1
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Kimura Y, Fukuda Y, Otsu R, Yu J, Mino S, Misawa S, Maruyama S, Ikeda Y, Miyamachi R, Noguchi H, Kato S, Yamamoto Y, Sawabe T. A lesson from polybutylene succinate plastisphere to the discovery of novel plastic degrading enzyme genes in marine vibrios. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2834-2850. [PMID: 37775475 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is an eco-friendly green plastic. However, PBS was shown as being non-biodegradable in marine environments, and up until now, only a limited number of PBS-degrading marine microbes have been discovered. We first set up in vitro PBS- and PBSA (polybutylene succinate adipate)-plastispheres to characterize novel PBS-degrading marine microbes. Microbial growth and oxygen consumption were observed in both PBS- and PBSA-plastispheres enriched with natural seawater collected from Usujiri, Hokkaido, Japan, and Vibrionaceae and Pseudoalteromonadaceae were significantly enriched on these films. Further gene identification indicated that vibrios belonging to the Gazogenes clade possess genes related to a PBS degrading enzyme (PBSase). The PBS degradation assay for six Gazogenes clade vibrios identified Vibrio ruber, Vibrio rhizosphaerae, and Vibrio spartinae as being capable of degrading PBS. We further identified the gene responsible for PBSase from the type strain of V. ruber, and the purified recombinant vibrio PBSase was found to have low-temperature adaptation and was active under high NaCl concentrations. We also provided docking models between the vibrio PBSase and PBS and PBSA units to show how vibrio PBSase interacts with each substrate compared to the Acidovorax PBSase. These results could contribute to a more sustainable society through further utilization of PBS in marine environments and plastic recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Kimura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Yutaka Fukuda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Rumi Otsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Juwanen Yu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Satoru Misawa
- Medical Core Project Dept, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Yokohama Basic Chemicals Lab, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Ikeda
- Food Core Project Dept, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Remi Miyamachi
- Organic Materials Lab, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- Organic Materials Lab, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Research and Consulting Div, Mitsubishi Chemical Research Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Yamamoto
- Yokohama Basic Chemicals Lab, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sawabe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
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2
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Ambrose-Dempster E, Leipold L, Dobrijevic D, Bawn M, Carter EM, Stojanovski G, Sheppard TD, Jeffries JWE, Ward JM, Hailes HC. Mechanoenzymatic reactions for the hydrolysis of PET †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9954-9962. [PMID: 37006375 PMCID: PMC10050947 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01708g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the enzymatic degradation of poly(ethylene terphthalate) (PET) have led to a number of PET hydrolytic enzymes and mutants being developed. With the amount of PET building up in the natural world, there is a pressing need to develop scalable methods of breaking down the polymer into its monomers for recycling or other uses. Mechanoenzymatic reactions have gained traction recently as a green and efficient alternative to traditional biocatalytic reactions. For the first time we report increased yields of PET degradation by whole cell PETase enzymes by up to 27-fold by utilising ball milling cycles of reactive aging, when compared with typical solution-based reactions. This methodology leads to up to a 2600-fold decrease in the solvent required when compared with other leading degradation reactions in the field and a 30-fold decrease in comparison to reported industrial scale PET hydrolysis reactions. Mechanoenzymatic reactions are described for the degradation of different PET materials using whole cell PETases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leona Leipold
- Department of Chemistry, University College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Dragana Dobrijevic
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College LondonBernard Katz Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Maria Bawn
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College LondonBernard Katz Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Eve M. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Gorjan Stojanovski
- Department of Chemistry, University College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College LondonBernard Katz Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Tom D. Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, University College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Jack W. E. Jeffries
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College LondonBernard Katz Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College LondonBernard Katz Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
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3
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Kim NK, Lee SH, Park HD. Current biotechnologies on depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and repolymerization of reclaimed monomers from PET for bio-upcycling: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127931. [PMID: 36100185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has drastically increased in the past half-century, reaching 30 million tons every year. The accumulation of this recalcitrant waste now threatens diverse ecosystems. Despite efforts to recycle PET wastes, its rate of recycling remains limited, as the current PET downcycling is mostly unremunerative. To address this problem, PET bio-upcycling, which integrates microbial depolymerization of PET followed by repolymerization of PET-derived monomers into value-added products, has been suggested. This article critically reviews current understanding of microbial PET hydrolysis, the metabolic mechanisms involved in PET degradation, PET hydrolases, and their genetic improvement. Furthermore, this review includes the use of meta-omics approaches to search PET-degrading microbiomes, microbes, and putative hydrolases. The current development of biosynthetic technologies to convert PET-derived materials into value-added products is also comprehensively discussed. The integration of various depolymerization and repolymerization biotechnologies enhances the prospects of a circular economy using waste PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyung Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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4
