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Wu M, Sun H, Wang A, Lao J, Liu D, Chen C, Zhang Y, Xia Q, Ma S. Effects of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) on silk proteins in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38961541 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Animal silk is economically important, while silk secretion is a complex and subtle mechanism regulated by many genes. We identified the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) gene of the silkworm and successfully cloned its coding sequence (CDS) sequence. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) technology, we screened single guide RNA (sgRNA) with high knockout efficiency by cellular experiments and obtained PARP1 mutants by knocking out the PARP1 gene of the silkworm at the individual level. We found that the mutants mainly exhibited phenotypes such as smaller cocoon size and reduced cocoon shell rate than the wild type. We also detected the expression of silk protein genes in the mutant by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and found that the expression of some silk protein genes was slightly down-regulated. Meanwhile, together with the results of transcriptomic analysis, we hypothesized that PARP1 may affect the synthesis of silk proteins, resulting in their failure to function properly. Our study may provide an important reference for future in-depth refinement of the molecular mechanism of silk protein expression in silk-producing animals, as well as a potential idea for future development of molecular breeding lines of silkworms to improve silk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Wu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aoming Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Lao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaojie Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sanyuan Ma
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Li P, Gai X, Li Q, Yang Q, Yu X. DNA-PK participates in pre-rRNA biogenesis independent of DNA double-strand break repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:6360-6375. [PMID: 38682589 PMCID: PMC11194077 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Although DNA-PK inhibitors (DNA-PK-i) have been applied in clinical trials for cancer treatment, the biomarkers and mechanism of action of DNA-PK-i in tumor cell suppression remain unclear. Here, we observed that a low dose of DNA-PK-i and PARP inhibitor (PARP-i) synthetically suppresses BRCA-deficient tumor cells without inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Instead, we found that a fraction of DNA-PK localized inside of nucleoli, where we did not observe obvious DSBs. Moreover, the Ku proteins recognize pre-rRNA that facilitates DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation independent of DNA damage. Ribosomal proteins are also phosphorylated by DNA-PK, which regulates pre-rRNA biogenesis. In addition, DNA-PK-i acts together with PARP-i to suppress pre-rRNA biogenesis and tumor cell growth. Collectively, our studies reveal a DNA damage repair-independent role of DNA-PK-i in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochen Gai
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Sun F, Sutovsky P, Patterson AL, Balboula AZ. Mechanisms of DNA Damage Response in Mammalian Oocytes. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2024; 238:47-68. [PMID: 39030354 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55163-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
DNA damage poses a significant challenge to all eukaryotic cells, leading to mutagenesis, genome instability and senescence. In somatic cells, the failure to repair damaged DNA can lead to cancer development, whereas, in oocytes, it can lead to ovarian dysfunction and infertility. The response of the cell to DNA damage entails a series of sequential and orchestrated events including sensing the DNA damage, activating DNA damage checkpoint, chromatin-related conformational changes, activating the DNA damage repair machinery and/or initiating the apoptotic cascade. This chapter focuses on how somatic cells and mammalian oocytes respond to DNA damage. Specifically, we will discuss how and why fully grown mammalian oocytes differ drastically from somatic cells and growing oocytes in their response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Amanda L Patterson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ahmed Z Balboula
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Kleinberg L, Ye X, Supko J, Stevens GHJ, Shu HK, Mikkelsen T, Lieberman F, Lesser GJ, Lee E, Grossman SA. A multi-site phase I trial of Veliparib with standard radiation and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). J Neurooncol 2023; 165:499-507. [PMID: 38015376 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A multi-site Phase I trial was conducted to determine the safety, maximum tolerated dose, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of Veliparib, a Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase [PARP] enzyme inhibitor, when administered with temozolomide (TMZ) alone and then with temozolomide and radiation (RT) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. METHODS Given the potential for myelosuppression when a PARP inhibitor is combined with chemotherapy, the first 6 patients accrued were given Veliparib 10 mg bid and TMZ 75 mg/m2/d daily for six weeks. If this was well tolerated, the same doses of Veliparib and TMZ would be tested along with standard radiation with plans to dose escalate the Veliparib in subsequent patient cohorts. Once a maximal tolerated dose was determined, a 78 patient phase II study was planned. Peripheral blood pharmacokinetics were assessed. RESULTS Twenty-four patients were enrolled. In the first 6 patients who received 6 weeks of TMZ with Veliparib only one dose limiting toxicity (DLT) occurred. The next 12 patients received 6 weeks of RT + TMZ + veliparib and 4/12 (33%) had dose limiting hematologic toxicities. As a result, Veliparib was reduced by 50% to 10 mg BID every other week, but again 3/3 patients had dose limiting hematologic toxicities. The trial was then terminated. The mean clearance (± SD) CL/F of Veliparib for the initial dose (27.0 ± 9.0 L/h, n = 16) and at steady-state for 10 mg BID (23.5 ± 10.4 L/h, n = 18) were similar. Accumulation for BID dosing was 56% (± 33%). CONCLUSIONS Although Veliparib 10 mg BID administered with TMZ 75 mg/m2 for six weeks was well tolerated, when this regimen was combined with standard partial brain irradiation it was severely myelosuppressive even when the dose was reduced by 50%. This study again highlights the potential of localized cranial radiotherapy to significantly increase hematologic toxicity of marginally myelosuppressive systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Kleinberg
- Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Cyberknife, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Suite 1440, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
| | - Xiaobu Ye
- Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Supko
- Medicine, Harvard medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hui-Kuo Shu
- Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Jeffries Precision Medicine Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Frank Lieberman
- Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Glenn J Lesser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Emerson Lee
- Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stuart A Grossman
- Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kleinberg L, Ye X, Supko J, Stevens GHJ, Shu HK, Mikkelsen T, Lieberman F, Lesser G, Lee E, Grossman S. A Multi-Site Phase I Trial of Veliparib with Standard Radiation and Temozolomide in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3466927. [PMID: 37961385 PMCID: PMC10635324 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3466927/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose A multi-site Phase I trial was conducted to determine the safety, maximum tolerated dose, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of Veliparib, a Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase [PARP] enzyme inhibitor, when administered with temozolomide (TMZ) alone and then with temozolomide and radiation (RT) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Methods Given the potential for myelosuppression when a PARP inhibitor is combined with chemotherapy, the first 6 patients accrued were given Veliparib 10 mg bid and TMZ 75 mg/m2/d daily for six weeks. If this was well tolerated, the same doses of Veliparib and TMZ would be tested along with standard radiation with plans to dose escalate the Veliparib in subsequent patient cohorts. Once a maximal tolerated dose was determined, a 78 patient phase II study was planned. Peripheral blood pharmacokinetics were assessed. Results Twenty-four patients were enrolled. In the first 6 patients who received 6 weeks of TMZ with Veliparib only one dose limiting toxicity (DLT) occurred. The next 12 patients received 6 weeks of RT + TMZ + veliparib and 4/12 (33%) had dose limiting hematologic toxicities. As a result, Veliparib was reduced by 50% to 10 mg BID every other week, but again 3/3 patients had dose limiting hematologic toxicities. The trial was then terminated. The mean clearance (± SD) CL/F of Veliparib for the initial dose (27.0 ± 9.0 L/h, n = 16) and at steady-state for 10 mg BID (23.5 ± 10.4 L/h, n = 18) were similar. Accumulation for BID dosing was 56% (± 33%). Conclusions Although Veliparib 10 mg BID administered with TMZ 75 mg/m2 for six weeks was well tolerated, when this regimen was combined with standard partial brain irradiation it was severely myelosuppressive even when the dose was reduced by 50%. This study again highlights the potential of localized cranial radiotherapy to significantly increase hematologic toxicity of marginally myelosuppressive systemic therapies.
