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Felipe MTDC, Barbosa RDN, Bezerra JDP, Souza-Motta CMD. Production of kojic acid by Aspergillus species: Trends and applications. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2023.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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Chib S, Jamwal VL, Kumar V, Gandhi SG, Saran S. Fungal production of kojic acid and its industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2111-2130. [PMID: 36912905 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Kojic acid has gained its importance after it was known worldwide that the substance functions primarily as skin-lightening agent. Kojic acid plays a vital role in skin care products, as it enhances the ability to prevent exposure to UV radiation. It inhibits the tyrosinase formation which suppresses hyperpigmentation in human skin. Besides cosmetics, kojic acid is also greatly used in food, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals industries. Conversely, according to Global Industry Analysts, the Middle East, Asia, and in Africa especially, the demand of whitening cream is very high, and probably the market will reach to $31.2 billion by 2024 from $17.9 billion of 2017. The important kojic acid-producing strains were mainly belongs to the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. Due to its commercial potential, it continues to attract the attention for its green synthesis, and the studies are still widely conducted to improve kojic acid production. Thus, the present review is focused on the current production processes, gene regulation, and limitation of its commercial production, probable reasons, and possible solutions. For the first time, detailed information on the metabolic pathway and the genes involved in kojic acid production, along with illustrations of genes, are highlighted in the present review. Demand and market applications of kojic acid and its regulatory approvals for its safer use are also discussed. KEY POINTS: • Kojic acid is an organic acid that is primarily produced by Aspergillus species. • It is mainly used in the field of health care and cosmetic industries. • Kojic acid and its derivatives seem to be safe molecules for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifali Chib
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Infectious Disease Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Infectious Disease Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Saurabh Saran
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Shakibaie M, Ameri A, Ghazanfarian R, Adeli-Sardou M, Amirpour-Rostami S, Torkzadeh-Mahani M, Imani M, Forootanfar H. Statistical optimization of kojic acid production by a UV-induced mutant strain of Aspergillus terreus. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:865-871. [PMID: 29728342 PMCID: PMC6175716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of four Aspergillus strains for biosynthesis of kojic acid was evaluated among which Aspergillus terreus represented the highest level (2.21 g/L) of kojic acid production. Improvement kojic acid production ability of A. terreus by random mutagenesis using different exposure time to ultraviolet light (5–40 min) was then performed to obtain a suitable mutant of kojic acid production (designated as C5-10, 7.63 g/L). Thereafter, design of experiment protocol was employed to find medium components (glucose, yeast extract, KH2PO4 (NH4)2SO4, and pH) influences on kojic acid production by the C5-10 mutant. A 25−1 fractional factorial design augmented to central composite design showed that glucose, yeast extract, and KH2PO4 were the most considerable factors within the tested levels (p < 0.05). The optimum medium composition for the kojic acid production by the C5-10 mutant was found to be glucose, 98.4 g/L; yeast extract, 1.0 g/L; and KH2PO4, 10.3 mM which was theoretically able to produce 120.2 g/L of kojic acid based on the obtained response surface model for medium optimization. Using these medium compositions an experimental maximum Kojic acid production (109.0 ± 10 g/L) was acquired which verified the efficiency of the applied method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shakibaie
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ameri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Roya Ghazanfarian
- The Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Adeli-Sardou
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sahar Amirpour-Rostami
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Research institute for Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduated University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Imani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Suhaili N, Tan JS, Mohamed MS, Halim M, Ariff A. Effects of dual impeller system of Rushton turbine, concave disk turbine and their combinations on the performance of kojic acid fermentation byAspergillus flavusLink 44-1. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurashikin Suhaili
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology; Universiti Malaysia Sarawak; 94300 Kota Samarahan Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Joo Shun Tan
- Institute of Bioscience; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd-Shamzi Mohamed
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Murni Halim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - A.B. Ariff