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Lin Z, Jin T, Zou T, Xu L, Xi B, Xu D, He J, Xiong L, Tang C, Peng J, Zhou Y, Fei J. Current progress on plastic/microplastic degradation: Fact influences and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119159. [PMID: 35304177 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution, particularly non-degradable residual plastic films and microplastics (MPs), is a serious environmental problem that continues to worsen each year. Numerous studies have characterized the degradation of plastic fragments; however, there is known a lack of about the state of current physicochemical biodegradation methods used for plastics treatment and their degradation efficiency. Therefore, this review explores the effects of different physicochemical factors on plastics/MPs degradation, including mechanical comminution, ultraviolet radiation, high temperature, and pH value. Further, this review discusses different mechanisms of physicochemical degradation and summarizes the degradation efficiency of these factors under various conditions. Additionally, the important role of enzymes in the biodegradation mechanism of plastics/MPs is also discussed. Collectively, the topics discussed in this review provide a solid basis for future research on plastics/MPs degradation methods and their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Lin
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Tuo Jin
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tao Zou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Bin Xi
- Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Jianwu He
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Lizhi Xiong
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Chongjian Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jianwei Peng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jiangchi Fei
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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5
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Soong YHV, Sobkowicz MJ, Xie D. Recent Advances in Biological Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Wastes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:98. [PMID: 35324787 PMCID: PMC8945055 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most commonly used polyester plastics worldwide but is extremely difficult to be hydrolyzed in a natural environment. PET plastic is an inexpensive, lightweight, and durable material, which can readily be molded into an assortment of products that are used in a broad range of applications. Most PET is used for single-use packaging materials, such as disposable consumer items and packaging. Although PET plastics are a valuable resource in many aspects, the proliferation of plastic products in the last several decades have resulted in a negative environmental footprint. The long-term risk of released PET waste in the environment poses a serious threat to ecosystems, food safety, and even human health in modern society. Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts. Current clean-up strategies have attempted to alleviate the adverse impacts of PET pollution but are unable to compete with the increasing quantities of PET waste exposed to the environment. In this review paper, current PET recycling methods to improve life cycle and waste management are discussed, which can be further implemented to reduce plastics pollution and its impacts on health and environment. Compared with conventional mechanical and chemical recycling processes, the biotechnological recycling of PET involves enzymatic degradation of the waste PET and the followed bioconversion of degraded PET monomers into value-added chemicals. This approach creates a circular PET economy by recycling waste PET or upcycling it into more valuable products with minimal environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hue Valerie Soong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
| | - Margaret J. Sobkowicz
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
| | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
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6
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Bhatt P, Pathak VM, Bagheri AR, Bilal M. Microplastic contaminants in the aqueous environment, fate, toxicity consequences, and remediation strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111762. [PMID: 34310963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic is a fragmented plastic part that emerges as a potential marine and terrestrial contaminant. The microplastic wastes in marine and soil environments cause severe problems in living systems. Microplastic wastes have been linked to various health problems, including reproductive harm and obesity, plus issues such as organ problems and developmental delays in children. Recycling plastic/microplastics from the environment is very low, so remediating these polymers after their utilization is of paramount concern. The microplastic causes severe toxic effects and contaminates the environment. Microplastic affects marine life, microorganism in soil, soil enzymes, plants system, and physicochemical properties. Ecotoxicology of the microplastic raised many questions about its use and development from the environment. Various physicochemical and microbial technologies have been developed for their remediation from the environment. The microplastic effects are linked with its concentration, size, and shape in contaminated environments. Microplastic is able to sorb the inorganic and organic contaminants and affect their fate into the contaminated sites. Microbial technology is considered safer for the remediation of the microplastics via its unique metabolic machinery. Bioplastic is regarded as safer and eco-friendly as compared to plastics. The review article explored an in-depth understanding of the microplastic, its fate, toxicity to the environment, and robust remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingman Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Vinay Mohan Pathak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri (Deemed to University), Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249404, India
| | | | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
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7
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Nakamura A, Kobayashi N, Koga N, Iino R. Positive Charge Introduction on the Surface of Thermostabilized PET Hydrolase Facilitates PET Binding and Degradation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Nakamura
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Shizuoka Institute for the Study of Marine Biology and Chemistry, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Naoya Kobayashi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Koga
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Ryota Iino