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Fahrer J, Christmann M. DNA Alkylation Damage by Nitrosamines and Relevant DNA Repair Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054684. [PMID: 36902118 PMCID: PMC10003415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrosamines occur widespread in food, drinking water, cosmetics, as well as tobacco smoke and can arise endogenously. More recently, nitrosamines have been detected as impurities in various drugs. This is of particular concern as nitrosamines are alkylating agents that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. We first summarize the current knowledge on the different sources and chemical nature of alkylating agents with a focus on relevant nitrosamines. Subsequently, we present the major DNA alkylation adducts induced by nitrosamines upon their metabolic activation by CYP450 monooxygenases. We then describe the DNA repair pathways engaged by the various DNA alkylation adducts, which include base excision repair, direct damage reversal by MGMT and ALKBH, as well as nucleotide excision repair. Their roles in the protection against the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of nitrosamines are highlighted. Finally, we address DNA translesion synthesis as a DNA damage tolerance mechanism relevant to DNA alkylation adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fahrer
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (M.C.); Tel.: +496312052974 (J.F.); Tel: +496131179066 (M.C.)
| | - Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (M.C.); Tel.: +496312052974 (J.F.); Tel: +496131179066 (M.C.)
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New Properties of a Well-Known Antioxidant: Pleiotropic Effects of Human Lactoferrin in Mice Exposed to Gamma Irradiation in a Sublethal Dose. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091833. [PMID: 36139907 PMCID: PMC9495689 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of human lactoferrin (hLf), a multifunctional protein from the transferrin family, on integral (survival, lifespan during the experiment, body weight, behavior, subfractional compositions of blood serum) and systemic (hemoglobin level, leukocyte number, differential leukocyte count, histological structure of the liver and spleen) parameters of the body in mice after acute gamma irradiation in a sublethal dose. The experiments were performed on male C57BL/6 mice. The mice in the experimental groups were exposed to whole-body gamma radiation in a dose of 7.5 Gy from a 60Co source. Immediately after irradiation and 24 h after it, some animals received an intraperitoneal injection of hLf (4 mg/mouse). Single or repeated administration of hLf had a positive pleiotropic effect on irradiated animals: animal survival increased from 28% to 78%, and the mean life expectancy during the experiment (30 days) increased from 16 to 26 days. A compensatory effect of hLf on radiation-induced body weight loss, changes in homeostasis parameters, and a protective effect on the structural organization of the spleen were demonstrated. These data indicate that Lf has potential as a means of early therapy after radiation exposure.
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Yang F, Chen J, Liu B, Gao G, Sebastian M, Jeter C, Shen J, Person MD, Bedford MT. SPINDOC binds PARP1 to facilitate PARylation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6362. [PMID: 34737271 PMCID: PMC8568969 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SPINDOC is tightly associated with the histone H3K4me3 effector protein SPIN1. To gain a better understanding of the biological roles of SPINDOC, we identified its interacting proteins. Unexpectedly, SPINDOC forms two mutually exclusive protein complexes, one with SPIN1 and the other with PARP1. Consistent with its ability to directly interact with PARP1, SPINDOC expression is induced by DNA damage, likely by KLF4, and recruited to DNA lesions with dynamics that follows PARP1. In SPINDOC knockout cells, the levels of PARylation are reduced, in both the absence and presence of DNA damage. The SPINDOC/PARP1 interaction promotes the clearance of PARP1 from damaged DNA, and also impacts the expression of known transcriptional targets of PARP1. To address the in vivo roles of SPINDOC in PARP1 regulation, we generate SPINDOC knockout mice, which are viable, but slightly smaller than their wildtype counterparts. The KO mice display reduced levels of PARylation and, like PARP1 KO mice, are hypersensitive to IR-induced DNA damage. The findings identify a SPIN1-independent role for SPINDOC in the regulation of PARP1-mediated PARylation and the DNA damage response. SPINDOC is known to interact with Spindlin1 (SPIN1), a histone code effector protein. Here, the authors show that SPINDOC is distributed between two distinct protein complexes, one comprising SPIN1 and the other one with PARP1. Their results suggest a role for SPINDOC in the regulation of PARP1- mediated PARylation and the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jianji Chen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.,Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Guozhen Gao
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Manu Sebastian
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Collene Jeter
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Maria D Person
- Center for Biomedical Research Support The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.
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Kutuzov MM, Belousova EA, Kurgina TA, Ukraintsev AA, Vasil’eva IA, Khodyreva SN, Lavrik OI. The contribution of PARP1, PARP2 and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation to base excision repair in the nucleosomal context. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4849. [PMID: 33649352 PMCID: PMC7921663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of repair processes including base excision repair (BER) in the presence of DNA damage is implemented by a cellular signal: poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), which is catalysed by PARP1 and PARP2. Despite ample studies, it is far from clear how BER is regulated by PARPs and how the roles are distributed between the PARPs. Here, we investigated the effects of PARP1, PARP2 and PARylation on activities of the main BER enzymes (APE1, DNA polymerase β [Polβ] and DNA ligase IIIα [LigIIIα]) in combination with BER scaffold protein XRCC1 in the nucleosomal context. We constructed nucleosome core particles with midward- or outward-oriented damage. It was concluded that in most cases, the presence of PARP1 leads to the suppression of the activities of APE1, Polβ and to a lesser extent LigIIIα. PARylation by PARP1 attenuated this effect to various degrees depending on the enzyme. PARP2 had an influence predominantly on the last stage of BER: DNA sealing. Nonetheless, PARylation by PARP2 led to Polβ inhibition and to significant stimulation of LigIIIα activities in a NAD+-dependent manner. On the basis of the obtained and literature data, we suggest a hypothetical model of the contribution of PARP1 and PARP2 to BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Kutuzov
- grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E. A. Belousova
- grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T. A. Kurgina
- grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia ,grid.4605.70000000121896553Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. A. Ukraintsev
- grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I. A. Vasil’eva
- grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S. N. Khodyreva
- grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O. I. Lavrik
- grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia ,grid.4605.70000000121896553Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Protection from Ultraviolet Damage and Photocarcinogenesis by Vitamin D Compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:227-253. [PMID: 32918222 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of skin cells to UV radiation results in DNA damage, which if inadequately repaired, may cause mutations. UV-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species also cause local and systemic suppression of the adaptive immune system. Together, these changes underpin the development of skin tumours. The hormone derived from vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and other related compounds, working via the vitamin D receptor and at least in part through endoplasmic reticulum protein 57 (ERp57), reduce cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidative DNA damage in keratinocytes and other skin cell types after UV. Calcitriol and related compounds enhance DNA repair in keratinocytes, in part through decreased reactive oxygen species, increased p53 expression and/or activation, increased repair proteins and increased energy availability in the cell when calcitriol is present after UV exposure. There is mitochondrial damage in keratinocytes after UV. In the presence of calcitriol, but not vehicle, glycolysis is increased after UV, along with increased energy-conserving autophagy and changes consistent with enhanced mitophagy. Reduced DNA damage and reduced ROS/RNS should help reduce UV-induced immune suppression. Reduced UV immune suppression is observed after topical treatment with calcitriol and related compounds in hairless mice. These protective effects of calcitriol and related compounds presumably contribute to the observed reduction in skin tumour formation in mice after chronic exposure to UV followed by topical post-irradiation treatment with calcitriol and some, though not all, related compounds.
