wine industry, a process that, although considered sustainable, generates by-products in the form of cork powder, cork granulates, or waste such as black condensate, among others. These residues possess constituents of interest for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, as they exhibit relevant bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant. This interesting potential brings forth the need to develop methods for their extraction, isolation, identification, and quantification. The aim of this work is to describe the potential of cork by-products for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and to assemble the available extraction, isolation, and analytical methods applied to cork by-products, as well the biological assays. To our knowledge, this compilation has never been done, and it opens new avenues for the development of new applications for cork by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Morais Carriço
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Rocha E Silva
- Dimas & Silva, Lda. Industry, Rua Central de Goda 345, 4535-167 Mozelos, Portugal
| | - Isabel F Almeida
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Quercus suber: A Promising Sustainable Raw Material for Cosmetic Application. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a drive within the cosmetic industry towards the development of more sustainable products, supported by consumer awareness of the environmental footprint. The cosmetic industry is rising to meet consumer demand by following practices, such as the use of by-products from agro-industrial waste. Quercus suber is a tree prevalent in the Mediterranean basin. The extraction of cork is considered sustainable, as this process does not harm the tree, and the amount of cork produced increases with the number of extractions. Beyond this, the cork industry produces by-products that are used to sustain the industry itself, such as cork powder, which is reused for generating energy. Additionally, cork and cork by-products contain bioactive compounds mainly with antioxidant activity that can be of use to the cosmetic industry, such as for antiaging, anti-acne, anti-inflammatory, and depigmenting cosmetic products. We provide the reader with an overview of the putative cosmetic applications of cork and its by-products as well as of their bioactive compounds. It is noteworthy that only a few cork-based cosmetic products have reached the market, namely antiaging and exfoliant products. Clearly, the use of cork upcycled cosmetic ingredients will evolve in the future considering the wide array of biological activities already reported.
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Dou J, Evtuguin DV, Vuorinen T. Structural Elucidation of Suberin from the Bark of Cultivated Willow ( Salix sp.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10848-10855. [PMID: 34514798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although extractives have been symbolized as major bioactive pharmacological compounds from Salix (Salicaceae) bark, we speculated that these pharmaceutical effects cannot be solely attributed to phenolic components and their derivatives, but the long-chain suberin acids also contribute to their therapeutic effects. Hence, isolation and deconstruction of suberin were conducted, for the first time, to enrich our knowledge about the macromolecular components at the cell wall of willow bark. Saponification was adopted to obtain suberin extracts at a yield of approximately 5 wt % based on the bark of the studied hybrids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed qualification and quantification of 23 compounds from the released suberin monomers, from which fatty acids represented majority of the isolated suberin, namely, fatty acid methyl esters (C17-C19); mono-carboxylic acid (C7-C16); alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acid (C7-C16); and omega-hydroxy long-chain fatty acids (C16-C22). Additionally, the lipophilic extractive was dominated by piceol, heptacosane, β-sitosterol, and fatty acids (C16-C28) from the studied hybrids. These findings could boost our integrative approach toward full valorization of willow bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Dou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Dmitry V Evtuguin
- CICECO/Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Tapani Vuorinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
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Oak trees (Quercus spp.) as a source of extracts with biological activities: A narrative review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liakos IL, Menager C, Guigo N, Holban AM, Iordache F, Pignatelli F, Grumezescu AM, Mazzolai B, Sbirrazzuoli N. Suberin/trans-Cinnamaldehyde Oil Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Activity and Anticancer Properties When Loaded with Paclitaxel. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3484-3497. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis L. Liakos
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Charlotte Menager
- Eco-Friendly Materials and Polymers Team, Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, University Nice Sophia Antipolis − University Côte d’Azur, 28 avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Eco-Friendly Materials and Polymers Team, Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, University Nice Sophia Antipolis − University Côte d’Azur, 28 avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Aleea Portocalelor, No. 1-3, Bucharest 060101, Romania
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of Romanian Academy, B.P. Hasdeu, 8, Bucharest, 050568, Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Splaiul Independentei, nr. 105, Bucharest 050097, Romania