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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El-Kady IA, Zohri ANA, Hamed SR. Kojic Acid production from agro-industrial by-products using fungi. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:642385. [PMID: 24778881 PMCID: PMC3981187 DOI: 10.1155/2014/642385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 278 different isolates of filamentous fungi were screened using synthetic medium for respective ability to produce kojic acid. Nineteen, six, and five isolates proved to be low, moderate, and high kojic acid producers, respectively. Levels of kojic acid produced were generally increased when shaking cultivation was used rather than those obtained using static cultivation. A trial for the utilization of 15 agro-industrial wastes or by-products for kojic acid production by the five selected higher kojic acid producer isolates was made. The best by-product medium recorded was molasses for kojic acid. A. flavus numbers 7 and 24 were able to grow and produce kojic acid on only 12 out of 15 wastes or by-products media. The best medium used for kojic acid production by A. flavus number 7 was rice fragments followed by molasses, while the best medium used for kojic acid production by A. flavus number 24 was the molasses followed by orange, pea, and rice fragments. An attempt for production of kojic acid using a 1.5 L laboratory fermentor has been made. Aspergillus flavus number 7 was used and grown on molasses medium; maximum level (53.5 g/L) of kojic acid was obtained after eight days of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael A. El-Kady
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | | | - Shimaa R. Hamed
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Egypt
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Effect of Aspergillus oryzae CBS 819.72 α-amylase on rheological dough properties and bread quality. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kaur I, Sharma M. Synthesis and characterization of graft copolymers of Sago starch and acrylic acid. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hii LS, Rosfarizan M, Ling TC, Ariff AB. Statistical Optimization of Pullulanase Production by Raoultella planticola DSMZ 4617 Using Sago Starch as Carbon and Peptone as Nitrogen Sources. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-010-0368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tang YJ, Zhang W, Zhong JJ. Performance analyses of a pH-shift and DOT-shift integrated fed-batch fermentation process for the production of ganoderic acid and Ganoderma polysaccharides by medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:1852-1859. [PMID: 19010665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on Ganoderma lucidum fermentation suggested that the responses of the cell growth and metabolites biosynthesis to pH and dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) were different. The ganoderic acid (GA) production of 321.6 mg/L was obtained in the pH-shift culture by combining a 4-day culture at pH 3.0 with the following 6-day culture at pH 4.5, which was higher by 45% and 300% compared with the culture at pH 3.0 and 4.5, respectively. The GA production of 487.1mg/L was achieved in the DOT-shift culture by combining a 6-day culture at 25% of DOT with a following 6-day culture at 10% of DOT, which was higher by 43% and 230% compared with the culture at 25% and 10% of DOT, respectively. A fed-batch fermentation process by combining the above-mentioned pH-shift and DOT-shift strategies resulted in a significant synergistic enhancement of GA accumulation up to 754.6 mg/L, which is the highest reported in the submerged fermentation of G. lucidum in stirred-tank bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Tang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Singhal RS, Kennedy JF, Gopalakrishnan SM, Kaczmarek A, Knill CJ, Akmar PF. Industrial production, processing, and utilization of sago palm-derived products. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rosfarizan M, Ariff AB. Kinetics of kojic acid fermentation byAspergillus flavus link S44-1 using sucrose as a carbon source under different pH conditions. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wan HM, Chen CC, Giridhar R, Chang TS, Wu WT. Repeated-batch production of kojic acid in a cell-retention fermenter using Aspergillus oryzae M3B9. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 32:227-33. [PMID: 15895266 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-005-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A cell-retention fermenter was used for the pilot-scale production of kojic acid using an improved strain of Aspergillus oryzae in repeated-batch fermentations. Among the various carbon and nitrogen sources used, sucrose and yeast extract promoted pellet morphology of fungi and higher kojic acid production. Repeated-batch culture using a medium replacement ratio of 75% gave a productivity of 5.3 gL(-1)day(-1) after 11.5 days of cultivation. While batch culture in shake-flasks resulted in a productivity of 5.1 gL(-1)day(-1), a productivity of 5 gL(-1)day(-1) was obtained in a pilot-scale fermenter. By converting the batch culture into repeated batches, the non-productive downtime of cleaning, filling and sterilizing the fermenter between each batch were eliminated, thereby increasing the kojic acid productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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