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Hammel P, Zhang C, Matile J, Colle E, Hadj-Naceur I, Gagaille MP, Bouattour M, Cros J, de Mestier L, Lamuraglia M. PARP inhibition in treatment of pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:939-945. [PMID: 32936674 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1820330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor control and survival of patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has improved with more effective polychemotherapies. The identification of novel therapeutic targets is strongly needed in order to propose maintenance therapies that improve quality of life while maintaining tumor control. AREAS COVERED PDAC with mutations in homologous recombination repair genes such as BRCA are particularly sensitive to platinum agents. Recently, the potential role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors was suggested. The POLO study has shown that olaparib was efficient and well-tolerated as maintenance therapy in patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutation and a metastatic PDAC controlled after a platinum-based induction chemotherapy. EXPERT OPINION The demonstration of olaparib efficacy in patients with metastatic PDAC and BRCA germline mutation has paved the way for maintenance with a targeted therapy. Further studies are needed to assess; the potential role for PARPI in earlier forms of PDAC, those with somatic or more rare BRACness signatures, to overcome primary or secondary resistances to PARPi, and to combine them with other antitumoral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hammel
- Departments of Digestive and Medical Oncology, Hôpital Beaujon (AP-HP, Clichy) and Paris University , France
| | - Chen Zhang
- Departments of Digestive and Medical Oncology, Hôpital Beaujon (AP-HP, Clichy) and Paris University , France
| | - Julia Matile
- Departments of Digestive and Medical Oncology, Hôpital Beaujon (AP-HP, Clichy) and Paris University , France
| | - Elise Colle
- Departments of Digestive and Medical Oncology, Hôpital Beaujon (AP-HP, Clichy) and Paris University , France
| | - Imene Hadj-Naceur
- Departments of Digestive and Medical Oncology, Hôpital Beaujon (AP-HP, Clichy) and Paris University , France
| | | | - Mohamed Bouattour
- Departments of Digestive and Medical Oncology, Hôpital Beaujon (AP-HP, Clichy) and Paris University , France
| | - Jérôme Cros
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Beaujon (AP-HP, Clichy) and Paris University , France
| | - Louis de Mestier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatology, Hôpital Beaujon (AP-HP, Clichy) and Paris University , France
| | - Michele Lamuraglia
- Departments of Digestive and Medical Oncology, Hôpital Beaujon (AP-HP, Clichy) and Paris University , France
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Harrision D, Gravells P, Thompson R, Bryant HE. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) vs. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) - Function in Genome Maintenance and Relevance of Inhibitors for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:191. [PMID: 33005627 PMCID: PMC7485115 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) subunits onto themselves and other acceptor proteins. PARPs are known to function in a large range of cellular processes including DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription and modulation of chromatin structure. Inhibition of PARP holds great potential for therapy, especially in cancer. Several PARP1/2/3 inhibitors (PARPi) have had success in treating ovarian, breast and prostate tumors harboring defects in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, especially BRCA1/2 mutated tumors. However, treatment is limited to specific sub-groups of patients and resistance can occur, limiting the use of PARPi. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) reverses the action of PARP enzymes, hydrolysing the ribose-ribose bonds present in poly(ADP-ribose). Like PARPs, PARG is involved in DNA replication and repair and PARG depleted/inhibited cells show increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. They also display an accumulation of perturbed replication intermediates which can lead to synthetic lethality in certain contexts. In addition, PARG is thought to play an important role in preventing the accumulation of cytoplasmic PAR and therefore parthanatos, a caspase-independent PAR-mediated type of cell death. In contrast to PARP, the therapeutic potential of PARG has been largely ignored. However, several recent papers have demonstrated the exciting possibilities that inhibitors of this enzyme may have for cancer treatment, both as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy. This article discusses what is known about the functions of PARP and PARG and the potential future implications of pharmacological inhibition in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Harrision
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Thompson
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
Effective maintenance and stability of our genomes is essential for normal cell division, tissue homeostasis, and cellular and organismal fitness. The processes of chromosome replication and segregation require continual surveillance to insure fidelity. Accurate and efficient repair of DNA damage preserves genome integrity, which if lost can lead to multiple diseases, including cancer. Poly(ADP-ribose) a dynamic and reversible posttranslational modification and the enzymes that catalyze it (PARP1, PARP2, tankyrase 1, and tankyrase 2) function to maintain genome stability through diverse mechanisms. Here we review the role of these enzymes and the modification in genome repair, replication, and resolution in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron Azarm
- Department of Pathology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Susan Smith
- Department of Pathology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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14
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Xiao M, Guo J, Xie L, Yang C, Gong L, Wang Z, Cai J. Let-7e Suppresses DNA Damage Repair and Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer to Cisplatin through Targeting PARP1. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:436-447. [PMID: 31722968 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased DNA damage repair is one of the mechanisms implicated in cisplatin resistance. Our previous study indicated that the deregulation of let-7e promoted cisplatin resistance and that let-7e could suppress DNA double-strand break repair in ovarian cancer. In this study, we further characterized the role of let-7e in DNA damage repair and cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer, and investigated the underlying mechanisms. The alkaline and neutral comet assay indicated that let-7e impeded both DNA single- and double-strand break repairs through downregulating its target gene PARP1. In vitro and in vivo experiments provided evidence that the let-7e-PARP1-DNA repair axis was involved in the modulation of cisplatin sensitivity in ovarian cancer. Contrary to let-7e, PARP1 was overexpressed in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer tissues, and patients with high PARP1 expression exhibited poor progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Multivariate logistic and Cox regression analyses showed that let-7e and FIGO stage were independent prognostic factors for PFS and OS, whereas let-7e and PARP1 were able to independently predict chemotherapy response. Taken together, our results indicated that low expression of let-7e promoted DNA single- and double-strand break repairs and subsequently contributed to cisplatin resistance by relieving the suppression on PARP1 in ovarian cancer. IMPLICATIONS: Targeting the let-7e-PARP1-DNA repair axis might be an effective strategy for the treatment of chemoresistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lisha Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanqing Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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15
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McQuade RM, Al Thaalibi M, Petersen AC, Abalo R, Bornstein JC, Rybalka E, Nurgali K. Co-treatment With BGP-15 Exacerbates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Gastrointestinal Dysfunction. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:449. [PMID: 31139044 PMCID: PMC6518025 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects of chemotherapy present a constant impediment to efficient and tolerable treatment of cancer. GI symptoms often lead to dose reduction, delays and cessation of treatment. Chemotherapy-induced nausea, bloating, vomiting, constipation, and/or diarrhea can persist up to 10 years post-treatment. We have previously reported that long-term 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administration results in enteric neuronal loss, acute inflammation and intestinal dysfunction. In this study, we investigated whether the cytoprotectant, BGP-15, has a neuroprotective effect during 5-FU treatment. Balb/c mice received tri-weekly intraperitoneal 5-FU (23 mg/kg/d) administration with and without BGP-15 (15 mg/kg/d) for up to 14 days. GI transit was analyzed via in vivo serial X-ray imaging prior to and following 3, 7, and 14 days of treatment. On day 14, colons were collected for assessment of ex vivo colonic motility, neuronal mitochondrial superoxide, and cytochrome c levels as well as immunohistochemical analysis of myenteric neurons. BGP-15 did not inhibit 5-FU-induced neuronal loss, but significantly increased the number and proportion of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive (IR) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-IR neurons in the myenteric plexus. BGP-15 co-administration significantly increased mitochondrial superoxide production, mitochondrial depolarization and cytochrome c release in myenteric plexus and exacerbated 5-FU-induced colonic inflammation. BGP-15 exacerbated 5-FU-induced colonic dysmotility by reducing the number and proportion of colonic migrating motor complexes and increasing the number and proportion of fragmented contractions and increased fecal water content indicative of diarrhea. Taken together, BGP-15 co-treatment aggravates 5-FU-induced GI side-effects, in contrast with our previous findings that BGP-15 alleviates GI side-effects of oxaliplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M McQuade
- College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maryam Al Thaalibi
- College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron C Petersen
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Rybalka
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Head of Enteric Neuropathy Lab, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Kuraoka I. Alternative excision repair of topoisomerase inhibitor-induced DNA damage. THE NUCLEUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-018-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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17
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PARP inhibition in platinum-based chemotherapy: Chemopotentiation and neuroprotection. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:104-113. [PMID: 30278221 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin represent the backbone of platinum therapy for several malignancies including head and neck, lung, colorectal, ovarian, breast, and genitourinary cancer. However, the efficacy of platinum-based drugs is often compromised by a plethora of severe toxicities including sensory and enteric neuropathy. Acute and chronic neurotoxicity following platinum chemotherapy is a major constraint, contributing to dose-reductions, treatment delays, and cessation of treatment. Identifying drugs that effectively prevent these toxic complications is imperative to improve the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment and patient quality of life. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been highlighted as key players in the pathophysiology of platinum chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme activated upon DNA damage, has demonstrated substantial sensory and enteric neuroprotective capacity when administered in combination with platinum chemotherapeutics. Furthermore, administration of PARP inhibitors alongside platinum chemotherapy has been found to significantly improve progression-free survival in patients with breast and ovarian cancer when compared to those receiving chemotherapy alone. This review summarises the current knowledge surrounding mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in platinum chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and highlights a potential role for PARP in chemopotentiation and neuroprotection.
