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Struckhoff GC, Livermore JA, Parkin GF. Diversity of the chlorite dismutase gene in low and high organic carbon rhizosphere soil colonized by perchlorate-reducing bacteria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2013; 15:830-843. [PMID: 23819279 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2012.760517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorite dismutase (cld) is an essential enzyme in the biodegradation of perchlorate. The objective of this study was to determine the change in sequence diversity of the cld gene, and universal bacterial 16S rRNA genes, in soil samples under varying conditions of organic carbon, bioaugmentation, and plant influence. The cld gene diversity was not different between high organic carbon (HOC) and low organic carbon (LOC) soil. Combining results from HOC and LOC soil, diversity of the cld gene was decreased in soil that had been bioaugmented or planted. However, with both bioaugmentation and planting the cld diversity was not decreased. These observations were repeated when focusing on LOC soil. However, in HOC soil the cld diversity was not affected by reactor treatment. General bacterial diversity as measured with 16S rRNA was significantly greater in HOC soil than in LOC soil, but no significant difference was observed between reference soil and planted or bioaugmented soil. Different sequences of the cld gene occur in different species of microorganisms. In LOC soil, combining bioaugmentation and planting results in a highly diverse population of perchlorate degraders. This diverse population will be more resilient and is desirable where perchlorate reduction is a critical remediation process. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of International Journal of Phytoremediation to view the supplemental file.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett C Struckhoff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Feng J, Yan J, Li W, Chen J, Sommer SS. Candidate Gene Analyses by Scanning or Brute Force Fluorescent Sequencing: A Comparison of DOVAM-S with Gel-Based and Capillary-Based Sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 11:235-40. [DOI: 10.1089/gte.2007.9992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinong Feng
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Diagnosis, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jin Yan
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Diagnosis, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Wenyan Li
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Diagnosis, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jiesheng Chen
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Diagnosis, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Steve S. Sommer
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Diagnosis, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
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Cohn JA, Neoptolemos JP, Feng J, Yan J, Jiang Z, Greenhalf W, McFaul C, Mountford R, Sommer SS. Increased risk of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis in cystic fibrosis carriers. Hum Mutat 2006; 26:303-7. [PMID: 16134171 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive disease caused by mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The risk of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP) is increased in individuals who have CFTR genotypes containing a CF-causing mutation plus a second pathogenic allele. It is unknown whether the risk of ICP is increased in CF carriers who have one CF-causing mutation plus one normal allele. In this study, 52 sporadic cases of ICP were ascertained through the European Registry of Hereditary Pancreatitis and Familial Pancreatic Cancer. Individuals with pathogenic cationic trypsinogen mutations were excluded. DNA was comprehensively tested for CFTR mutations using a robotically enhanced, multiplexed, and highly redundant form of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis followed by DNA sequencing. Fifteen subjects had a total of 18 pathogenic CFTR alleles. Eight subjects had common CF-causing mutations. This group included seven CF carriers in whom the second CFTR allele was normal (4.3 times the expected frequency, P=0.0002). Three subjects had compound heterozygotes genotypes containing two pathogenic alleles (31 times the expected frequency, P<0.0001). A variant allele of uncertain significance (p.R75Q) was detected in eight of the 52 ICP subjects and at a similar frequency (13/96) in random donors. ICP differs from other established CFTR-related conditions in that ICP risk is increased in CF carriers who have one documented normal CFTR allele. Having two CFTR mutations imparts a higher relative risk, while having only one mutation imparts a higher attributable risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Cohn
- Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Administration and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Bjørheim J, Ekstrøm PO. Review of denaturant capillary electrophoresis in DNA variation analysis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2520-30. [PMID: 15934053 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of germline and somatic single-nucleotide DNA variations are important in both population genetics research and clinical practice. Reliable and inexpensive methods that are flexible and designed for automation are required for these analyses. Present day DNA sequencing technology is too expensive for testing all 22-25 000 human genes in populations genetics studies or in scanning large numbers of tumors for novel mutations. Denaturant capillary electrophoresis (DCE) has the potential to meet the need for large-scale analysis of DNA variants. Several different analyses can be performed by DCE, including mutation analysis, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in individual and pooled samples, detection of allelic imbalance, and determination of microhaplotypes. Here we review the theoretical background of the method, its sensitivity, specificity, detection limit, throughput, and repeatability in the light of current literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bjørheim
- Section for Immunotherapy, Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Sigler WV, Miniaci C, Zeyer J. Electrophoresis time impacts the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis-based assessment of bacterial community structure. J Microbiol Methods 2004; 57:17-22. [PMID: 15003684 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) run time on the assessment of bacterial community structure. Results indicated that increased electrophoresis run time (while maintaining 1000 volt-hours) resulted in dissimilar profiles, likely due to instability of the denaturing gradient. We recommend that DGGE run times be minimized to provide optimal band resolution, as extended electrophoresis times can greatly impact subsequent band-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W V Sigler
- Department of Earth, Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft MS 604, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Wurzburger RJ, Gupta R, Parnassa AP, Jain S, Wexler JA, Chu JL, Elkon KB, Blank RD. Use of GC clamps in DHPLC mutation scanning. Clin Med Res 2003; 1:111-8. [PMID: 15931297 PMCID: PMC1069033 DOI: 10.3121/cmr.1.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2003] [Accepted: 02/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of a systematic mutation detection assay strategy for denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). DESIGN Adaptation of Guanine and Cytosine (GC)-clamping from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to DHPLC. METHODS Three target sequences harboring known allelic variants were studied to develop a general DHPLC assay design strategy. These were exon 10 of the human RET (REarranged during Transfection) gene, exon 52 of the mouse Col1a2 gene, and exon 9 of the human FAS (APO-1, CD-95) gene. Available software was used to analyze melting curves and determine assay conditions. GC clamps of 20 bp or 36 bp were added to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to introduce a high melting temperature (T(m)) domain to each of the target molecules. DHPLC was performed under partially denaturing conditions. RESULTS DHPLC assays of PCR-amplified sequences can be developed using a personal computer. The following three steps allowed for mutation detection in all three targets. The target sequence should have a uniform T(m)GC clamps of length sufficient to introduce a second melting domain with a T(m) > or = 8 degrees above that of the target sequence should be appended to one of the primers. The DHPLC assay should be performed at the highest temperature at which the target sequence is predicted to be > or = 90% double stranded CONCLUSION Addition of GC-clamps to primers facilitates mutation detection by DHPLC. The theoretical basis for this observation is identical to that underlying the utility of GC-clamps in DGGE.
