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Yan J, Mao J, Xie J. Bacteriophage Polysaccharide Depolymerases and Biomedical Applications. BioDrugs 2013; 28:265-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Park JK, Choi DJ, Kim SM, Choi HN, Park JW, Jang SJ, Choo YK, Lee CG, Park YI. Purification and characterization of a polysialic acid-specific sialidase from Pseudomonas fluorescens JK-0412. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jakobsson E, Schwarzer D, Jokilammi A, Finne J. Endosialidases: Versatile Tools for the Study of Polysialic Acid. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 367:29-73. [PMID: 22851159 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid is an α2,8-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid polymer found on the surface of both bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Endosialidases are bacteriophage-borne glycosyl hydrolases that specifically cleave polysialic acid. The crystal structure of an endosialidase reveals a trimeric mushroom-shaped molecule which, in addition to the active site, harbors two additional polysialic acid binding sites. Folding of the protein crucially depends on an intramolecular C-terminal chaperone domain that is proteolytically released in an intramolecular reaction. Based on structural data and previous considerations, an updated catalytic mechanism is discussed. Endosialidases degrade polysialic acid in a processive mode of action, and a model for its mechanism is suggested. The review summarizes the structural and biochemical elucidations of the last decade and the importance of endosialidases in biochemical and medical applications. Active endosialidases are important tools in studies on the biological roles of polysialic acid, such as the pathogenesis of septicemia and meningitis by polysialic acid-encapsulated bacteria, or its role as a modulator of the adhesion and interactions of neural and other cells. Endosialidase mutants that have lost their polysialic acid cleaving activity while retaining their polysialic acid binding capability have been fused to green fluorescent protein to provide an efficient tool for the specific detection of polysialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Jakobsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
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Schulz EC, Schwarzer D, Frank M, Stummeyer K, Mühlenhoff M, Dickmanns A, Gerardy-Schahn R, Ficner R. Structural Basis for the Recognition and Cleavage of Polysialic Acid by the Bacteriophage K1F Tailspike Protein EndoNF. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:341-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schulz EC, Neumann P, Gerardy-Schahn R, Sheldrick GM, Ficner R. Structure analysis of endosialidase NF at 0.98 A resolution. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2010; 66:176-80. [PMID: 20124697 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444909048720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Endosialidase NF (endoNF) is a bacteriophage-derived endosialidase that specifically degrades alpha-2,8-linked polysialic acid. The structure of a new crystal form of endoNF in complex with sialic acid has been refined at 0.98 A resolution. The 210 kDa homotrimeric multi-domain enzyme displays outstanding stability and resistance to SDS. Even at atomic resolution, only a minor fraction of side chains possess alternative conformations. However, multiple conformations of an active-site residue imply that it has an important catalytic function in the cleavage mechanism of polysialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike C Schulz
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Bull JJ, Vimr ER, Molineux IJ. A tale of tails: Sialidase is key to success in a model of phage therapy against K1-capsulated Escherichia coli. Virology 2009; 398:79-86. [PMID: 20006993 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies treating mice infected with Escherichia coli O18:K1:H7 observed that phages requiring the K1 capsule for infection (K1-dep) were superior to capsule-independent (K1-ind) phages. We show that three K1-ind phages all have low fitness when grown on cells in serum whereas fitnesses of four K1-dep phages were high. The difference is serum-specific, as fitnesses in broth overlapped. Sialidase activity was associated with all K1-dep virions tested but no K1-ind virions, a phenotype supported by sequence analyses. Adding endosialidase to cells infected with K1-ind phage increased fitness in serum by enhancing productive infection after adsorption. We propose that virion sialidase activity is the primary determinant of high fitness on cells grown in serum, and thus in a mammalian host. Although the benefit of sialidase is specific to K1-capsulated bacteria, this study may provide a scientific rationale for selecting phages for therapeutic use in many systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Bull
- Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Morley TJ, Willis LM, Whitfield C, Wakarchuk WW, Withers SG. A new sialidase mechanism: bacteriophage K1F endo-sialidase is an inverting glycosidase. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17404-10. [PMID: 19411257 PMCID: PMC2719380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages specific for Escherichia coli K1 express a tailspike protein that degrades the polysialic acid coat of E. coli K1 that is essential for bacteriophage infection. This enzyme is specific for polysialic acid and is a member of a family of endo-sialidases. This family is unusual because all other previously reported sialidases outside of this family are exo- or trans-sialidases. The recently determined structure of an endo-sialidase derived from bacteriophage K1F (endoNF) revealed an active site that lacks a number of the residues that are conserved in other sialidases, implying a new, endo-sialidase-specific catalytic mechanism. Using synthetic trifluoromethylumbelliferyl oligosialoside substrates, kinetic parameters for hydrolysis at a single cleavage site were determined. Measurement of kcat/Km at a series of pH values revealed a dependence on a single protonated group of pKa 5. Mutation of a putative active site acidic residue, E581A, resulted in complete loss of sialidase activity. Direct 1H NMR analysis of the hydrolysis of trifluoromethylumbelliferyl sialotrioside revealed that endoNF is an inverting sialidase. All other wild type sialidases previously reported are retaining glycosidases, implying a new mechanism of sialidase action specific to this family of endo-sialidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Morley