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18
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Stringer JM, Winship A, Liew SH, Hutt K. The capacity of oocytes for DNA repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2777-2792. [PMID: 29748894 PMCID: PMC11105623 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female fertility and offspring health are critically dependent on the maintenance of an adequate supply of high-quality oocytes. Like somatic cells, oocytes are subject to a variety of different types of DNA damage arising from endogenous cellular processes and exposure to exogenous genotoxic stressors. While the repair of intentionally induced DNA double strand breaks in gametes during meiotic recombination is well characterised, less is known about the ability of oocytes to repair pathological DNA damage and the relative contribution of DNA repair to oocyte quality is not well defined. This review will discuss emerging data suggesting that oocytes are in fact capable of efficient DNA repair and that DNA repair may be an important mechanism for ensuring female fertility, as well as the transmission of high-quality genetic material to subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Stringer
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy Winship
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Seng H Liew
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karla Hutt
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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19
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Suresh Kumar MA, Laiakis EC, Ghandhi SA, Morton SR, Fornace AJ, Amundson SA. Gene Expression in Parp1 Deficient Mice Exposed to a Median Lethal Dose of Gamma Rays. Radiat Res 2018; 190:53-62. [PMID: 29746213 DOI: 10.1667/rr14990.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a current interest in the development of biodosimetric methods for rapidly assessing radiation exposure in the wake of a large-scale radiological event. This work was initially focused on determining the exposure dose to an individual using biological indicators. Gene expression signatures show promise for biodosimetric application, but little is known about how these signatures might translate for the assessment of radiological injury in radiosensitive individuals, who comprise a significant proportion of the general population, and who would likely require treatment after exposure to lower doses. Using Parp1-/- mice as a model radiation-sensitive genotype, we have investigated the effect of this DNA repair deficiency on the gene expression response to radiation. Although Parp1 is known to play general roles in regulating transcription, the pattern of gene expression changes observed in Parp1-/- mice 24 h postirradiation to a LD50/30 was remarkably similar to that in wild-type mice after exposure to LD50/30. Similar levels of activation of both the p53 and NFκB radiation response pathways were indicated in both strains. In contrast, exposure of wild-type mice to a sublethal dose that was equal to the Parp1-/- LD50/30 resulted in a lower magnitude gene expression response. Thus, Parp1-/- mice displayed a heightened gene expression response to radiation, which was more similar to the wild-type response to an equitoxic dose than to an equal absorbed dose. Gene expression classifiers trained on the wild-type data correctly identified all wild-type samples as unexposed, exposed to a sublethal dose or exposed to an LD50/30. All unexposed samples from Parp1-/- mice were also correctly classified with the same gene set, and 80% of irradiated Parp1-/- samples were identified as exposed to an LD50/30. The results of this study suggest that, at least for some pathways that may influence radiosensitivity in humans, specific gene expression signatures have the potential to accurately detect the extent of radiological injury, rather than serving only as a surrogate of physical radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Suresh Kumar
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Shanaz A Ghandhi
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shad R Morton
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Albert J Fornace
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Sally A Amundson
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
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20
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Nozaki T, Sasaki Y, Fukuda I, Isumi M, Nakamoto K, Onodera T, Masutani M. Next-generation sequencing-based miRNA expression analysis in Parp1 -deficient embryonic stem cell-derived exosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, collectively referred to as niacin, are nutritional precursors of the bioactive molecules nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). NAD and NADP are important cofactors for most cellular redox reactions, and as such are essential to maintain cellular metabolism and respiration. NAD also serves as a cosubstrate for a large number of ADP-ribosylation enzymes with varied functions. Among the NAD-consuming enzymes identified to date are important genetic and epigenetic regulators, e.g., poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases and sirtuins. There is rapidly growing knowledge of the close connection between dietary niacin intake, NAD(P) availability, and the activity of NAD(P)-dependent epigenetic regulator enzymes. It points to an exciting role of dietary niacin intake as a central regulator of physiological processes, e.g., maintenance of genetic stability, and of epigenetic control mechanisms modulating metabolism and aging. Insight into the role of niacin and various NAD-related diseases ranging from cancer, aging, and metabolic diseases to cardiovascular problems has shifted our view of niacin as a vitamin to current views that explore its potential as a therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Kirkland
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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22
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Schuhwerk H, Bruhn C, Siniuk K, Min W, Erener S, Grigaravicius P, Krüger A, Ferrari E, Zubel T, Lazaro D, Monajembashi S, Kiesow K, Kroll T, Bürkle A, Mangerich A, Hottiger M, Wang ZQ. Kinetics of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, but not PARP1 itself, determines the cell fate in response to DNA damage in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:11174-11192. [PMID: 28977496 PMCID: PMC5737718 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the fastest cellular responses to genotoxic stress is the formation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymers (PAR) by poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP1, or ARTD1). PARP1 and its enzymatic product PAR regulate diverse biological processes, such as DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, transcription and cell death. However, the inter-dependent function of the PARP1 protein and its enzymatic activity clouds the mechanism underlying the biological response. We generated a PARP1 knock-in mouse model carrying a point mutation in the catalytic domain of PARP1 (D993A), which impairs the kinetics of the PARP1 activity and the PAR chain complexity in vitro and in vivo, designated as hypo-PARylation. PARP1D993A/D993A mice and cells are viable and show no obvious abnormalities. Despite a mild defect in base excision repair (BER), this hypo-PARylation compromises the DNA damage response during DNA replication, leading to cell death or senescence. Strikingly, PARP1D993A/D993A mice are hypersensitive to alkylation in vivo, phenocopying the phenotype of PARP1 knockout mice. Our study thus unravels a novel regulatory mechanism, which could not be revealed by classical loss-of-function studies, on how PAR homeostasis, but not the PARP1 protein, protects cells and organisms from acute DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Schuhwerk
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher Bruhn
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kanstantsin Siniuk
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wookee Min
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Suheda Erener
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulius Grigaravicius
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Annika Krüger
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRSCB), University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tabea Zubel
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRSCB), University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Lazaro
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shamci Monajembashi
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Kiesow