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Mumm S, Jones J, Finnegan P, Henthorn PS, Podgornik MN, Whyte MP. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme gene in hypophosphatasia. Mol Genet Metab 2002; 75:143-53. [PMID: 11855933 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia, a heritable form of rickets/osteomalacia, was first described in 1948. The biochemical hallmark, subnormal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in serum, reflects a generalized disturbance involving the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of ALP (TNSALP). Deactivating mutations in the gene that encodes TNSALP have been reported in patients worldwide. Nevertheless, hypophosphatasia manifests an extraordinary range of clinical severity spanning death in utero to merely premature loss of adult teeth. There is no known medical treatment. To delineate the molecular pathology which explains the disease variability and to clarify the pattern(s) of inheritance for mild cases of hypophosphatasia, we developed comprehensive mutational analysis of TNSALP. High efficiency of mutation detection was possible by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Primers and conditions were established for all TNSALP coding exons (2-12) and adjacent splice sites so that the amplicons incorporated a GC clamp on one end. For each amplicon, the optimum percentage denaturant was determined by perpendicular DGGE. In 19 severely affected pediatric subjects (having perinatal or infantile hypophosphatasia or early presentation during childhood) from among our large patient population, we detected 2 TNSALP mutations each in 16 patients (84%) as expected for autosomal recessive disease. For 2 patients (11%), only 1 TNSALP mutation was detected by DGGE. However, one subject (who died from perinatal hypophosphatasia) had a large deletion as the second mutation. In the other (with infantile hypophosphatasia), no additional mutation was detected by DNA sequencing of all protein-coding exons. Possibly, she too has a deletion. For the final patient, with unclassifiable hypophosphatasia (5%), we detected only a single mutation which has been reported to cause relatively mild autosomal dominant disease; the other allele appeared to be intact. Hence, DGGE analysis was 100% efficient in detecting mutations in the coding exons and adjacent splice sites of TNSALP in this group of severely affected patients but, as expected, failed to detect a large deletion. To date, at least 78 different TNSALP mutations (in about 70 hypophosphatasia patients) have been reported globally. In our large subset of severely affected patients, we identified 8 novel TNSALP mutations (Ala34Ser, Val111Met, Delta G392, Thr117His, Arg206Gln, Gly322Arg, Leu397Met, and Gly409Asp) and 1 new TNSALP polymorphism (Arg135His) furthering the considerable genotypic variability of hypophosphatasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mumm
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital Research Institute, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W. Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000; 64:655-71. [PMID: 11104813 PMCID: PMC99008 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.64.4.655-671.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need in aquaculture to develop microbial control strategies, since disease outbreaks are recognized as important constraints to aquaculture production and trade and since the development of antibiotic resistance has become a matter of growing concern. One of the alternatives to antimicrobials in disease control could be the use of probiotic bacteria as microbial control agents. This review describes the state of the art of probiotic research in the culture of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and live food, with an evaluation of the results obtained so far. A new definition of probiotics, also applicable to aquatic environments, is proposed, and a detailed description is given of their possible modes of action, i.e., production of compounds that are inhibitory toward pathogens, competition with harmful microorganisms for nutrients and energy, competition with deleterious species for adhesion sites, enhancement of the immune response of the animal, improvement of water quality, and interaction with phytoplankton. A rationale is proposed for the multistep and multidisciplinary process required for the development of effective and safe probiotics for commercial application in aquaculture. Finally, directions for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verschuere
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Soussi T, Dehouche K, Béroud C. p53 website and analysis of p53 gene mutations in human cancer: forging a link between epidemiology and carcinogenesis. Hum Mutat 1999; 15:105-13. [PMID: 10612830 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(200001)15:1<105::aid-humu19>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene has proven to be one of the genes most often mutated in human cancers. It involves mainly point mutations leading to amino acid substitutions in the central region of the protein which impairs normal functions. Analysis of the mutational events that target the p53 gene has revealed evidence for both exogenous and endogenous mutational mechanisms. For example, the p53 mutational spectrum reveals evidence for a direct causal effect of ultraviolet radiation in skin cancer, of aflatoxin B1 in liver cancer, and of tobacco smoke in lung cancer. This novel field, molecular epidemiology of human cancer risk, has added a new dimension to classical associative epidemiology by providing a direct link between human cancer and carcinogen exposure. For such analysis, we devised a generic software called UMD (Universal Mutation Database). It was developed as a generic software to create locus-specific databases (LSDBs) with the 4(th) Dimension(R) package from ACI. This software includes an optimized structure to assist and secure data entry and to allow the input of various clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soussi
- Institut Curie, UMR 218 CNRS, Paris, France.
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