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Corrosion Study of Implanted Tin Electrodes Using Excessive Electrical Stimulation in Minipigs. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Titanium nitride (TiN) electrodes have been used for implantable stimulation and sensing electrodes for decades. Nevertheless, there still is a discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo determined safe charge injection limits. This study investigated the consequences of pulsing implanted electrodes beyond the in vivo safe charge injection limits. (2) Methods: The electrodes were implanted for a month and then pulsed at 20 mA and 50 mA and 200 Hz and 400 Hz. Afterwards, the electrodes were investigated using electrochemical and analytical methods to evaluate whether electrode degradation had occurred. (3) Results: Electrochemical tests showed that electrodes that pulsed at 20 mA and 200 Hz (lowest electrical dose) had a significantly lower charge injection capacity and higher impedance than the other used and unused electrodes. (4) Conclusions: The electrodes pulsed at the lowest electrical dose, for which no tissue damage was found, appeared to have degraded. Electrodes pulsed at higher electrical doses for which tissue damage did occur, on the other hand, show no significant degradation in electrochemical tests compared to unused implanted and not implanted electrodes. It is thus clear that the tissue surrounding the electrode has an influence on the charge injection properties of the electrodes and vice versa.
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Ryynänen T, Toivanen M, Salminen T, Ylä-Outinen L, Narkilahti S, Lekkala J. Ion Beam Assisted E-Beam Deposited TiN Microelectrodes-Applied to Neuronal Cell Culture Medium Evaluation. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:882. [PMID: 30568570 PMCID: PMC6290344 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microelectrode material and cell culture medium have significant roles in the signal-to-noise ratio and cell well-being in in vitro electrophysiological studies. Here, we report an ion beam assisted e-beam deposition (IBAD) based process as an alternative titanium nitride (TiN) deposition method for sputtering in the fabrication of state-of-the-art TiN microelectrode arrays (MEAs). The effects of evaporation and nitrogen flow rates were evaluated while developing the IBAD TiN deposition process. Moreover, the produced IBAD TiN microelectrodes were characterized by impedance, charge transfer capacity (CTC) and noise measurements for electrical properties, AFM and SEM for topological imaging, and EDS for material composition. The impedance (at 1 kHz) of brand new 30 μm IBAD TiN microelectrodes was found to be double but still below 100 kΩ compared with commercial reference MEAs with sputtered TiN microelectrodes of the same size. On the contrary, the noise level of IBAD TiN MEAs was lower compared with that of commercial sputtered TiN MEAs in equal conditions. In CTC IBAD TiN electrodes (3.3 mC/cm2) also outperformed the sputtered counterparts (2.0 mC/cm2). To verify the suitability of IBAD TiN microelectrodes for cell measurements, human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neuronal networks were cultured on IBAD TiN MEAs and commercial sputtered TiN MEAs in two different media: neural differentiation medium (NDM) and BrainPhys (BPH). The effect of cell culture media to hPSC derived neuronal networks was evaluated to gain more stable and more active networks. Higher spontaneous activity levels were measured from the neuronal networks cultured in BPH compared with those in NDM in both MEA types. However, BPH caused more problems in cell survival in long-term cultures by inducing neuronal network retraction and clump formation after 1–2 weeks. In addition, BPH was found to corrode the Si3N4 insulator layer more than NDM medium. The developed IBAD TiN process gives MEA manufacturers more choices to choose which method to use to deposit TiN electrodes and the medium evaluation results remind that not only electrode material but also insulator layer and cell culturing medium have crucial role in successful long term MEA measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Ryynänen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Toivanen
- NeuroGroup, BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Turkka Salminen
- Laboratory of Photonics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Ylä-Outinen
- NeuroGroup, BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Narkilahti
- NeuroGroup, BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Lekkala
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
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Zhong H, Wang D, Xuan L, Ma S, Gong Y, Shi X, Li Y, Jiang Q. Monitoring proliferation and neurogenic differentiation of rADSCs on graphene-derivative substrates. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa87c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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He Z, Zhang S, Song Q, Li W, Liu D, Li H, Tang M, Chai R. The structural development of primary cultured hippocampal neurons on a graphene substrate. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:442-51. [PMID: 27395037 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential of graphene-based nanomaterials as a neural interfacing material for neural repair and regeneration remains poorly understood. In the present study, the response to the graphene substrate by neurons was determined in a hippocampal culture model. The results revealed the growth and maturation of hippocampal cultures on graphene substrates were significantly improved compared to the commercial control. In details, graphene promoted growth cone growth and microtubule formation inside filopodia 24h after seeding as evidenced by a higher average number of filopodia emerging from growth cones, a longer average length of filopodia, and a larger growth cone area. Graphene also significantly boosted neurite sprouting and outgrowth. The dendritic length, the number of branch points, and the dendritic complex index were significantly improved on the graphene substrate during culture. Moreover, the spine density was enhanced and the maturation of dendritic spines from thin to stubby spines was significantly promoted on graphene at 21 days after seeding. Lastly, graphene significantly elevated the synapse density and synaptic activity in the hippocampal cultures. The present study highlights graphene's potential as a neural interfacing material for neural repair and regeneration and sheds light on the future biomedical applications of graphene-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhong He