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Kroll
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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23
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Garrido A, Djouder N. NAD + Deficits in Age-Related Diseases and Cancer. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:593-610. [PMID: 28780936 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of aging has gained widespread attention in recent times. Although significant advances have been made to better understand aging and its related pathologies including cancer, there is not yet a clear mechanism explaining why diseases and cancer are inherent parts of the aging process. Finding a unifying equation that could bridge aging and its related diseases would allow therapeutic development and solve an immense human health problem to live longer and better. In this review, we discuss NAD+ reduction as the central mechanism that may connect aging to its related pathologies and cancer. NAD+ boosters would ensure and ameliorate health quality during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Garrido
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Abbotts R, Wilson DM. Coordination of DNA single strand break repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:228-244. [PMID: 27890643 PMCID: PMC5443707 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic material of all organisms is susceptible to modification. In some instances, these changes are programmed, such as the formation of DNA double strand breaks during meiotic recombination to generate gamete variety or class switch recombination to create antibody diversity. However, in most cases, genomic damage is potentially harmful to the health of the organism, contributing to disease and aging by promoting deleterious cellular outcomes. A proportion of DNA modifications are caused by exogenous agents, both physical (namely ultraviolet sunlight and ionizing radiation) and chemical (such as benzopyrene, alkylating agents, platinum compounds and psoralens), which can produce numerous forms of DNA damage, including a range of "simple" and helix-distorting base lesions, abasic sites, crosslinks and various types of phosphodiester strand breaks. More significant in terms of frequency are endogenous mechanisms of modification, which include hydrolytic disintegration of DNA chemical bonds, attack by reactive oxygen species and other byproducts of normal cellular metabolism, or incomplete or necessary enzymatic reactions (such as topoisomerases or repair nucleases). Both exogenous and endogenous mechanisms are associated with a high risk of single strand breakage, either produced directly or generated as intermediates of DNA repair. This review will focus upon the creation, consequences and resolution of single strand breaks, with a particular focus on two major coordinating repair proteins: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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25
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Sun X, Fu K, Hodgson A, Wier EM, Wen MG, Kamenyeva O, Xia X, Koo LY, Wan F. Sam68 Is Required for DNA Damage Responses via Regulating Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002543. [PMID: 27635653 PMCID: PMC5026359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid and robust synthesis of polymers of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose (PAR) chains, primarily catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), is crucial for cellular responses to DNA damage. However, the precise mechanisms through which PARP1 is activated and PAR is robustly synthesized are not fully understood. Here, we identified Src-associated substrate during mitosis of 68 kDa (Sam68) as a novel signaling molecule in DNA damage responses (DDRs). In the absence of Sam68, DNA damage-triggered PAR production and PAR-dependent DNA repair signaling were dramatically diminished. With serial cellular and biochemical assays, we demonstrated that Sam68 is recruited to and significantly overlaps with PARP1 at DNA lesions and that the interaction between Sam68 and PARP1 is crucial for DNA damage-initiated and PARP1-conferred PAR production. Utilizing cell lines and knockout mice, we illustrated that Sam68-deleted cells and animals are hypersensitive to genotoxicity caused by DNA-damaging agents. Together, our findings suggest that Sam68 plays a crucial role in DDR via regulating DNA damage-initiated PAR production. The RNA-binding protein Sam68 has unexpected function in the early signaling of DNA damage, and is critical for the activation and regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in response to DNA damage. Maintaining genome integrity is crucial for all organisms, and failure to do so can lead to fatal diseases such as cancer. Exposure to challenging environments can induce DNA strand breaks or other lesions; thus, rapid and appropriate DNA damage responses (DDRs) need to be in place to detect and repair the damage. Cellular networks use a variety of signaling molecules and post-translational modifications that are crucial for the signaling of DNA breaks to repair machineries. Poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and activation of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a post-translational modification that occurs within seconds upon DNA damage detection and triggers downstream DDR signaling; however, it remains obscure whether other molecules, beyond DNA strand breaks, stimulate or control PARP1 activity. We report here that a novel DDR signaling molecule, Src-associated substrate during mitosis of 68 kDa (Sam68), has a crucial function in governing the DNA damage-initiated PARP1 activation and polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR) production. We show that Sam68 is recruited to and significantly overlaps with PARP1 at DNA lesions and that the Sam68-PARP1 interaction is critical for DNA damage-initiated PARP1 activation and PAR production both in vitro and in vivo. Sam68-deleted cells and animals have a diminished PAR-dependent DNA repair signaling and are hypersensitive to genotoxicity caused by DNA-damaging agents. Hence, our data reveal an unexpected function for Sam68 in DNA damage-initiated early signaling and provide a novel mechanism on the activation and regulation of PARP1 in DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrea Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Wier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew G. Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xue Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lily Y. Koo
- Biological Imaging Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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An open-label, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of CEP-9722 (a PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:342-8. [PMID: 26796987 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitors may potentiate chemotherapy by hindering DNA damage repair pathways. CEP-9722 is the prodrug of CEP-8983, a selective inhibitor of PARP-1 and PARP-2. Preclinical studies and a prior phase 1 study suggested that CEP-9722 may cause less myelosuppression than has been observed with other oral PARP inhibitors. The primary objective of this study was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose of CEP-9722 in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. All patients received cisplatin 75 mg/m(2) on day 1 and gemcitabine 1250 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Patients who completed one cycle of chemotherapy alone continued chemotherapy in combination with CEP-9722 150, 200, 300, or 400 mg orally twice daily on days 2-7, with dose-limiting toxicity assessed in cycle 2. Patients experiencing clinical benefit could continue treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Thirty-two patients enrolled; 18 patients completed cycle 1 and received chemotherapy plus CEP-9722. The median (range) treatment administration with CEP-9722 was five (1-12) cycles. No patient experienced dose-limiting toxicity with CEP-9722 treatment. Grade 3/4 hematologic adverse events included neutropenia (28%) and leukopenia (11%); adverse events led to discontinuation in 33% of patients. One patient achieved complete response, three had partial responses, and 11 had stable disease; however, the relative contribution of CEP-9722 and/or the chemotherapeutic agents cannot be determined from this single-arm design. This study was discontinued before determination of the maximum-tolerated dose because of highly variable CEP-8983 exposure in all cohorts and toxicity, particularly chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression.
