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The imbalance of biliary microflora in hepatolithiasis. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104966. [PMID: 34023439 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The imbalance of microbial flora is thought to be associated with many diseases. However, the characteristics of the biliary microflora and its relation to in hepatolithiasis are unknown. METHODS This study included 40 patients with hepatolithiasis and 10 control patients. Bile samples were taken during hepatectomy surgeries and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed. The sequencing results were analyzed by operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clustering, species annotation and abundance analyses, sample complexity analyses, diversity analyses, and environmental factor correlation analyses. RESULTS There were significant differences in bile microflora between the hepatolithiasis group and the control group. We found that the abundance of microflora in the bile of patients with hepatolithiasis was relatively high (52.4% versus 40.2% and 42.1% versus 29.6%). The diversity of microflora in the bile of patients with hepatolithiasis decreased significantly (Shannon (P = 0.004), Observed species (P = 0.001), PD-whole-tree (P = 0.001)). These differences are mainly associated with Enterococcus(P<0.001), Enterobacter(P = 0.003). In addition, we found that there were intra-group differences in hepatolithiasis, but the differences in the hepatolithiasis group were generally smaller than the differences in the non-hepatolithiasis group. CONCLUSION There is an imbalance of microflora in the bile duct of patients with hepatolithiasis. The imbalance of biliary flora may be associated with hepatolithiasis pathogenesis.
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Abstract
Gallstone disease is caused by multiple pathogenic factors and is common worldwide. Most studies have focused on the significance of the biliary microbiome in gallstone pathogenesis. Areas covered: In this study, the epidemiology of gallstone diseases and the existence, composition, origin, and mechanisms of the biliary microbiota were reviewed. Mechanisms involved in promoting the formation of different types of gallstones were also emphasized. The antibiotic susceptibility of the biliary microbiota is briefly discussed because it may guide clinical strategies. Expert commentary: The biliary microbiome facilitates the formation of brown pigment stones. Although glycoprotein (mucin) may be pivotal for many promoting substances to coagulate and integrate relevant components, new mechanisms involving prostaglandins, oxysterols, oxygen free radicals, and lipopolysaccharides have been discovered. Furthermore, specific bacterial species such as Helicobacter and Salmonella are involved in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones. Recently, metabolomics of the biliary microbiome has been used to determine the detailed mechanisms that promote gallstone formation. Previously, the bacterial effects involved in the pathogenesis of brown pigment stones have not been analyzed in detail. Whether the administration of antibiotics is related to prophylaxis for gallstone formation and gallstone-associated infections remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Wang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi , China.,b Joint Programme of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London , Nanchang , China
| | - Miao Qi
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi , China.,b Joint Programme of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London , Nanchang , China
| | - Cheng Qin
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi , China.,b Joint Programme of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London , Nanchang , China
| | - Junbo Hong
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi , China
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Hernandez-Anzaldo S, Brglez V, Hemmeryckx B, Leung D, Filep JG, Vance JE, Vance DE, Kassiri Z, Lijnen RH, Lambeau G, Fernandez-Patron C. Novel Role for Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Modulation of Cholesterol Metabolism. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004228. [PMID: 27694328 PMCID: PMC5121519 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The development of atherosclerosis is strongly linked to disorders of cholesterol metabolism. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are dysregulated in patients and animal models with atherosclerosis. Whether systemic MMP activity influences cholesterol metabolism is unknown. Methods and Results We examined MMP‐9–deficient (Mmp9−/−) mice and found them to have abnormal lipid gene transcriptional responses to dietary cholesterol supplementation. As opposed to Mmp9+/+ (wild‐type) mice, Mmp9−/− mice failed to decrease the hepatic expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 pathway genes, which control hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake. Furthermore, Mmp9−/− mice failed to increase the expression of genes encoding the rate‐limiting enzymes in biliary cholesterol excretion (eg, Cyp7a and Cyp27a). In contrast, MMP‐9 deficiency did not impair intestinal cholesterol absorption, as shown by the 14C‐cholesterol and 3H‐sitostanol absorption assay. Similar to our earlier study on Mmp2−/− mice, we observed that Mmp9−/− mice had elevated plasma secreted phospholipase A2 activity. Pharmacological inhibition of systemic circulating secreted phospholipase A2 activity (with varespladib) partially normalized the hepatic transcriptional responses to dietary cholesterol in Mmp9−/− mice. Functional studies with mice deficient in other MMPs suggested an important role for the MMP system, as a whole, in modulation of cholesterol metabolism. Conclusions Our results show that MMP‐9 modulates cholesterol metabolism, at least in part, through a novel MMP‐9–plasma secreted phospholipase A2 axis that affects the hepatic transcriptional responses to dietary cholesterol. Furthermore, the data suggest that dysregulation of the MMP system can result in metabolic disorder, which could lead to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hernandez-Anzaldo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vesna Brglez