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qin Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing Research Institute, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing Research Institute, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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Muñiz Maisonet M, Elineni KK, Toomey RG, Gallant ND. Combining Nonadhesive Materials into Microstructured Composite Surfaces Induces Cell Adhesion and Spreading. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:1163-1173. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Muñiz Maisonet
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Kranthi Kumar Elineni
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Ryan G. Toomey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Nathan D. Gallant
- Department
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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Kim MH, Park M, Kang K, Choi IS. Neurons on nanometric topographies: insights into neuronal behaviors in vitro. Biomater Sci 2013; 2:148-155. [PMID: 32481875 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Topography, the physical characteristics of an environment, is one of the most prominent stimuli neurons can encounter in the body. Many aspects of neurons and neuronal behavior are affected by the size, shape, and pattern of the physical features of the environment. A recent increase in the use of nanometric topographies, due to improved fabrication techniques, has resulted in new findings on neuronal behavior and development. Factors such as neuron adhesion, neurite alignment, and even the rate of neurite formation have all been highlighted through nanotopographies as complex phenomena that are driven by intricate intracellular mechanisms. Nanotopographies are suitable platforms, not only for fundamental studies on neuronal development, but also in practical applications, including multielectrode array devices and neuro-regenerative medicine. We reviewed recent publications that address the effects of nanotopography on neurons and categorized the observed behaviors as adherence, directional guidance, or accelerated outgrowth. We also discussed possible biological mechanisms of the molecular and cellular responses to topography, and suggested future perspectives for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hee Kim
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research and Molecular-Level Interface Research Center, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Li N, Zhang X, Song Q, Su R, Zhang Q, Kong T, Liu L, Jin G, Tang M, Cheng G. The promotion of neurite sprouting and outgrowth of mouse hippocampal cells in culture by graphene substrates. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9374-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Pham VH, Yook SW, Lee EJ, Li Y, Jeon G, Lee JJ, Kim HE, Koh YH. Deposition of TiN films on Co-Cr for improving mechanical properties and biocompatibility using reactive DC sputtering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:2231-2237. [PMID: 21837553 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the deposition of TiN films on Co-Cr substrates to improve the substrates' mechanical properties and biological properties. In particular, the argon to nitrogen (Ar:N(2)) gas flow ratio was adjusted to control the microstructure of the TiN films. A Ti interlayer was also used to enhance the adhesion strength between the Co-Cr substrate and TiN films. A series of TiN films, which are denoted as TiN-(Ar/N(2))1:1, Ti/TiN-(Ar/N(2))1:1, and Ti/TiN-(Ar:N(2))1:3, were deposited by reactive DC sputtering. All the deposited TiN films showed a dense, columnar structure with a preferential orientation of the (200) plane. These TiN films increased the mechanical properties of Co-Cr, such as the critical load during scratch testing, hardness, elastic modulus and plastic resistance. In addition, the biological properties of the Co-Cr substrates, i.e. initial attachment, proliferation, and cellular differentiation of the MC3T3-E1 cells, were improved considerably by deposition of the TiN films. These results suggest that TiN films would effectively enhance both the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of biomedical Co-Cr alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong-Hung Pham
- WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