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
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8
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Abstract
This short paper reviews two groups of enzymes designated as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolases: one consists of thermophilic cutinases from thermophilic microorganisms (actinomycetes and a fungus) and the other consists of mesophilic cutinases, the representative of which is IsPETase from a mesophilic bacterium. From the viewpoint that PET hydrolysis requires a high temperature close to the glass transition temperature (65–70 °C in water) of PET, mesophilic cutinases are not suitable for use in the enzymatic recycling of PET since their degradation level is one to three orders of magnitude lower than that of thermophilic cutinases. Many studies have attempted to increase the thermostability of IsPETase by introducing mutations, but even with these modifications, the mesophilic cutinase does not reach the same level of degradation as thermophilic cutinases. In addition, this kind of trial contradicts the claim that IsPETase works at ambient temperature. As plastic pollution is an urgent environmental issue, scientists must focus on feasible thermophilic enzymes for the enzymatic processing of disposed PET, rather than on mesophilic cutinases. Thermophilic and mesophilic cutinases must be evaluated precisely and comparatively, based on their features that enable them to hydrolyze PET, with the aim of enzymatic PET disposal. The level of thermophilic cutinases has already reached their optimal level in PET biorecycling. The optimal level may be reached through the processing of PET waste, by amorphization and micronization into readily hydrolysable forms and the improvement of PET hydrolases by engineering higher degradation ability and low-cost production. Here I summarize the critical points in the evaluation of PET hydrolases and discuss the biorecycling of PET.
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9
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Son HF, Joo S, Seo H, Sagong HY, Lee SH, Hong H, Kim KJ. Structural bioinformatics-based protein engineering of thermo-stable PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 141:109656. [PMID: 33051015 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a widely used plastic around the world, causes various environmental and health problems. Several groups have been extensively conducting research to solve these problems through enzymatic degradation of PET at high temperatures around 70 °C. Recently, Ideonella sakaiensis, a bacterium that degrades PET at mild temperatures, has been newly identified, and further protein engineering studies on the PET degrading enzyme from the organism (IsPETase) have also been conducted to overcome the low thermal stability of the enzyme. In this study, we performed structural bioinformatics-based protein engineering of IsPETase to optimize the substrate binding site of the enzyme and developed two variants, IsPETaseS242T and IsPETaseN246D, with higher enzymatic activity at both 25 and 37 °C compared with IsPETaseWT. We also developed the IsPETaseS121E/D186H/S242T/N246D variant by integrating the S242 T and N246D mutations into the previously reported IsPETaseS121E/D186H/R208A variant. At the 37 °C incubation, the quadruple variant maintained the PET degradation activity for 20 days, unlike IsPETaseWT that lost its activity within a day. Consequently, this study exhibited 58-fold increase in the activity compared with IsPETaseWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeoncheol Francis Son
- School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjoon Joo
- School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Sagong
- School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Hoo Lee
- School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwaseok Hong
- School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Biochemical properties and biotechnological applications of microbial enzymes involved in the degradation of polyester-type plastics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Ahmad A, Tsutsui A, Iijima S, Suzuki T, Shah AA, Nakajima-Kambe T. Gene structure and comparative study of two different plastic-degrading esterases from Roseateles depolymerans strain TB-87. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Taniguchi I, Yoshida S, Hiraga K, Miyamoto K, Kimura Y, Oda K. Biodegradation of PET: Current Status and Application Aspects. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b05171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Taniguchi
- Department of Polymer Science, Faculty of Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shosuke Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi,
Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hiraga
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi,
Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kimura
- Department of Polymer Science, Faculty of Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kohei Oda
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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13
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Current knowledge on enzymatic PET degradation and its possible application to waste stream management and other fields. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4253-4268. [PMID: 30957199 PMCID: PMC6505623 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been the subject of extensive previous research that can be grouped into two categories, viz. enzymatic surface modification of polyester fibers and management of PET waste by enzymatic hydrolysis. Different enzymes with rather specific properties are required for these two processes. Enzymatic surface modification is possible with several hydrolases, such as lipases, carboxylesterases, cutinases, and proteases. These enzymes should be designated as PET surface–modifying enzymes and should not degrade the building blocks of PET but should hydrolyze the surface polymer chain so that the intensity of PET is not weakened. Conversely, management of PET waste requires substantial degradation of the building blocks of PET; therefore, only a limited number of cutinases have been recognized as PET hydrolases since the first PET hydrolase was discovered by Müller et al. (Macromol Rapid Commun 26:1400–1405, 2005). Here, we introduce current knowledge on enzymatic degradation of PET with a focus on the key class of enzymes, PET hydrolases, pertaining to the definition of enzymatic requirements for PET hydrolysis, structural analyses of PET hydrolases, and the reaction mechanisms. This review gives a deep insight into the structural basis and dynamics of PET hydrolases based on the recent progress in X-ray crystallography. Based on the knowledge accumulated to date, we discuss the potential for PET hydrolysis applications, such as in designing waste stream management.