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Laiakis EC, Pannkuk EL, Diaz-Rubio ME, Wang YW, Mak TD, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Brenner DJ, Fornace AJ. Implications of genotypic differences in the generation of a urinary metabolomics radiation signature. Mutat Res 2016; 788:41-9. [PMID: 27040378 PMCID: PMC4887295 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The increased threat of radiological terrorism and accidental nuclear exposures, together with increased usage of radiation-based medical procedures, has made necessary the development of minimally invasive methods for rapid identification of exposed individuals. Genetically predisposed radiosensitive individuals comprise a significant number of the population and require specialized attention and treatments after such events. Metabolomics, the assessment of the collective small molecule content in a given biofluid or tissue, has proven effective in the rapid identification of radiation biomarkers and metabolic perturbations. To investigate how the genotypic background may alter the ionizing radiation (IR) signature, we analyzed urine from Parp1(-/-) mice, as a model radiosensitive genotype, exposed to IR by utilizing the analytical power of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), as urine has been thoroughly investigated in wild type (WT) mice in previous studies from our laboratory. Samples were collected at days one and three after irradiation, time points that are important for the early and efficient triage of exposed individuals. Time-dependent perturbations in metabolites were observed in the tricarboxylic acid pathway (TCA). Other differentially excreted metabolites included amino acids and metabolites associated with dysregulation of energy metabolism pathways. Time-dependent apoptotic pathway activation between WT and mutant mice following IR exposure may explain the altered excretion patterns, although the origin of the metabolites remains to be determined. This first metabolomics study in urine from radiation exposed genetic mutant animal models provides evidence that this technology can be used to dissect the effects of genotoxic agents on metabolism by assessing easily accessible biofluids and identify biomarkers of radiation exposure. Applications of metabolomics could be incorporated in the future to further elucidate the effects of IR on the metabolism of Parp1(-/-) genotype by assessing individual tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evagelia C Laiakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Evan L Pannkuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Maria Elena Diaz-Rubio
- Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Nutrition, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Tytus D Mak
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg MD, USA
| | | | | | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
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Crafton SM, Salani R. Beyond Chemotherapy: An Overview and Review of Targeted Therapy in Cervical Cancer. Clin Ther 2016; 38:449-58. [PMID: 26926322 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of current and up and coming targeted therapies in cervical cancer with or without chemotherapy. METHODS We reviewed the literature using search terms cervical cancer AND immunotherapy, immune therapy, vaccines, bevacizumab, anti-angiogenic therapy, and PARP inhibitors on PubMed. We included all review articles and prospective trials. We also reviewed ClinicalTrials.gov for trials in progress. FINDINGS The addition of bevacizumab has improved the overall survival of women with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer when compared with cytotoxic therapy alone. This advancement has sparked an interest in other anti-angiogenic agents. Additionally, targeted therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunotherapy, and vaccine therapy, are also being evaluated. Another exciting area of study is the role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition in cervical cancer. IMPLICATIONS Though the results are promising, the data are preliminary and additional studies evaluating the proper combination of therapy, dosing, and schedules will help inform the ideal regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Crafton
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ritu Salani
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
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29
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Song J, Keppler BD, Wise RR, Bent AF. PARP2 Is the Predominant Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Arabidopsis DNA Damage and Immune Responses. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005200. [PMID: 25950582 PMCID: PMC4423837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) catalyze the transfer of multiple poly(ADP-ribose) units onto target proteins. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation plays a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes including, most prominently, auto-activation of PARP at sites of DNA breaks to activate DNA repair processes. In humans, PARP1 (the founding and most characterized member of the PARP family) accounts for more than 90% of overall cellular PARP activity in response to DNA damage. We have found that, in contrast with animals, in Arabidopsis thaliana PARP2 (At4g02390), rather than PARP1 (At2g31320), makes the greatest contribution to PARP activity and organismal viability in response to genotoxic stresses caused by bleomycin, mitomycin C or gamma-radiation. Plant PARP2 proteins carry SAP DNA binding motifs rather than the zinc finger domains common in plant and animal PARP1 proteins. PARP2 also makes stronger contributions than PARP1 to plant immune responses including restriction of pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato growth and reduction of infection-associated DNA double-strand break abundance. For poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) enzymes, we find that Arabidopsis PARG1 and not PARG2 is the major contributor to poly(ADP-ribose) removal from acceptor proteins. The activity or abundance of PARP2 is influenced by PARP1 and PARG1. PARP2 and PARP1 physically interact with each other, and with PARG1 and PARG2, suggesting relatively direct regulatory interactions among these mediators of the balance of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. As with plant PARP2, plant PARG proteins are also structurally distinct from their animal counterparts. Hence core aspects of plant poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation are mediated by substantially different enzymes than in animals, suggesting the likelihood of substantial differences in regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Keppler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Wise
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew F. Bent
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Ryu KW, Kim DS, Kraus WL. New facets in the regulation of gene expression by ADP-ribosylation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2453-81. [PMID: 25575290 PMCID: PMC4378458 DOI: 10.1021/cr5004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keun Woo Ryu
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene
Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green
Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Research, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program
in Genetics and Development, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Dae-Seok Kim
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene
Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green
Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Research, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program
in Genetics and Development, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - W. Lee Kraus
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene
Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green
Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Research, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program
in Genetics and Development, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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31
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Fouquerel E, Sobol RW. ARTD1 (PARP1) activation and NAD(+) in DNA repair and cell death. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 23:27-32. [PMID: 25283336 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD(+), is a small metabolite coenzyme that is essential for the progress of crucial cellular pathways including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and mitochondrial respiration. These processes consume and produce both oxidative and reduced forms of NAD (NAD(+) and NADH). NAD(+) is also important for ADP(ribosyl)ation reactions mediated by the ADP-ribosyltransferase enzymes (ARTDs) or deacetylation reactions catalyzed by the sirtuins (SIRTs) which use NAD(+) as a substrate. In this review, we highlight the significance of NAD(+) catabolism in DNA repair and cell death through its utilization by ARTDs and SIRTs. We summarize the current findings on the involvement of ARTD1 activity in DNA repair and most specifically its involvement in the trigger of cell death mediated by ARTD1 activation and energy depletion. By sharing the same substrate, the activities of ARTDs and SIRTs are tightly linked, are dependent on each other and are thereby involved in the same cellular processes that play an important role in cancer biology, inflammatory diseases and ischaemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Fouquerel
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Targeting DNA repair with combination veliparib (ABT-888) and temozolomide in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:904-12. [PMID: 24764124 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor-mediated transcription is directly coupled with the induction of DNA damage, and castration-resistant tumor cells exhibit increased activity of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, a DNA repair enzyme. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of low dose oral PARP inhibitor veliparib (ABT-888) and temozolomide (TMZ) in docetaxel-pretreated patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in a single-arm, open-label, pilot study. Patients with mCRPC progressing on at least one docetaxel-based therapy and prostate specific antigen (PSA) ≥ 2 ng/mL were treated with veliparib 40 mg twice daily on days 1-7 and TMZ once daily (150 mg/m(2)/day cycle 1; if well tolerated then 200 mg/m(2)/day cycle 2 onwards) on days 1-5 q28 days. Patients received 2 (median) treatment cycles (range, 1-9). The primary endpoint was confirmed PSA response rate (decline ≥ 30 %). Twenty-six eligible patients were enrolled, 25 evaluable for PSA response. Median baseline PSA was 170 ng/mL. Two patients had a confirmed PSA response (8.0 %; 95 % CI: 1.0-26.0), 13 stable PSA, and 10 PSA progression. The median progression-free survival was 9 weeks (95 % CI: 7.9-17) and median overall survival 39.6 weeks (95 % CI: 26.6-not estimable). The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were thrombocytopenia (77 %), anemia (69 %), fatigue (50 %), neutropenia (42 %), nausea (38 %), and constipation (23 %). Grade 3/4 AEs occurring in > 10 % of patients were thrombocytopenia (23 %) and anemia (15 %). Veliparib and TMZ combination was well tolerated but with modest activity. Biomarker analysis supported the proof of concept that this combination has some antitumor activity in mCRPC.