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1
| | - Lisa M. Willis
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, and
| | - Chris Whitfield
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, and
| | - Warren W. Wakarchuk
- the Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1
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Schwarzer D, Stummeyer K, Haselhorst T, Freiberger F, Rode B, Grove M, Scheper T, von Itzstein M, Mühlenhoff M, Gerardy-Schahn R. Proteolytic release of the intramolecular chaperone domain confers processivity to endosialidase F. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9465-74. [PMID: 19189967 PMCID: PMC2666599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808475200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosialidases (endoNs), as identified so far, are tailspike proteins of bacteriophages that specifically bind and degrade the alpha2,8-linked polysialic acid (polySia) capsules of their hosts. The crystal structure solved for the catalytic domain of endoN from coliphage K1F (endoNF) revealed a functional trimer. Folding of the catalytic trimer is mediated by an intramolecular C-terminal chaperone domain. Release of the chaperone from the folded protein confers kinetic stability to endoNF. In mutant c(S), the replacement of serine 911 by alanine prevents proteolysis and generates an enzyme that varies in activity from wild type. Using soluble polySia as substrate a 3-times higher activity was detected while evaluation with immobilized polySia revealed a 190-fold reduced activity. Importantly, activity of c(S) did not differ from wild type with tetrameric sialic acid, the minimal endoNF substrate. Furthermore, we show that the presence of the chaperone domain in c(S) destabilizes binding to polySia in a similar way as did selective disruption of a polySia binding site in the stalk domain. The improved catalytic efficiency toward soluble polySia observed in these mutants can be explained by higher dissociation and association probabilities, whereas inversely, an impaired processivity was found. The fact that endoNF is a processive enzyme introduces a new molecular basis to explain capsule degradation by bacteriophages, which until now has been regarded as a result of cooperative interaction of tailspike proteins. Moreover, knowing that release of the chaperone domain confers kinetic stability and processivity, conservation of the proteolytic process can be explained by its importance in phage evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schwarzer
- Institut für Zelluläre Chemie, Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
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Leiman PG, Battisti AJ, Bowman VD, Stummeyer K, Mühlenhoff M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Scholl D, Molineux IJ. The Structures of Bacteriophages K1E and K1-5 Explain Processive Degradation of Polysaccharide Capsules and Evolution of New Host Specificities. J Mol Biol 2007; 371:836-49. [PMID: 17585937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
External polysaccharides of many pathogenic bacteria form capsules protecting the bacteria from the animal immune system and phage infection. However, some bacteriophages can digest these capsules using glycosidases displayed on the phage particle. We have utilized cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structures of phages K1E and K1-5 and thereby establish the mechanism by which these phages attain and switch their host specificity. Using a specific glycosidase, both phages penetrate the capsule and infect the neuroinvasive human pathogen Escherichia coli K1. In addition to the K1-specific glycosidase, each K1-5 particle carries a second enzyme that allows it to infect E. coli K5, whose capsule is chemically different from that of K1. The enzymes are organized into a multiprotein complex attached via an adapter protein to the virus portal vertex, through which the DNA is ejected during infection. The structure of the complex suggests a mechanism for the apparent processivity of degradation that occurs as the phage drills through the polysaccharide capsule. The enzymes recognize the adapter protein by a conserved N-terminal sequence, providing a mechanism for phages to acquire different enzymes and thus to evolve new host specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G Leiman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
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Kataoka Y, Miyake K, Iijima S. Coliphage derived sialidase preferentially recognizes nonreducing end of polysialic acid. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:198-201. [PMID: 16569619 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages infecting Escherichia coli K1 strains generally have endotype polysialic acid-degrading enzymes. We studied the digestion mechanism of a sialidase associated with the coliphage 63D using polysialic acid radiolabeled at its nonreducing end or reducing end. It was found that this enzyme preferentially recognizes the nonreducing end of polysialic acid, suggesting that the 63D associated sialidase does not randomly digest its substrate but acts like an exotype glycosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kataoka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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