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of Romanian Academy, B.P. Hasdeu, 8, Bucharest, 050568, Romania
| | - Francesca Pignatelli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1-7, Bucharest 011061, Romania
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Eco-Friendly Materials and Polymers Team, Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, University Nice Sophia Antipolis − University Côte d’Azur, 28 avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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John G, Nagarajan S, Vemula PK, Silverman JR, Pillai C. Natural monomers: A mine for functional and sustainable materials – Occurrence, chemical modification and polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Suberin is a lipophilic macromolecule found in specialized plant cell walls, wherever insulation or protection toward the surroundings is needed. Suberized cells form the periderm, the tissue that envelops secondary stems as part of the bark, and develop as the sealing tissue after wounding or leaf abscission. Suberin is a complex polyester built from poly-functional long-chain fatty acids (suberin acids) and glycerol. The suberin acids composition of a number of plant tissues and species is now established, but how the polyester macromolecule is assembled within the suberized cell walls is not known. In the last years contributions from several areas have however significantly enriched our understanding of suberin. The primary structure of the polyester, i.e., how the suberin acids and glycerol are sequentially linked was revealed, together with the stereochemistry of the mid-chain functional groups some suberin acids have; solid-state NMR studies showed the presence of methylene chains spatially separated and with different molecular mobility; biophysical studies showed the membrane behavior of suberin acids derivatives, allowing new insights on structure-properties relationships; and a number of candidate genes were conclusively related to suberin biosynthesis. The comprehension of suberin as a macromolecule will be essential to understand its vital protective roles in plants and how they will deal with eventual environmental changes. Suberin is also expected to be a source for high-performing bio-based chemicals, taking advantage of the structural uniqueness of their constituent suberin acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Graça
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
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Pathways for the Synthesis of Polyesters in Plants: Cutin, Suberin, and Polyhydroxyalkanoates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1755-0408(07)01008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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Abstract
Suberin is a biopolymer that acts as a barrier between plants and the environment. It is known to be a complex polyester based on glycerol and long-chain alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids. How these monomeric units are assembled at a macromolecular level remains mostly unknown. The knowledge gathered in the last 10 years has opened new insights into suberin structure. Suberin oligomeric blocks have been obtained after the partial depolymerization of the biopolymer, and in-situ studies by solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy have shown different molecular domains and how they are spatially related. Based on these latter developments, a model is proposed for the suberin macromolecular structure. The uniqueness of the suberin polyester opens perspectives for its use as a source of bio-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Graça
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Krizková L, Mucaji P, Nagy M, Krajcovic J. Triterpenoid cynarasaponins from Cynara cardunculus L. reduce chemically induced mutagenesis in vitro. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 11:673-678. [PMID: 15636184 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, steroid or triterpene glycosides, are known to have a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. Three different triterpenoid saponins, marked here as 1s, 2s and 3s, from involucral bracts of Cynara cardunculus L. were isolated and their antimutagenic effect was assessed. Using spectrophotometric method it was shown that all three substances, 1s, 2s and 3s, possess very good absorptive capability. The antimutagenic effect of these substances was estimated against acridine orange (AO)- and ofloxacin-induced damage of chloroplast DNA in Euglena gracilis assay. These cynarasaponins were experimentally confirmed to exhibit different, statistically significant activity in reducing damage of chloroplast DNA of the flagellate E. gracilis induced by AO and ofloxacin (p(t) < 0.05-0.01). Our findings suggest that the antimutagenic effect of 1s, 2s and 3s against AO-induced chloroplast DNA impairment could be a result of their absorptive capacity. As far as ofloxacin is concerned, a possible mechanism of the reduction of the chloroplast DNA lesion was not elucidated so far. To our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time the antimutagnic activity of saponins isolated from involucral bracts of C. cardunculus exerted through different mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Krizková