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Luo Y, Leverson JD. New opportunities in chemosensitization and radiosensitization: modulating the DNA-damage response. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 5:333-42. [PMID: 15877529 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.5.2.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many current cancer treatments, including certain classes of chemotherapeutics and radiation, induce cytotoxicity by damaging DNA. However, many cancers are resistant to these therapies, which represents a significant challenge in the clinic. Thus, modulating DNA-damage responses to selectively enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to these therapies is highly desirable. When DNA damage is detected, DNA checkpoint mechanisms are activated to halt cells at various phases of the cell cycle. Simultaneously, DNA-damage sensors transduce signals to activate DNA-repair mechanisms via de novo expression or post-translational modification of enzymes required for DNA repair. p53 is the major player in a checkpoint that arrests cells at the G1/S boundary, while checkpoint kinase (Chk)1 is critical for the G2/M checkpoint and also the S checkpoint that prevents cell cycle progression after replication defects (intra-S-phase checkpoint) or S/M uncoupling (S/M checkpoint). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is involved in sensing DNA single-strand breaks and inducing DNA repair via poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating various DNA-binding and DNA-repair proteins. In this review, strategies for implementing small-molecule inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and Chk1, which are emerging as potential adjuncts to current therapies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Department R47S, Cancer Research, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Curtin N, Szabo C. Therapeutic applications of PARP inhibitors: anticancer therapy and beyond. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:1217-56. [PMID: 23370117 PMCID: PMC3657315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to describe the current and potential clinical translation of pharmacological inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) for the therapy of various diseases. The first section of the present review summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data with PARP inhibitors in various forms of cancer. In this context, the role of PARP in single-strand DNA break repair is relevant, leading to replication-associated lesions that cannot be repaired if homologous recombination repair (HRR) is defective, and the synthetic lethality of PARP inhibitors in HRR-defective cancer. HRR defects are classically associated with BRCA1 and 2 mutations associated with familial breast and ovarian cancer, but there may be many other causes of HRR defects. Thus, PARP inhibitors may be the drugs of choice for BRCA mutant breast and ovarian cancers, and extend beyond these tumors if appropriate biomarkers can be developed to identify HRR defects. Multiple lines of preclinical data demonstrate that PARP inhibition increases cytotoxicity and tumor growth delay in combination with temozolomide, topoisomerase inhibitors and ionizing radiation. Both single agent and combination clinical trials are underway. The final part of the first section of the present review summarizes the current status of the various PARP inhibitors that are in various stages of clinical development. The second section of the present review summarizes the role of PARP in selected non-oncologic indications. In a number of severe, acute diseases (such as stroke, neurotrauma, circulatory shock and acute myocardial infarction) the clinical translatability of PARP inhibition is supported by multiple lines of preclinical data, as well as observational data demonstrating PARP activation in human tissue samples. In these disease indications, PARP overactivation due to oxidative and nitrative stress drives cell necrosis and pro-inflammatory gene expression, which contributes to disease pathology. Accordingly, multiple lines of preclinical data indicate the efficacy of PARP inhibitors to preserve viable tissue and to down-regulate inflammatory responses. As the clinical trials with PARP inhibitors in various forms of cancer progress, it is hoped that a second line of clinical investigations, aimed at testing of PARP inhibitors for various non-oncologic indications, will be initiated, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Curtin
- Department of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Cornelius C, Crupi R, Calabrese V, Graziano A, Milone P, Pennisi G, Radak Z, Calabrese EJ, Cuzzocrea S. Traumatic brain injury: oxidative stress and neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:836-53. [PMID: 23547621 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates high energy oxidants and oxidative stress as mediators of secondary damage associated with traumatic brain injury. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species due to excitotoxicity and exhaustion of the endogenous antioxidant system induces peroxidation of cellular and vascular structures, protein oxidation, cleavage of DNA, and inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. RECENT ADVANCES Different integrated responses exist in the brain to detect oxidative stress, which is controlled by several genes termed vitagens. Vitagens encode for cytoprotective heat shock proteins, and thioredoxin and sirtuins. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS This article discusses selected aspects of secondary brain injury after trauma and outlines key mechanisms associated with toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and necrosis. Finally, this review discusses the role of different oxidants and presents potential clinically relevant molecular targets that could be harnessed to treat secondary injury associated with brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Cornelius
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Villani P, Fresegna AM, Ranaldi R, Eleuteri P, Paris L, Pacchierotti F, Cordelli E. X-ray induced DNA damage and repair in germ cells of PARP1(-/-) male mice. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18078-92. [PMID: 24009020 PMCID: PMC3794770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) is a nuclear protein implicated in DNA repair, recombination, replication, and chromatin remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible differences between PARP1−/− and wild-type mice regarding induction and repair of DNA lesions in irradiated male germ cells. Comet assay was applied to detect DNA damage in testicular cells immediately, and two hours after 4 Gy X-ray irradiation. A similar level of spontaneous and radiation-induced DNA damage was observed in PARP1−/− and wild-type mice. Conversely, two hours after irradiation, a significant level of residual damage was observed in PARP1−/− cells only. This finding was particularly evident in round spermatids. To evaluate if PARP1 had also a role in the dynamics of H2AX phosphorylation in round spermatids, in which γ-H2AX foci had been shown to persist after completion of DNA repair, we carried out a parallel analysis of γ-H2AX foci at 0.5, 2, and 48 h after irradiation in wild-type and PARP1−/− mice. No evidence was obtained of an effect of PARP1 depletion on H2AX phosphorylation induction and removal. Our results suggest that, in round spermatids, under the tested experimental conditions, PARP1 has a role in radiation-induced DNA damage repair rather than in long-term chromatin modifications signaled by phosphorylated H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Villani
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-06-3048-4316; Fax: +39-06-3048-6559
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Roberto Ranaldi
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Patrizia Eleuteri
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Lorena Paris
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Eugenia Cordelli
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
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Parsons JL, Dianov GL. Co-ordination of base excision repair and genome stability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:326-33. [PMID: 23473643 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) is a major DNA repair pathway employed in mammalian cells that is required to maintain genome stability, thus preventing several human diseases, such as ageing, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This is achieved through the repair of damaged DNA bases, sites of base loss and single strand breaks of varying complexity that are continuously induced endogenously or via exogenous mutagens. Whilst the enzymes involved in BER are now well known and characterised, the role of the co-ordination of BER enzymatic activities in the cellular response to DNA damage and the mechanisms regulating this process are only now being revealed. Post-translational modifications of BER proteins, including ubiquitylation and phosphorylation, are increasingly being identified as key processes that regulate BER. In this review we will summarise recent evidence discovering novel mechanisms that are involved in maintaining genome stability by regulation of the key BER proteins in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Parsons
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
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Sakamoto K, Hikiba Y, Nakagawa H, Hirata Y, Hayakawa Y, Kinoshita H, Nakata W, Sakitani K, Takahashi R, Akanuma M, Kamata H, Maeda S. Promotion of DNA repair by nuclear IKKβ phosphorylation of ATM in response to genotoxic stimuli. Oncogene 2012; 32:1854-62. [PMID: 22614018 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is one of the key molecules involved in the cellular response to DNA damage. A portion of activated ATM is exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it activates the I kappa B kinase/nuclear factor kappa B (IKK/NF-κB) signaling pathway. It has been thought that activated IKKβ, which is a critical kinase for NF-κB activation, generally resides in the cytoplasm and phosphorylates cytoplasmic downstream molecules, such as IκBα. Here, we identified a new role for IKKβ during the response to DNA damage. ATM phosphorylation in response to alkylating agents consisted of two phases: the early phase (up to 3 h) and late phase (after 6 h). A portion of the activated IKKβ generated during the DNA damage response was found to translocate into the nucleus and directly phosphorylate ATM in the late phase. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ATM by nuclear IKKβ was suggested to promote DNA repair. In parallel, activated IKKβ induced classical NF-κB activation and was involved in anti-apoptosis. Our findings define the function of IKKβ during the response to DNA damage, which promotes cell survival and DNA repair, and maintains cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
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Senra JM, Telfer BA, Cherry KE, McCrudden CM, Hirst DG, O'Connor MJ, Wedge SR, Stratford IJ. Inhibition of PARP-1 by olaparib (AZD2281) increases the radiosensitivity of a lung tumor xenograft. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1949-58. [PMID: 21825006 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PARP-1 is a critical enzyme in the repair of DNA strand breaks. Inhibition of PARP-1 increases the effectiveness of radiation in killing tumor cells. However, although the mechanism(s) are well understood for these radiosensitizing effects in vitro, the underlying mechanism(s) in vivo are less clear. Nicotinamide, a drug structurally related to the first generation PARP-1 inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide, reduces tumor hypoxia by preventing transient cessations in tumor blood flow, thus improving tumor oxygenation and sensitivity to radiotherapy. Here, we investigate whether olaparib, a potent PARP-1 inhibitor, enhances radiotherapy, not only by inhibiting DNA repair but also by changing tumor vascular hemodynamics in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). In irradiated Calu-6 and A549 cells, olaparib enhanced the cytotoxic effects of radiation (sensitizer enhancement ratio at 10% survival = 1.5 and 1.3) and DNA double-strand breaks persisted for at least 24 hours after treatment. Combination treatment of Calu-6 xenografts with olaparib and fractionated radiotherapy caused significant tumor regression (P = 0.007) relative to radiotherapy alone. To determine whether this radiosensitization was solely due to effects on DNA repair, we used a dorsal window chamber model to establish the drug/radiation effects on vessel dynamics. Olaparib alone, when given as single or multiple daily doses, or in combination with fractionated radiotherapy, increased the perfusion of tumor blood vessels. Furthermore, an ex vivo assay in phenylephrine preconstricted arteries confirmed olaparib to have higher vasodilatory properties than nicotinamide. This study suggests that olaparib warrants consideration for further development in combination with radiotherapy in clinical oncology settings such as NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Senra
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Rajawat J, Mir H, Begum R. Differential role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in D. discoideum growth and development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:14. [PMID: 21385463 PMCID: PMC3063817 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is evolutionarily conserved as a responder to various forms of stress. Though PARP's role in cell death is well addressed, its role in development and multicellularity is still an enigma. We have previously reported the role of PARP in oxidative stress induced delayed development of D. discoideum. RESULTS In the current study we highlight the involvement of PARP during D. discoideum development. Oxidative stress affects expression of aca and cAR1 thus affecting aggregation. Although parp expression is not affected during oxidative stress but it is involved during normal development as confirmed by our PARP down-regulation studies. Constitutive PARP down-regulation resulted in blocked development while no effect was observed on D. discoideum growth. Interestingly, stage specific PARP down-regulation arrested development at the slug stage. CONCLUSION These results emphasize that PARP is essential for complex differentiation and its function may be linked to multicellularity. This is the first report where the involvement of PARP during normal multicellular development in D. discoideum, an ancient eukaryote, is established which could be of evolutionary significance. Thus our study adds one more role to the multitasking function of PARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Rajawat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat, India
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Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and its therapeutic implications. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 53:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are an exciting new class of antineoplastic agents that impair the ability of cells to recover from DNA damage. They are most effective in the setting of inherent DNA repair defects, such as in cancers resulting from BRCA gene mutations, or in the setting of DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents. This article reviews the background and development of these agents in the laboratory, as well as the rationale for the biologic correlative studies used in clinical trials. The most recent data from the clinical trials of olaparib (AZD2281, KU-0059436), BSI-201, AG014699, ABT-888, and INO-1001 and descriptions of ongoing studies are also presented.