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14
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Joo S, Cho IJ, Seo H, Son HF, Sagong HY, Shin TJ, Choi SY, Lee SY, Kim KJ. Structural insight into molecular mechanism of poly(ethylene terephthalate) degradation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 29374183 PMCID: PMC5785972 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics, including poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), possess many desirable characteristics and thus are widely used in daily life. However, non-biodegradability, once thought to be an advantage offered by plastics, is causing major environmental problem. Recently, a PET-degrading bacterium, Ideonella sakaiensis, was identified and suggested for possible use in degradation and/or recycling of PET. However, the molecular mechanism of PET degradation is not known. Here we report the crystal structure of I. sakaiensis PETase (IsPETase) at 1.5 Å resolution. IsPETase has a Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad at its active site and contains an optimal substrate binding site to accommodate four monohydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHET) moieties of PET. Based on structural and site-directed mutagenesis experiments, the detailed process of PET degradation into MHET, terephthalic acid, and ethylene glycol is suggested. Moreover, other PETase candidates potentially having high PET-degrading activities are suggested based on phylogenetic tree analysis of 69 PETase-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjoon Joo
- 0000 0001 0661 1556grid.258803.4School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - In Jin Cho
- 0000 0001 2292 0500grid.37172.30Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and KAIST Institute (KI) for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- 0000 0001 0661 1556grid.258803.4School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeoncheol Francis Son
- 0000 0001 0661 1556grid.258803.4School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Sagong
- 0000 0001 0661 1556grid.258803.4School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- 0000 0004 0381 814Xgrid.42687.3fUNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Choi
- 0000 0001 2292 0500grid.37172.30Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and KAIST Institute (KI) for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- 0000 0001 2292 0500grid.37172.30Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and KAIST Institute (KI) for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- 0000 0001 0661 1556grid.258803.4School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
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Hu X, Gao Z, Wang Z, Su T, Yang L, Li P. Enzymatic degradation of poly(butylene succinate) by cutinase cloned from Fusarium solani. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mao H, Liu H, Gao Z, Su T, Wang Z. Biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate) by Fusarium sp. FS1301 and purification and characterization of poly(butylene succinate) depolymerase. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Watanabe T, Shinozaki Y, Yoshida S, Koitabashi M, Sameshima-Yamashita Y, Fujii T, Fukuoka T, Kitamoto HK. Xylose induces the phyllosphere yeast Pseudozyma antarctica to produce a cutinase-like enzyme which efficiently degrades biodegradable plastics. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:325-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nakajima-Kambe T, Toyoshima K, Saito C, Takaguchi H, Akutsu-Shigeno Y, Sato M, Miyama K, Nomura N, Uchiyama H. Rapid monomerization of poly(butylene succinate)-co-(butylene adipate) by Leptothrix sp. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 108:513-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Evangelista-Martínez Z, González-Cerón G, Servín-González L. A conserved inverted repeat, the LipR box, mediates transcriptional activation of the Streptomyces exfoliatus lipase gene by LipR, a member of the STAND class of P-loop nucleoside triphosphatases. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:7082-9. [PMID: 17015647 PMCID: PMC1636227 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00896-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the Streptomyces exfoliatus lipA gene, which encodes an extracellular lipase, depends on LipR, a transcriptional activator that belongs to the STAND class of P-loop nucleoside triphosphatases. LipR is closely related to activators present in some antibiotic biosynthesis clusters of actinomycetes, forming the LipR/TchG family of regulators. In this work we showed that purified LipR protein is essential for activation of lipA transcription in vitro and that this transcription depends on the presence of a conserved inverted repeat, the LipR box, located upstream of the lipA promoter. Mutagenesis of the lipA promoter region indicated that most transcription depends on LipR binding to the proximal half-site of the LipR box in close proximity to the -35 region of the promoter. Our experiments also indicated that LipR establishes contact with the RNA polymerase on both sides of the LipR box, since some activation was observed when only the distal half-site was present or when the entire LipR box was moved further upstream. We also showed that the LipR proteins of S. exfoliatus and Streptomyces coelicolor are functionally interchangeable both in vitro and in vivo, revealing the functional conservation of the regulatory elements in these two species.
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