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Bianca Hemmeryckx
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dickson Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janos G Filep
- The Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean E Vance
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger H Lijnen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Wu T, Zhang Z, Liu B, Hou D, Liang Y, Zhang J, Shi P. Gut microbiota dysbiosis and bacterial community assembly associated with cholesterol gallstones in large-scale study. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:669. [PMID: 24083370 PMCID: PMC3851472 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elucidating gut microbiota among gallstone patients as well as the complex bacterial colonization of cholesterol gallstones may help in both the prediction and subsequent lowered risk of cholelithiasis. To this end, we studied the composition of bacterial communities of gut, bile, and gallstones from 29 gallstone patients as well as the gut of 38 normal individuals, examining and analyzing some 299, 217 bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from 120 samples. Results First, as compared with normal individuals, in gallstone patients there were significant (P < 0.001) increases of gut bacterial phylum Proteobacteria and decreases of three gut bacterial genera, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, and Roseburia. Second, about 70% of gut bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from gallstone patients were detectable in the biliary tract and bacteria diversity of biliary tract was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that of gut. Third, analysis of the biliary tract core microbiome (represented by 106 bacteria OTUs) among gallstone patients showed that 33.96% (36/106) of constituents can be matched to known bacterial species (15 of which have publicly available genomes). A genome-wide search of MDR, BSH, bG, and phL genes purpotedly associated with the formation of cholesterol gallstones showed that all 15 species with known genomes (e.g., Propionibacterium acnes, Bacteroides vulgates, and Pseudomonas putida) contained at least contained one of the four genes. This finding could potentially provide underlying information needed to explain the association between biliary tract microbiota and the formation of cholesterol gallstones. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to discover gut microbiota dysbiosis among gallstone patients, the presence of which may be a key contributor to the complex bacteria community assembly linked with the presence of cholesterol gallstones. Likewise, this study also provides the first large-scale glimpse of biliary tract microbiota potentially associated with cholesterol gallstones. Such a characterization of the biliary tract core microbiome has potentially important biological and medical implications regarding the role of bacteria in the formation cholesterol gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Laboratory of Evolutionary & Functional Genomics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Jin JZ, Wu SD, Su Y, Zhang ZH, Zhang LK, Kong J. Influence of duodenal-biliary reflux on formation of bile duct pigment gallstone. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:727-730. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i7.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the possible action and mechanism of duodenal-biliary reflux in the pathogenesis of bile duct pigment gallstone.
METHODS: Forty-eight patients were divided into three groups: polyp of gallbladder (PG, n = 10), cholecystolithiasis (CH, n = 27) and calculus of bile duct (CBD, n = 11). Bile samples were collected during operation for bacterial culture and endotoxin examination. Forty-one patients received T tube drainage after cholecystectomy and choledochotomy were divided into reflux (n = 16) and non-reflux group (n = 25) according to radionuclide examination. The activity of biliary amylase, lipase and β-glucuronidase were detected in 26 of the 41 patients.
RESULTS: The positive rate of bacterial culture was 0% in PG group, 0% in CH group and 81.8% in CBD group, and the level of endotoxin in bile was (0.003 ± 0.004) × 10-6, (0.01 ± 0.02) × 10-6, and (10.12 ± 4.49) × 10-6 EU/L the above corresponding group, respectively. Compared with those in the former two groups, the positive rate and endotoxin level were higher in the latter CBD group (P < 0.01). Sixteen patients showed duodenal-biliary reflux (39.02%) among 41 patients. The activities of biliary amylase, lipase and exogenous β-glucuronidase in reflux group was significantly higher than those in non-reflux group (amylase: 79 891 ± 91 152 nkat/L vs 582 ± 928 nkat/L, P < 0.01; lipase: 86 110 ± 58 255 nkat/L vs 6 124 ± 7 500 nkat/L, P < 0.01; β-glucuronidase: 27 789 ± 13 849 nkat/L vs 15 369 ± 7 533 nkat/L, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Duodenal-biliary reflux can promote the formation of pigment gallstone through bacteria, endotoxin, amylase, lipase and exogenous β-glucuronidase.
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