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Surjana D, Halliday GM, Damian DL. Role of nicotinamide in DNA damage, mutagenesis, and DNA repair. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20725615 PMCID: PMC2915624 DOI: 10.4061/2010/157591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide is a water-soluble amide form of niacin (nicotinic acid or vitamin B3). Both niacin and nicotinamide are widely available in plant and animal foods, and niacin can also be endogenously synthesized in the liver from dietary tryptophan. Nicotinamide is also commercially available in vitamin supplements and in a range of cosmetic, hair, and skin preparations. Nicotinamide is the primary precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), an essential coenzyme in ATP production and the sole substrate of the nuclear enzyme poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have clearly shown that PARP-1 and NAD+ status influence cellular responses to genotoxicity which can lead to mutagenesis and cancer formation. This paper will examine the role of nicotinamide in the protection from carcinogenesis, DNA repair, and maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devita Surjana
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Potential therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:654-65. [PMID: 20457135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor. Despite recent therapeutic advances in other cancers, the treatment of glioblastomas remains ineffective and essentially palliative. The treatment failure is a result of a number of causes, but we and others have demonstrated that a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of cancer cells called glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) display relative resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. GSCs also contribute to tumor growth through the stimulation of angiogenesis, which has been shown to be a useful therapeutic target in the treatment of recurrent or progressive malignant gliomas. Cancer stem cells also have been hypothesized as a contributor to systemic metastases. While glioblastomas rarely metastasize beyond the central nervous system, glioblastomas invade into brain structures to prevent surgical cure and GSCs have an extremely invasive phenotype. Collectively, these studies and others suggest that GSCs may be important therapeutic targets not only to achieve cure but even reduce tumor relapse and improve overall survival. Many recent studies suggest that GSCs share core regulatory pathways with normal embryonic and somatic stem cells, but display important distinctions that provide clues into useful treatment targets. The cancer stem cell hypothesis may also modify our approaches in tumor imaging and biomarker development, but clinical validation waits. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of GSC biology with a focus on potential anti-GSC therapies.
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Differential requirement for H2AX and 53BP1 in organismal development and genome maintenance in the absence of poly(ADP)ribosyl polymerase 1. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:2341-52. [PMID: 20231360 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00091-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined deficiencies of poly(ADP)ribosyl polymerase 1 (PARP1) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) result in synthetic lethality and, in the mouse, early embryonic death. Here, we investigated the genetic requirements for this lethality via analysis of mice deficient for PARP1 and either of two ATM-regulated DNA damage response (DDR) factors: histone H2AX and 53BP1. We found that, like ATM, H2AX is essential for viability in a PARP1-deficient background. In contrast, deficiency for 53BP1 modestly exacerbates phenotypes of growth retardation, genomic instability, and organismal radiosensitivity observed in PARP1-deficient mice. To gain mechanistic insights into these different phenotypes, we examined roles for 53BP1 in the repair of replication-associated double-strand breaks (DSBs) in several cellular contexts. We show that 53BP1 is required for DNA-PKcs-dependent repair of hydroxyurea (HU)-induced DSBs but dispensable for RPA/RAD51-dependent DSB repair in the same setting. Moreover, repair of mitomycin C (MMC)-induced DSBs and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), two RAD51-dependent processes, are 53BP1 independent. Overall, our findings define 53BP1 as a main facilitator of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) during the S phase of the cell cycle, beyond highly specialized lymphocyte rearrangements. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms whereby ATM-regulated DDR prevents human aging and cancer.
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Fathi AT, Grant S, Karp JE. Exploiting cellular pathways to develop new treatment strategies for AML. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36:142-50. [PMID: 20056334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The standard approaches to the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been predominantly based on cytarabine and anthracyclines. Yet, the outcomes associated with AML continue to be poor, especially for those patients who are older or carry higher-risk disease. In recent years, extensive research has led to the development and study of novel agents which target AML by diverse and varied mechanisms. Among these are targeted therapeutics such as kinase inhibitors and oligonucleotide constructs. These aim to suppress the production or activity of proteins, such as FLT3 and BCL2, among others, and thus disrupt related signaling cascades essential for leukemogenesis and proliferation. In addition, other agents like flavopiridol appear to target the myeloid blast by various mechanisms including suppression of cyclin-dependent kinases and interference with nucleotide synthesis. Another class of novel therapies includes inhibitors of histone deacetylase, which cause growth arrest and apoptosis through histone acetylation and resultant conformational changes. Clinical trials are now studying these and other agents alone and in combination with traditional cytotoxic therapies, with some encouraging results. In this review, we aim to provide a summary of the preclinical and clinical investigations of selected promising agents currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir T Fathi
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Papeo G, Forte B, Orsini P, Perrera C, Posteri H, Scolaro A, Montagnoli A. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition in cancer therapy: are we close to maturity? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:1377-400. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770903215883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jaspers JE, Rottenberg S, Jonkers J. Therapeutic options for triple-negative breast cancers with defective homologous recombination. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:266-80. [PMID: 19616605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in developed countries, affecting more than a million women per year worldwide. Over the last decades, our increasing understanding of breast cancer biology has led to the development of endocrine agents against hormone receptor-positive tumors and targeted therapeutics against HER2-expressing tumors. However, no targeted therapy is available for patients with triple-negative breast cancer, lacking expression of hormone receptors and HER2. Overlap between BRCA1-mutated breast cancers and triple-negative tumors suggests that an important part of the triple-negative tumors may respond to therapeutics targeting BRCA1-deficient cells. Here, we review the features shared between triple-negative, basal-like and BRCA1-related breast cancers. We also discuss the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target BRCA1-mutated tumors and triple-negative tumors with BRCA1-like features. Finally, we highlight the utility of mouse models for BRCA1-mutated breast cancer to optimize (combination) therapy and to understand drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke E Jaspers
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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