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Odborárske, námestie 5, 811 07 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Čerňáková M, Košt'álová D, Kettmann V, Plodová M, Tóth J, Dřímal J. Potential antimutagenic activity of berberine, a constituent of Mahonia aquifolium. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2002; 2:2. [PMID: 11943071 PMCID: PMC101396 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2001] [Accepted: 02/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of a study aimed at developing new pharmaceutical products from natural resources, the purpose of this research was twofold: (1) to fractionate crude extracts from the bark of Mahonia aquifolium and (2) to evaluate the strength of the antimutagenic activity of the separate components against one of the common direct-acting chemical mutagens. METHODS The antimutagenic potency was evaluated against acridine orange (AO) by using Euglena gracilis as an eukaryotic test model, based on the ability of the test compound/fraction to prevent the mutagen-induced damage of chloroplast DNA. RESULTS It was found that the antimutagenicity of the crude Mahonia extract resides in both bis-benzylisoquinoline (BBI) and protoberberine alkaloid fractions but only the protoberberine derivatives, jatrorrhizine and berberine, showed significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effect against the AO-induced chloroplast mutagenesis of E. gracilis. Especially berberine elicited, at a very low dose, remarkable suppression of the AO-induced mutagenicity, its antimutagenic potency being almost three orders of magnitude higher when compared to its close analogue, jatrorrhizine. Possible mechanisms of the antimutagenic action are discussed in terms of recent literature data. While the potent antimutagenic activity of the protoberberines most likely results from the inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I, the actual mechanism(s) for the BBI alkaloids is hard to be identified. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results indicate that berberine possesses promising antimutagenic/anticarcinogenic potential that is worth to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Čerňáková
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniela Košt'álová
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Viktor Kettmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, SK-84216 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Miriam Plodová
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Tóth
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Dřímal
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, SK-84216 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Krizková L, Duracková Z, Sandula J, Sasinková V, Krajcovic J. Antioxidative and antimutagenic activity of yeast cell wall mannans in vitro. Mutat Res 2001; 497:213-22. [PMID: 11525924 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidative and antimutagenic effect of yeast cell wall mannans, in particular, extracellular glucomannan (EC-GM) and glucomannan (GM-C.u.) both from Candida utilis, mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (M-S.c.) and mannan from Candida albicans (M-C.a.) was evaluated. Luminol-dependent photochemical method using trolox as a standard showed that EC-GM, GM-C.u., M-S.c. and M-C.a. have relatively good antioxidative properties. EC-GM exhibited the highest antioxidative activity, followed by GM-C.u. and M-S.c. M-C.a. showed the least antioxidative activity. These mannans were experimentally confirmed to exhibit different, statistically significant antimutagenic activity in reducing damage of chloroplast DNA of the flagellate Euglena gracilis induced by ofloxacin and acridine orange (AO). We suggest that the antimutagenic effect of EC-GM, GM-C.u., M-S.c. and M-C.a. against ofloxacin is based on their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen radicals. With AO, the reduction of the chloroplast DNA lession could be a result of the absorptive capacity of the mannans. The important characteristics of mannans isolated from the yeast cell walls, such as good water solubility, relatively small molecular weight (15-30kDa), and antimutagenic effect exerted through different mode of action, appear to be a promising features for their prospective use as a natural protective (antimutagenic) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Krizková
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Odborárske námestie 5, 811 07, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Krizková L, Nagy M, Polónyi J, Dobias J, Belicová A, Grancai D, Krajcovic J. Phenolic acids inhibit chloroplast mutagenesis in Euglena gracilis. Mutat Res 2000; 469:107-14. [PMID: 10946247 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mutagenicity (bleaching activity) of ofloxacin (43 microM) and acridine orange (AO) (13.5 microM) in Euglena gracilis is inhibited by plant phenolics. Caffeic acid (CA), p-coumaric acid (PCA), ferulic acid (FA) and gentisic acid (GA) (25, 50, 100 and 250 microM) exhibited a significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effect against ofloxacin-induced mutagenicity, which was very effectively eliminated by the highest concentration of all four of those phenolic acids. The mutagenicity of AO was also significantly reduced in the presence of CA, PCA and FA (25, 50, 100 and 250 microM). However, GA exhibited no significant activity, even at the concentration of 250 microM. Based on the UV spectrophotometric measurements, we suggest that the antimutagenic effect of CA, PCA, FA and GA resulted from the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by ofloxacin. On the other hand, the reduction of AO-induced mutagenicity correlates with the binding capabilities of CA, PCA and FA, with the exception of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Krizková
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Comenius University, Odborárske nám. 5, 811 07, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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