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Balla VK, Bhat A, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Laser processed TiN reinforced Ti6Al4V composite coatings. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 6:9-20. [PMID: 22301169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this first generation investigation is to evaluate fabrication, in vitro cytotoxicity, cell-material interactions and tribological performance of TiN particle reinforced Ti6Al4V composite coatings for potential wear resistant load bearing implant applications. The microstructural analysis of the composites was performed using scanning electron microscope and phase analysis was done with X-ray diffraction. In vitro cell-material interactions, using human fetal osteoblast cell line, have been assessed on these composite coatings and compared with Ti6Al4V alloy control samples. The tribological performance of the coatings were evaluated, in simulated body fluids, up to 1000 m sliding distance under 10 N normal load. The results show that the composite coatings contain distinct TiN particles embedded in α+β phase matrix. The average top surface hardness of Ti6Al4V alloy increased from 394±8 HV to 1138±61 HV with 40 wt% TiN reinforcement. Among the composite coatings, the coatings reinforced with 40 wt% TiN exhibited the highest wear resistance of 3.74×10(-6) mm(3)/Nm, which is lower than the wear rate, 1.04×10(-5) mm(3)/Nm, of laser processed CoCrMo alloy tested under identical experimental conditions. In vitro biocompatibility study showed that these composite coatings were non-toxic and provides superior cell-material interactions compared to Ti6Al4V control, as a result of their high surface energy. In summary, excellent in vitro wear resistance and biocompatibility of present laser processed TiN reinforced Ti6Al4V alloy composite coatings clearly show their potential as wear resistant contact surfaces for load bearing implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Krishna Balla
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Woodruff MA, Jones P, Farrar D, Grant DM, Scotchford CA. Human osteoblast cell spreading and vinculin expression upon biomaterial surfaces. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:491-9. [PMID: 17849222 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Any biomaterial implanted within the human body is influenced by the interactions that take place between its surface and the surrounding biological milieu. These interactions are known to influence the tissue interface dynamic, and thus act to emphasize the need to study cell-surface interactions as part of any biomaterial design process. The work described here investigates the relationship between human osteoblast attachment, spreading and focal contact formation on selected surfaces using immunostaining and digital image processing for vinculin, a key focal adhesion component. Our observations show that a relationship exists between levels of cell attachment, the degree of vinculin-associated plaque formation and biocompatibility. It also suggests that cell adhesion is not indicative of how supportive a substrate is to cell spreading, and that cell spreading does not correlate with focal contact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ann Woodruff
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Nunes Kirchner C, Hallmeier K, Szargan R, Raschke T, Radehaus C, Wittstock G. Evaluation of Thin Film Titanium Nitride Electrodes for Electroanalytical Applications. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bly R, Cao Y, Moore W, Soboyejo W. Investigation of the effects of alkane phosphonic acid/RGD coatings on cell spreading and the interfacial strength between human osteosarcoma cells and Ti–6Al–4V. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Young TH, Chen CR. Assessment of GaN chips for culturing cerebellar granule neurons. Biomaterials 2006; 27:3361-7. [PMID: 16516287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the behaviors of cerebellar granule neurons prepared from 7-day-old Wistar rats on gallium nitride (GaN) were investigated. We believe that this is the first time that the GaN has been used as a substrate for neuron cultures to examine its effect on cell response in vitro. The GaN surface structure and its relationship with cells were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), metallography microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and Western blot analysis. GaN is a so-called III-V compound semiconductor material with a wide bandgap and a relatively high bandgap voltage. Compared with silicon used for most neural chips, neurons seeded on GaN were able to form an extensive neuritic network and expressed very high levels of GAP-43 coincident with the neurite outgrowth. Therefore, the GaN structure may spatially mediate cellular response that can promote neuronal cell attachment, differentiation and neuritic growth. The favorable biocompatibility characteristics of GaN can be used to measure electric signals from networks of neuronal cells in culture to make it a possible candidate for use in a microelectrode array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC.
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Cyster LA, Parker KG, Parker TL, Grant DM. The effect of surface chemistry and nanotopography of titanium nitride (TiN) films on primary hippocampal neurones. Biomaterials 2004; 25:97-107. [PMID: 14580913 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell-substrate interaction of primary hippocampal neurones with thin films of TiN was studied in vitro. TiN films of different surface chemistries and topographies were deposited by pulsed DC reactive magnetron sputtering and closed field unbalanced magnetron sputter ion plating by Teer Coatings Ltd., Hartlebury, UK to result in TiN films with similar surface chemistries but different topographical features. TiN films were characterised using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The neuron-substrate interaction was examined using environmental scanning electron microscopy (FEG-ESEM) for morphological information. Bromodeoxyuridine and TUNEL assays were used to identify proliferating neurones as well as apoptotic neurones. Fluorescent staining for MAP-2 was used to label neuronal network formation. Primary hippocampal neurones were found to attach and spread to all of the TiN film chemistries and topographies investigated. Neuronal network morphology appeared to be more preferential on the nitrogen rich TiN films and also with reduced nanotopographical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cyster
- Bioengineering Group, School of MMMEM, University of Nottingham,Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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